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Quinn MK, Katheria A, Bennett M, Lu T, Lee H. Delayed Cord Clamping Uptake and Outcomes for Infants Born Very Preterm in California. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e981-e987. [PMID: 36351446 DOI: 10.1055/a-1975-4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate whether the purported benefits of delayed cord clamping (DCC) translate into a reduction in mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) among preterm neonates in practice. STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study of very preterm infants constructed from data from the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative for infants admitted into 130 California neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) within the first 28 days of life from 2016 through 2020. Individual-level analyses were conducted using log-binomial regression models controlling for confounders and allowing for correlation within hospitals to examine the relationship of DCC to the outcomes of mortality and IVH. Hospital-level analyses were conducted using Poisson regression models with robust variance controlling for confounders. RESULTS Among 13,094 very preterm infants included (5,856 with DCC and 7,220 without), DCC was associated with a 43% lower risk of mortality (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47-0.66). Furthermore, every 10% increase in the hospital rate of DCC among preterm infants was associated with a 4% lower hospital mortality rate among preterm infants (aRR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99). DCC was associated with severe IVH at the individual level, but not at the hospital level. CONCLUSION At the individual level and hospital level, the use of DCC was associated with lower mortality among preterm infants admitted to NICUs in California. These findings are consistent with clinical trial results, suggesting that the effects of DCC seen in clinical trials are translating to improved survival in practice. KEY POINTS · DCC was associated with lower mortality among very preterm newborns in California.. · Hospitals using DCC more often had lower very preterm mortality.. · DCC was not associated with IVH at the hospital level..
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Quinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anup Katheria
- Department of Pediatrics, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborns, San Diego, California
| | - Mihoko Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tianyao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Henry Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Orton M, Theilen L, Clark E, Baserga M, Lauer S, Ou Z, Presson AP, Dupont T, Katheria A, Singh Y, Chan B. Thermoregulation-Focused Implementation of Delayed Cord Clamping among <34 Weeks' Gestational Age Neonates. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e3099-e3106. [PMID: 37989208 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delayed cord clamping (DCC) is recommended for all neonates; however, adapting such practice can be slow or unsustainable, especially among preterm neonates. During DCC neonates are exposed to a cool environment, raising concerns for neonatal hypothermia. Moderate hypothermia may induce morbidities that counteract the potential benefits of DCC. A quality improvement project on a thermoregulation-focused DCC protocol was implemented for neonates less than 34 weeks' gestational age (GA). The aim was to increase the compliance rate of DCC while maintaining normothermia. STUDY DESIGN The DCC protocol was implemented on October 1, 2020 in a large Level III neonatal intensive care unit. The thermoregulation measures included increasing delivery room temperature and using heat conservation supplies (sterile polyethylene suit, warm towels, and thermal pads). Baseline characteristics, the compliance rate of DCC, and admission temperatures were compared 4 months' preimplementation and 26 months' postimplementation RESULTS: The rate of DCC increased from 20% (11/54) in preimplementation to 57% (240/425) in postimplementation (p < 0.001). The balancing measure of admission normothermia remained unchanged. In a postimplementation subgroup analysis, the DCC cohort had less tendency to experience admission moderate hypothermia (<36°C; 9.2 vs. 14.1%, p = 0.11). The DCC cohort had more favorable secondary outcomes including higher admission hematocrit, less blood transfusions, less intraventricular hemorrhage, and lower mortality. Improving the process measure of accurate documentation could help to identify implementation barriers. CONCLUSION Performing DCC in preterm neonates was feasible and beneficial without increasing admission hypothermia. KEY POINTS · Thermoregulation-focused DCC protocol was implemented to increase DCC while maintaining normothermia.. · DCC rate increased from 20 to 57% while admission normothermia rate remained the same.. · DCC practice on preterm neonates is safe and feasible while maintaining normothermia..
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Orton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lauren Theilen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Erin Clark
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mariana Baserga
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Lauer
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Zhining Ou
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Angela P Presson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tara Dupont
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anup Katheria
- San Diego Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women and Newborn, San Diego, California
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Yogen Singh
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Belinda Chan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Chaudhary P, Priyadarshi M, Singh P, Chaurasia S, Chaturvedi J, Basu S. Effects of delayed cord clamping at different time intervals in late preterm and term neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:3701-3711. [PMID: 37278737 PMCID: PMC10243262 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Delayed cord clamping (DCC) at delivery has well-recognized benefits; however, current scientific guidelines lack uniformity in its definition. This parallel-group, three-arm assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial compared the effects of three different timings of DCC at 30, 60, and 120 s on venous hematocrit and serum ferritin levels in late preterm and term neonates not requiring resuscitation. Eligible newborns (n = 204) were randomized to DCC 30 (n = 65), DCC 60 (n = 70), and DCC 120 (n = 69) groups immediately after delivery. The primary outcome variable was venous hematocrit at 24 ± 2 h. Secondary outcome variables were respiratory support, axillary temperature, vital parameters, incidences of polycythemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NNH), need and duration of phototherapy, and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Additionally, serum ferritin levels, the incidence of iron deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate, and anthropometric parameters were assessed during post-discharge follow-up at 12 ± 2 weeks. Over one-third of the included mothers were anemic. DCC 120 was associated with a significant increase in the mean hematocrit by 2%, incidence of polycythemia, and duration of phototherapy, compared to DCC30 and DCC60; though the incidence of NNH and need for phototherapy was similar. No other serious neonatal or maternal adverse events including PPH were observed. No significant difference was documented in serum ferritin, incidences of iron deficiency, and growth parameters at 3 months even in the presence of a high EBF rate. Conclusion: The standard recommendation of DCC at 30-60 s may be considered a safe and effective intervention in the busy settings of low-middle-income countries with a high prevalence of maternal anemia. Trial registration: Clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2021/10/037070). What is Known: • The benefits of delayed cord clamping (DCC) makes it an increasingly well-accepted practice in the delivery room. • However, uncertainty continues regarding the optimal timing of clamping; this may be of concern both in the neonate and the mother. What is New: • DCC at 120 s led to higher hematocrit, polycythemia and longer duration of phototherapy, without any difference in serum ferritin, and incidence of iron deficiency. • DCC at 30-60 s may be considered a safe and effective intervention in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India
| | - Mayank Priyadarshi
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India
| | - Suman Chaurasia
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India
| | - Jaya Chaturvedi
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Sriparna Basu
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India
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Liebowitz M, Kramer KP, Rogers EE. All Care is Brain Care: Neuro-Focused Quality Improvement in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Clin Perinatol 2023; 50:399-420. [PMID: 37201988 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neonates requiring intensive care are in a critical period of brain development that coincides with the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization, placing these infants at high risk of brain injury and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment. Care in the NICU has the potential to be both harmful and protective to the developing brain. Neuro-focused quality improvement efforts address 3 main pillars of neuroprotective care: prevention of acquired injury, protection of normal maturation, and promotion of a positive environment. Despite challenges in measurement, many centers have shown success with consistent implementation of best and potentially better practices that may improve markers of brain health and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Liebowitz
- Envision Physician Services, St. Francis Hospital, 6001 East Woodmen Road, Colorado Springs, CO 80923, USA
| | - Katelin P Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Avenue, 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, Benioff Children's Hospital, 550 16th Avenue, 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Avenue, 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California, Benioff Children's Hospital, 550 16th Avenue, 5th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. https://twitter.com/eerogersmd
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Hashmi A, Darakamon MC, Aung KK, Mu M, Misa P, Jittamala P, Chu C, Phyo AP, Turner C, Nosten F, McGready R, Carrara VI. Born too soon in a resource-limited setting: A 10-year mixed methods review of a special care baby unit for refugees and migrants on the Myanmar-Thailand border. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144642. [PMID: 37124770 PMCID: PMC10130587 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth is a major public health concern with the largest burden of morbidity and mortality falling within low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Materials and methods This sequential explanatory mixed methods study was conducted in special care baby units (SCBUs) serving migrants and refugees along the Myanmar-Thailand border. It included a retrospective medical records review, qualitative interviews with mothers receiving care within SCBUs, and focus group discussions with health workers. Changes in neonatal mortality and four clinical outcomes were described. A mix of ethnographic phenomenology and implementation frameworks focused on cultural aspects, the lived experience of participants, and implementation outcomes related to SCBU care. Results From 2008-2017, mortality was reduced by 68% and 53% in very (EGA 28-32 weeks) and moderate (EGA 33-36 weeks) preterm neonates, respectively. Median SCBU stay was longer in very compared to moderate preterm neonates: 35 (IQR 22, 48 days) vs. 10 days (IQR 5, 16). Duration of treatments was also longer in very preterm neonates: nasogastric feeding lasted 82% (IQR 74, 89) vs. 61% (IQR 40, 76) of the stay, and oxygen therapy was used a median of 14 (IQR 7, 27) vs. 2 (IQR 1, 6) days respectively. Nine interviews were conducted with mothers currently receiving care in the SCBU and four focus group discussions with a total of 27 local SCBU staff. Analysis corroborated quantitative analysis of newborn care services in this setting and incorporated pertinent implementation constructs including coverage, acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and fidelity. Coverage, acceptability, and appropriateness were often overlapping outcomes of interest highlighting financial issues prior to or while admitted to the SCBU and social issues and support systems adversely impacting SCBU stays. Interview and FGD findings highlight the barriers in this resource-limited setting as they impact the feasibility and fidelity of providing evidence-based SCBU care that often required adaptation to fit the financial and environmental constraints imposed by this setting. Discussion This study provides an in-depth look at the nature of providing preterm neonatal interventions in a SCBU for a vulnerable population in a resource-limited setting. These findings support implementation of basic evidence-based interventions for preterm and newborn care globally, particularly in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmar Hashmi
- Institute for Implementation Science, University of Texas Health Sciences Center (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mu Chae Darakamon
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Ko Ko Aung
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Mu Mu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Prapatsorn Misa
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | - Cindy Chu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Turner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rose McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Verena I. Carrara
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Verena I. Carrara
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Advancements in neonatology through quality improvement. J Perinatol 2022; 42:1277-1282. [PMID: 35368024 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the past 3 decades, quality improvement methodology has often been employed in medicine to improve patient outcomes. Neonatal medicine has seen an increase in publications using improvement science to ensure the application of potentially better practices to decrease complications and increase survival without major disability. This article reviews quality improvement studies that have impacted neonatal mortality and morbidity, as well as specific disease processes including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity. Using improvement science, studies have substantially reduced neonatal mortality and the major complications of preterm birth.
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7
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Abstract
Quality improvement has become a foundation of neonatal care. Structured approaches to improvement can standardize practices, improve teamwork, engage families, and improve outcomes. The delivery room presents a unique environment for quality improvement; optimal delivery room care requires advanced preparation, adequately trained providers, and carefully coordinated team dynamics. In this article, we examine quality improvement for neonatal resuscitation. We review the published literature, focusing on reports targeting admission hypothermia, delayed cord clamping, and initial respiratory support. We discuss specific challenges related to delivery room quality improvement, including small numbers, data collection, and lack of benchmarking, and potential strategies to address them including simulation, checklists, and state and national collaboratives. We examine how quality improvement can target equity in delivery room outcomes, and explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery room quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Whitesel
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, United States; Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States.
| | - Justin Goldstein
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, United States
| | - Henry C. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, United States
| | - Munish Gupta
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston MA, United States,Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
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Chowdhury A, Bandyopadhyay Neogi S, Prakash V, Patel N, Pawar K, Koparde VK, Shukla A, Karmakar S, Parambath SC, Rowe S, Martinez H. Implementation of Delayed Cord Clamping in public health facilities: a case study from India. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:457. [PMID: 35650543 PMCID: PMC9158298 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global and country specific recommendations on Delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) are available, though guidance on their implementation in program settings is lacking. In India, DCC (clamping not earlier than 1 min after birth) is a component in the package of services delivered as part of the India Newborn Action Plan (INAP) supported by Nutrition International (NI) in two states. The objective of this case study was to document the learnings from implementation of DCC in these two states and to understand the health system factors that affected its operationalization. Methods Mixed methods were followed. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) Health Systems building blocks as a framework, 20 Key-Informant Interviews were conducted to explore facilitators and barriers to routine implementation of DCC in public health settings. Existing quantitative program data and secondary data from labour-room registers from eight NI- supported districts were analysed to assess the prevalence of DCC implementation in public health systems settings. Results A demonstrated commitment from the government to implement DCC at all delivery points in NI supported districts was observed. Funds were sufficient, trainings were optimal, knowledge of the health workforce was adequate and a recording mechanism was in place. According to record reviews, DCC was more likely to happen in facilities that provide Basic Emergency Obstetric services and among normal deliveries. It was less likely to be followed in babies delivered by Caesarean section (OR 0.03; 95%CI 0.02,0.05), birthweight < 2000 g (OR 0.22; 95%CI 0.12,0.47), multiple pregnancies (OR 0.17, 95%CI 0.05,0.63), birth asphyxia requiring resuscitation (0.37; 95%CI 0.26,0.52), and those delivered during day shift (OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.40, 0.83). Conclusions Wide coverage of DCC in public health settings in the two states was observed. Good governance, adequate funding, commitment of health workforce has likely contributed to its success in these contexts. These are critical elements to guide DCC implementation in India and for consideration in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ved Prakash
- Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nilam Patel
- Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunal Pawar
- Nutrition International, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Whitesel E, Goldstein J, Lee HC, GuptaMMSc M. Quality Improvement for Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Care. SEMINARS IN SPINE SURGERY 2022:100961. [PMID: 35574250 PMCID: PMC9080026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semss.2022.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quality improvement has become a foundation of neonatal care. Structured approaches to improvement can standardize practices, improve teamwork, engage families, and improve outcomes. The delivery room presents a unique environment for quality improvement; optimal delivery room care requires advanced preparation, adequately trained providers, and carefully coordinated team dynamics. In this article, we examine quality improvement for neonatal resuscitation. We review the published literature, focusing on reports targeting admission hypothermia, delayed cord clamping, and initial respiratory support. We discuss specific challenges related to delivery room quality improvement, including small numbers, data collection, and lack of benchmarking, and potential strategies to address them including simulation, checklists, and state and national collaboratives. We examine how quality improvement can target equity in delivery room outcomes, and explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery room quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Whitesel
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Henry C Lee
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Munish GuptaMMSc
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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10
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Pauley AN, Roy A, Balfaqih Y, Casey E, Marteney R, Evans JE. A Quality Improvement Project to Delay Umbilical Cord Clamping Time. Pediatr Qual Saf 2021; 6:e452. [PMID: 35018311 PMCID: PMC8741268 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed cord clamping (DCC) has numerous benefits to the neonate, including increased hemoglobin levels, decreased need for red blood cell transfusions, and decreased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage. A preliminary observational study at our institution demonstrated 12% of the observed deliveries met the DCC standard, defined as umbilical cord clamping at least 30-60 seconds after birth. Therefore, we designed a quality improvement project to increase the percentage of deliveries using DCC. METHODS We planned a quality improvement project aiming to increase DCC rates on the university obstetrics service. Our interventions included provider education, installation of timers in the delivery suites, and modification to documentation in the electronic health record. We measured our results through the documented status of cord clamping, either: (1) greater than or equal to 30 seconds or (2) less than 30 seconds. We analyzed the DCC rates weekly and compared those results to the DCC goal of 80% of all deliveries. RESULTS Postintervention DCC rates were 96% overall. Rates of DCC met our aim of 80% or greater each of the 6 weeks we collected data. CONCLUSION Simple and inexpensive interventions quickly led to improvements in DCC rates on our university obstetrics service. Our interventions including, provider education, installation of timers in delivery suites, and modification to cord clamping documentation in the electronic health record can be easily instituted at other hospitals. Additionally, the simplicity of this system can produce long-term sustainability of DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Pauley
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
| | - Amy Roy
- From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
| | - Yaslam Balfaqih
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
| | - Erin Casey
- Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
| | - Rachel Marteney
- Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
| | - Joseph E. Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, W.Va
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Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:63-73. [PMID: 32330927 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anemia, defined as a low blood hemoglobin concentration, is a major global public health problem. Identification of anemia is crucial to public health interventions. It is estimated globally that 273 million children under 5 years of age were anemic in 2011, and about ~50% of those cases were attributable to iron deficiency (Lancet Global Health 1:e16-e25, 2013). Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in infants adversely impacts short-term hematological indices and long-term neuro-cognitive functions of learning and memory that result in both fatigue and low economic productivity. IDA contributes to death and disability and is an important risk factor for maternal and perinatal mortality, including the risks for stillbirths, prematurity, and low birth weight (Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Ch. 3 (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004)). Reduction in early infantile anemia and newborn mortality rates is possible with easily implemented, low- to no-cost intervention such as delayed cord clamping (DCC). DCC until 1-3 min after birth facilitates placental transfusion and iron-rich blood flow to the newborn. DCC, an effective anemia prevention strategy, requires cooperation among health providers involved in childbirth, and a participatory culture change in public health. Public intervention strategies must consider multiple factors associated with anemia listed in this review before designing intervention studies that aim to reduce anemia prevalence in infants and toddlers. IMPACT: Anemia, defined as a low blood hemoglobin concentration, is a major global public health problem and identification of anemia is crucial to public health interventions. Delayed cord clamping (DCC) until 1-3 min after birth facilitates placental transfusion and iron-rich blood flow to the newborn. Reduction in early infantile anemia and newborn mortality rates is possible with easily implemented, low- to no-cost intervention such as DCC.
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12
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Singh N, Brammer D. Delayed cord clamping in infants born less than 35 weeks: A retrospective study. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2020; 14:391-395. [PMID: 33325400 DOI: 10.3233/npm-200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports delayed cord clamping (DCC) in preterm infants. However, practice variation exists, and many preterm infants do not receive DCC despite multiple benefits and lack of harm. We aim to 1) study the rate of DCC in preterm infants, 2) compare the difference between infants who received DCC and those who did not receive DCC and 3) investigate the reasons for not performing DCC. METHODS We conducted this retrospective study to evaluate DCC practice at our institution since its implementation in September 2015. We collected and analyzed the data on DCC of 30-45 sec duration in inborn infants < 35 weeks gestation admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from June 2016- June 2019. The primary outcome was the rate of delayed cord clamping. RESULTS Of the 447 infants, 275 (62%) received DCC. The rate of DCC was 36%, 54%, and 66% in infants < 27 weeks, 27-29 weeks and > 30 weeks gestation, respectively (p = 0.001). Infants not receiving DCC were smaller, of lower gestational age, and more likely to be delivered via cesarean section than those who received DCC (p < 0.0001). Infants not receiving DCC had a higher rate of receiving PPV or intubation and a 1minute Apgar score of < 5 compared to those receiving DCC. We could not establish the reason for not performing DCC because of inadequate documentation in the medical records. CONCLUSIONS The rate of DCC is low in clinical practice, particularly among extremely preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Singh
- Neonatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - D Brammer
- Neonatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Timing of umbilical cord clamping and neonatal jaundice in singleton term pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2020; 142:104948. [PMID: 31927308 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed cord clamping was not adopted widely in China because of the potential effect of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice and polycythemia, and the optimal cord clamping time remained controversial. AIM To assess the effect of delayed cord clamping versus early cord clamping on neonatal jaundice for term infants. STUDY DESIGN This retrospective study included 1981 mother-infant pairs, who were assigned to early cord clamping groups (n = 1005) and delayed cord clamping group (n = 949). The delayed cord clamping included three subgroups (30-60 s, 61-90 s, 91-120 s). The main outcomes were transcutaneous bilirubin levels at 0 to 4 days of age, the rate of jaundice requiring phototherapy, the neonatal hematological status at 1 to 3 days after birth. RESULTS Compared with the early cord clamping group, the neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin level did not differ and the neonatal hematological status (hemoglobin and hematocrit levels) were improved in combined and three subgroups of delayed cord clamping group. Increasing the duration of cord clamping from 90 s to 120 s did not result in further increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels but led to a trend towards a higher risk of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy and neonatal polycythemia. CONCLUSIONS Delayed cord clamping for <90 s in healthy term infants may not only improve the early hematological status of newborns but also avoid excessive neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.
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Association of a Delayed Cord-Clamping Protocol With Hyperbilirubinemia in Term Neonates. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 133:754-761. [PMID: 30870273 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implementation of a delayed cord-clamping protocol at an academic medical center, and its short-term associations on term neonates. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of women aged 18 years or older delivering a term neonate at an academic medical center before and 5-7 months after implementation of a universal delayed cord-clamping protocol (October-December 2015 and October-December 2016, respectively). The primary outcome measure was the mean peak neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin level, with secondary outcome measures including mean initial transcutaneous bilirubin levels, mean serum bilirubin levels, number of serum bilirubin levels drawn, incidence of clinical jaundice, and phototherapy. RESULTS Protocol adherence was 87.8%. Data are presented on 424 neonates. The mean peak neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin levels were significantly higher among neonates in the postprotocol group (10.0±3.4 mg/dL vs 8.4±2.7 mg/dL, P<.01). More neonates in the postprotocol group were diagnosed with jaundice (27.2% vs 16.6%; odds ratio [OR] 1.88; 95% CI 1.17-3.01) and required serum blood draws (43.7% vs 29.4%; OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.25-2.78). However, there were no differences in mean peak serum bilirubin levels between groups (9.7±3.0 mg/dL vs 9.1±3.1 mg/dL, P=.17) or need for phototherapy (5.2% vs 6.6%, OR 1.28; 95% CI 0.57-2.89). CONCLUSION Implementation of a delayed cord-clamping protocol for term neonates was associated with significantly higher mean transcutaneous bilirubin levels, an increased number of serum blood draws, and more clinical diagnoses of jaundice, although there was no increase in the incidence of phototherapy.
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15
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Anton O, Jordan H, Rabe H. Strategies for implementing placental transfusion at birth: A systematic review. Birth 2019; 46:411-427. [PMID: 30264508 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced placental transfusion reduces adverse neonatal outcomes, including death. Despite being endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2012, the method has not been adopted widely in practice. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search and included quality improvement projects on placental transfusion at birth and studies on barriers to implementation. We extracted information on population, methods of implementation, obstacles to implementation, and strategies to overcome them. RESULTS We screened 99 studies out of which 18 were included in the review. The preferred methods of implementation were protocol development (86% of studies) reinforced by targeted education (64% of studies) and multidisciplinary team involvement (43% of studies). Barriers to implementation were mentioned in 12 studies and divided into four categories: general factors such as lack of staff awareness (5 studies) and professional resistance to change (5 studies); obstetrician-specific concerns, including the impact during cesarean (3 studies) and the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (3 studies); pediatrician-specific concerns, including the need for resuscitation (5 studies), risk of jaundice (3 studies), and polycythemia (2 studies); and logistical difficulties. The main strategies to facilitate placental transfusion at birth included effective multidisciplinary team collaboration, protocol development, targeted education, and constructive feedback sessions. CONCLUSIONS Placental transfusion implementation requires a multidisciplinary approach, with obstetricians, midwives, nurses, and pediatricians central to adoption of the practice. Understanding the obstacles to implementation informs strategies to increase placental transfusion adoption of practice worldwide. We suggest a stepwise approach to implementation and enhancement of placental transfusion into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Anton
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Brighton, UK
| | - Harriet Jordan
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Brighton, UK
| | - Heike Rabe
- Academic Department of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Brighton, UK.,Academic Department of Paediatrics, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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16
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Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 300:531-543. [PMID: 31203386 PMCID: PMC6694086 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Policies for timing of cord clamping varied from early cord clamping (ECC) in the first 30 s after birth, to delayed cord clamping (DCC) in more than 30 s after birth or when cord pulsation has ceased. DCC, an inexpensive method allowed physiological placental transfusion. The aim of this article is to review the benefits and the potential harms of early versus delayed cord clamping. Methods Narrative overview, synthesizing the findings of the literature retrieved from searches of computerized databases. Results Delayed cord clamping in term and preterm infants had shown higher hemoglobin levels and iron storage, the improved infants’ and children’s neurodevelopment, the lesser anemia, the higher blood pressure and the fewer transfusions, as well as the lower rates of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis. DCC was seldom associated with lower Apgar scores, neonatal hypothermia of admission, respiratory distress, and severe jaundice. In addition, DCC was not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage and maternal blood transfusion whether in cesarean section or vaginal delivery. DCC appeared to have no effect on cord blood gas analysis. However, DCC for more than 60 s reduced drastically the chances of obtaining clinically useful cord blood units (CBUs). Conclusion Delayed cord clamping in term and preterm infants was a simple, safe, and effective delivery procedure, which should be recommended, but the optimal cord clamping time remained controversial.
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KARATAŞ BARAN G, ŞAHİN S. Geciktirilmiş Umbilikal Kordon Klemplemenin Yenidoğan Sağlığına Etkisi. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.451791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bates SE, Isaac TCW, Marion RL, Norman V, Gumley JS, Sullivan CD. Delayed cord clamping with stabilisation at all preterm births - feasibility and efficacy of a low cost technique. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 236:109-115. [PMID: 30903883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meta-analysis data suggests that Delayed cord clamping (DCC) in preterm infants is associated with a 32% reduction in mortality. Reported rates of this intervention are low, particularly for caesarean deliveries. Perceived difficulties providing respiratory support and thermal care during DCC may be barriers to implementation of this intervention. Commercially available equipment to facilitate this can be expensive. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a simple, low cost technique to deliver respiratory support and thermal care during DCC at all preterm deliveries (including caesarean), with the hypothesis that this could increase rates of preterm infants receiving DCC. STUDY DESIGN Data was collected retrospectively from 46 infants born at <32 weeks gestation in 2015. The technique was introduced in early 2017, as part of a perinatal Quality Improvement project. Data was collected prospectively from 63 infants born at <32 weeks gestation in 2017-2018. RESULTS Rates of DCC in infants born <32 weeks gestation have increased from 12.5% in 2015 to 89.4% in 2017-2018. In 2017-2018, thermal care and respiratory support was provided to all infants who received DCC. CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary perinatal team working allowed development of a simple, low cost technique to deliver DCC at all preterm deliveries. We have demonstrated feasibility and efficacy of this technique, and a significant and sustained improvement in rates of DCC in our preterm population. We hope that by sharing this approach, other centres will be able to implement a similar strategy, closing the gap between evidence base and translation into clinical practice, and allowing provision of DCC for preterm infants as a standard part of high quality perinatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bates
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Great Western Hospital, Marlborough Road, Swindon, SN3 6BB, UK.
| | - Thomas C W Isaac
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Great Western Hospital, Marlborough Road, Swindon, SN3 6BB, UK
| | - Rose L Marion
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Great Western Hospital, Marlborough Road, Swindon, SN3 6BB, UK
| | - Victoria Norman
- Department of Midwifery, Great Western Hospital, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Joanna S Gumley
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology, Great Western Hospital, Marlborough Road, Swindon, SN3 6BB, UK
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Knol R, Brouwer E, Vernooij ASN, Klumper FJCM, DeKoninck P, Hooper SB, te Pas AB. Clinical aspects of incorporating cord clamping into stabilisation of preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2018; 103:F493-F497. [PMID: 29680790 PMCID: PMC6109247 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-314947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fetal to neonatal transition is characterised by major pulmonary and haemodynamic changes occurring in a short period of time. In the international neonatal resuscitation guidelines, comprehensive recommendations are available on supporting pulmonary transition and delaying clamping of the cord in preterm infants. Recent experimental studies demonstrated that the pulmonary and haemodynamic transition are intimately linked, could influence each other and that the timing of umbilical cord clamping should be incorporated into the respiratory stabilisation. We reviewed the current knowledge on how to incorporate cord clamping into stabilisation of preterm infants and the physiological-based cord clamping (PBCC) approach, with the infant's transitional status as key determinant of timing of cord clamping. This approach could result in optimal timing of cord clamping and has the potential to reduce major morbidities and mortality in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Knol
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Brouwer
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alex S N Vernooij
- Department of Medical Engineering, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans J C M Klumper
- Department of Obstetrics, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Philip DeKoninck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arjan B te Pas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants Following Institution of a Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping Practice Change. Adv Neonatal Care 2018; 18:223-231. [PMID: 29794839 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports a significant reduction in the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants receiving delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC). PURPOSE This study evaluated clinical feasibility, efficacy, and safety outcomes in preterm infants (<36 weeks' gestational age) who received DCC following a practice change implementation intended to reduce the incidence of IVH. METHODS Infants receiving DCC (45-60 seconds) were compared with a sample of infants receiving immediate umbilical cord clamping (<15 seconds) in a retrospective chart review (N = 354). The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of IVH. Secondary safety outcome measures of 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, axillary temperature on neonatal intensive care unit admission, and initial 24-hour bilirubin level were also evaluated. Gestational age was examined for its effect on outcomes. RESULTS Although the small number of infants with IVH precluded the ability to detect statistical significance, our raw data suggest DCC is efficacious in reducing the risk for IVH. For infants 29 or less weeks' gestational age, admission axillary temperature was significantly higher in those who received DCC. No differences were found in 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, 24-hour bilirubin level, or hematocrit level between the two groups. Infants more than 29 weeks' gestational age who received DCC had significantly higher 1-minute Apgar scores, temperature, and 24-hour bilirubin level. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Clinicians should advocate for the implementation of DCC as part of the resuscitative process for preterm neonates. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Future studies are needed to evaluate the effect of DCC on other clinical outcomes and to investigate umbilical cord milking as an alternative approach to DCC.
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Rhoades JS, Bierut T, Conner SN, Tuuli MG, Vesoulis ZA, Macones GA, Cahill AG. Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping at <32 Weeks' Gestation: Implementation and Outcomes. Am J Perinatol 2017; 34:1048-1053. [PMID: 28561189 PMCID: PMC5578907 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) protocol for neonates <32 weeks. Secondarily, to evaluate the impact of DCC on maternal outcomes and on the ability to obtain umbilical cord blood gases. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study from November 2014 to March 2016 of patients delivered by 316/7 weeks. In 2014, an institutional protocol for DCC at <32 weeks was implemented. We assessed adherence to the protocol and compared adverse maternal outcomes (utilizing a hemorrhage composite). We evaluated the impact of DCC on the ability to obtain adequate umbilical cord blood gas specimens. RESULTS Of the 185 patients included in the study, 90 underwent DCC, and 72% of potentially eligible patients appropriately received DCC. There was no significant difference in the maternal hemorrhage composite outcome between DCC and immediate cord clamping (23.3 vs. 36.8%, adjusted odds ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.33, 1.26). There was also no significant difference in the ability to obtain a single or paired umbilical cord blood gas result. CONCLUSION Implementation of a DCC protocol for preterm neonates is feasible and was successful. We did not find an increase in maternal risk or a decrease in the ability to obtain umbilical cord blood gases following DCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine S. Rhoades
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tatiana Bierut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shayna N. Conner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Methodius G. Tuuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zachary A. Vesoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - George A. Macones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alison G. Cahill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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