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Karpova Y, Orlicky DJ, Schmidt EE, Tulin AV. Disrupting Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating Pathway Creates Premalignant Conditions in Mammalian Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17205. [PMID: 38139034 PMCID: PMC10743425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health concern, representing one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite various treatment options, the prognosis for HCC patients remains poor, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of the factors contributing to HCC development. This study investigates the role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in hepatocyte maturation and its impact on hepatobiliary carcinogenesis. A conditional Parg knockout mouse model was employed, utilizing Cre recombinase under the albumin promoter to target Parg depletion specifically in hepatocytes. The disruption of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway in hepatocytes affects the early postnatal liver development. The inability of hepatocytes to finish the late maturation step that occurs early after birth causes intensive apoptosis and acute inflammation, resulting in hypertrophic liver tissue with enlarged hepatocytes. Regeneration nodes with proliferative hepatocytes eventually replace the liver tissue and successfully fulfill the liver function. However, early developmental changes predispose these types of liver to develop pathologies, including with a malignant nature, later in life. In a chemically induced liver cancer model, Parg-depleted livers displayed a higher tendency for hepatocellular carcinoma development. This study underscores the critical role of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway in hepatocyte maturation and highlights its involvement in liver pathologies and hepatobiliary carcinogenesis. Understanding these processes may provide valuable insights into liver biology and liver-related diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Karpova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Edward E. Schmidt
- Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA;
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
- Redox Biology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexei V. Tulin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
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Stancu MI, Giubelan A, Mitroi G, Istrate-Ofiţeru AM, Popescu G, Honţaru SO, Badea-Voiculescu O, Pîrşcoveanu DFV, Mogoantă SŞ, Mogoantă L. Assessment of tumor microenvironment in gastric adenocarcinoma. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:251-261. [PMID: 37518883 PMCID: PMC10520378 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), despite the current possibilities of early diagnosis and curative treatment, remains a major public health problem, being one of the main causes of cancer, due to its detection in advanced stages. Screening programs applied in Western countries led to low incidence rates in these countries. Helicobacter pylori bacterial infection is considered to be the highest risk factor for the onset of GC because it causes chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and damages hydrochloric acid secretory glands, eventually leading to atrophic gastritis, which has a potential to progress to GC. In our study, we aimed at assessing the tumor microenvironment in gastric adenocarcinomas as approximately 90% of GCs are adenocarcinomas. Our study showed that the tumor microenvironment has an extremely complex morphological structure, totally different from the microscopic structure of the gastric wall, consisting of stromal cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, blood vessels, collagen fibers, extracellular connective matrix, other cells. The tumor microenvironment presents phenotypic, cellular and molecular heterogeneity; therefore, the microscopic aspect differs from one tumor to another and even from one region to another in the same tumor. Poorly or moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas show a more intense desmoplastic reaction than well-differentiated ones. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive stromal cells (tumor-associated fibroblasts) and tumor macrophages were the most numerous cells of the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment is the result of cooperation between tumor cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune system cells and blood vessels. It allows tumor cells to multiply, grow and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Ionuţ Stancu
- PhD Student, Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Alexandru Giubelan
- PhD Student, Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mitroi
- Department of Urology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - George Popescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bagdasar–Arseni Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Octavia Honţaru
- Department of Health Care and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, University of Piteşti, Romania
| | - Oana Badea-Voiculescu
- Department of Modern Languages, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Stelian Ştefăniţă Mogoantă
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- 3rd General Surgery Clinic, Emergency County Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Laurenţiu Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, Craiova Subsidiary, Romania
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Chiu FY, Kvadas RM, Mheidly Z, Shahbandi A, Jackson JG. Could senescence phenotypes strike the balance to promote tumor dormancy? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:143-160. [PMID: 36735097 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After treatment and surgery, patient tumors can initially respond followed by a rapid relapse, or respond well and seemingly be cured, but then recur years or decades later. The state of surviving cancer cells during the long, undetected period is termed dormancy. By definition, the dormant tumor cells do not proliferate to create a mass that is detectable or symptomatic, but also never die. An intrinsic state and microenvironment that are inhospitable to the tumor would bias toward cell death and complete eradication, while conditions that favor the tumor would enable growth and relapse. In neither case would clinical dormancy be observed. Normal cells and tumor cells can enter a state of cellular senescence after stress such as that caused by cancer therapy. Senescence is characterized by a stable cell cycle arrest mediated by chromatin modifications that cause gene expression changes and a secretory phenotype involving many cytokines and chemokines. Senescent cell phenotypes have been shown to be both tumor promoting and tumor suppressive. The balance of these opposing forces presents an attractive model to explain tumor dormancy: phenotypes of stable arrest and immune suppression could promote survival, while reversible epigenetic programs combined with cytokines and growth factors that promote angiogenesis, survival, and proliferation could initiate the emergence from dormancy. In this review, we examine the phenotypes that have been characterized in different normal and cancer cells made senescent by various stresses and how these might explain the characteristics of tumor dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yen Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Raegan M Kvadas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Zeinab Mheidly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ashkan Shahbandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - James G Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Sers C, Schäfer R. Silencing effects of mutant RAS signalling on transcriptomes. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100936. [PMID: 36513579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutated genes of the RAS family encoding small GTP-binding proteins drive numerous cancers, including pancreatic, colon and lung tumors. Besides the numerous effects of mutant RAS gene expression on aberrant proliferation, transformed phenotypes, metabolism, and therapy resistance, the most striking consequences of chronic RAS activation are changes of the genetic program. By performing systematic gene expression studies in cellular models that allow comparisons of pre-neoplastic with RAS-transformed cells, we and others have estimated that 7 percent or more of all transcripts are altered in conjunction with the expression of the oncogene. In this context, the number of up-regulated transcripts approximates that of down-regulated transcripts. While up-regulated transcription factors such as MYC, FOSL1, and HMGA2 have been identified and characterized as RAS-responsive drivers of the altered transcriptome, the suppressed factors have been less well studied as potential regulators of the genetic program and transformed phenotype in the breadth of their occurrence. We therefore have collected information on downregulated RAS-responsive factors and discuss their potential role as tumor suppressors that are likely to antagonize active cancer drivers. To better understand the active mechanisms that entail anti-RAS function and those that lead to loss of tumor suppressor activity, we focus on the tumor suppressor HREV107 (alias PLAAT3 [Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3], PLA2G16 [Phospholipase A2, group XVI] and HRASLS3 [HRAS-like suppressor 3]). Inactivating HREV107 mutations in tumors are extremely rare, hence epigenetic causes modulated by the RAS pathway are likely to lead to down-regulation and loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sers
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and systems Biology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätstmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Upregulation of PARG in prostate cancer cells suppresses their malignant behavior and downregulates tumor-promoting genes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113504. [PMID: 36076593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of nuclear proteins through the addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) moieties is upregulated in many metastatic cancers, where the high levels of pADPr have often been associated with poor cancer prognosis. Although the inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have been utilized as potent anti-cancer agents, their efficacy in clinical trials varied among patient groups and has often been unpredictable. Such outcome cannot be interpreted solely by the inability to keep PARP-driven DNA repair in check. The focus of studies on PARP-driven tumorigenesis have recently been shifted toward PARP-dependent regulation of transcription. Here we utilized the controlled overexpression of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), a sole pADPr-degrading enzyme, to investigate pADPr-dependent gene regulation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. We demonstrated that PARG upregulation reduces pADPr levels and inhibits the expression of genes in key tumor-promoted pathways, including TNFα/NF-kB, IL6/STAT3, MYC, and KRAS signaling, the genes involved in inflammation response, especially chemokines, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. The observed effect of PARG on transcription was consistent across all tested prostate cancer cell lines and correlates with PARG-induced reduction of clonogenic potential of PC-3 cells in vitro and a significant growth inhibition of PC-3-derived tumors in nude mice in vivo.
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