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Victor A, Antônio BC, Gotine ARM, Mahoche M, Pedro Xavier S, Silva Rodrigues OA, Ferreira AJF, Rondó PH. Predictors of nutritional recovery time in children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition in Sofala Province, Mozambique: survival analysis approach. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:305-314. [PMID: 38609179 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition is a public health problem that affects physical and psychosocial well-being. It manifests as a rapid deterioration in nutritional status and bilateral edema due to inadequate food intake or illness. METHODS This study is a retrospective cohort of 1208 children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Sofala Province from 2018 to 2022. It includes hospitalized children aged 6-59 months with SAM and related complications. The dependent variable is recovery, and the independent variables include age, sex of the child, vomiting, dehydration, hypoglycemia, nutritional edema and anthropometry. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and bivariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The crude analysis revealed significant factors for nutritional recovery in children with SAM, including age, weight, height, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration. Children under 24 months had a 28% lower likelihood of recovery. Weight below 6.16 kg decreased the likelihood by 2%, and height above 71.1 cm decreased it by 20%. Conversely, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration increased the likelihood of recovery. However, after adjustment, only diarrhea remained a significant predictor of nutritional recovery. CONCLUSION This study found that diarrhea is a predictor of nutritional recovery in children with SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audêncio Victor
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Health of Mozambique, Ave. Eduardo Mondlane 1008, Maputo, C.P. 264, Mozambique
| | - Bélio Castro Antônio
- Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Health of Mozambique, Ave. Eduardo Mondlane 1008, Maputo, C.P. 264, Mozambique
| | - Ana Raquel Manuel Gotine
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Bairro de Marrere, Rua No. 4250, CP 364, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Manuel Mahoche
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sancho Pedro Xavier
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Ave. Fernando Correia da Costa, nº 2367 - Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá - MT - 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Osiyallê Akanni Silva Rodrigues
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Basílio da Gama Street, Canela, Salvador - BA, 40110-040 Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil
| | - Andrêa J F Ferreira
- Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Building Tecnocentro, Rua Mundo, 121, Trobogy, Salvador, Bahia 41745-715 Brazil
- Center on Racism, Global Movements, and Population Health Equity, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrícia H Rondó
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo, Brazil
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Melaku B, Gebremichael B, Negash B, Kitessa M, Kassa O, Dereje J, Kefelegn R, Firdisa D. Time to recovery from moderate acute malnutrition and its predictors among children aged 6-59 months in Fedis Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1369419. [PMID: 39171105 PMCID: PMC11335514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1369419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute malnutrition is a major global public health problem, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. A targeted supplementary feeding program is an approach recommended to address moderate acute malnutrition in food-insecure settings. Preventing and treating moderate acute malnutrition requires identifying factors shown to affect the treatment outcome and duration of stay on treatment. This study aimed to determine the time to recovery from moderate acute malnutrition and its predictors among children aged 6-59 months in Fedis Woreda East Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia, from January 1 to December 31, 2022. Methods A facility-based retrospective cohort study was conducted on 567 children with moderate acute malnutrition in Fedis Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, eastern Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed, and data was collected using a structured checklist. Data were extracted from randomly selected records after obtaining ethical clearance. Data were cleaned, coded, entered into EpiData 4.6, and analyzed using STATA/SE version 14. Descriptive statistics and analytic analysis schemes, including bivariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, were conducted, and finally, statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results The overall median time to recovery was 16 weeks. The major predicting factors for time to recovery among children aged 6-59 months were admission with a mid-upper arm circumference of 12.1-12.4 centimeters (AHR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19), access to transportation to facilities (AHR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.36-0.81), children using specialized nutritious foods (RUSF; AHR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.36-3.11), and children who had diarrhea (AHR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71). Conclusion The study found a median recovery time of 16 weeks for children with targeted supplementary feeding. Significant predictors included admission with a MUAC of 12.1-12.4 centimeters, transportation access, RUSF use, and the presence of diarrhea. These findings highlighted the importance of these factors in determining and improving recovery from moderate-acute malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Melaku
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhe Gebremichael
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Belay Negash
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Monas Kitessa
- School of pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Obsan Kassa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Jerman Dereje
- Department of psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Reta Kefelegn
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Firdisa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Feleke FW, Masresha SA, Mulaw GF. Time to recovery and its predictors among children aged 6-59 months having uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition attending an outpatient therapeutic program in Northeast Ethiopia: prospective cohort study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1407931. [PMID: 39171110 PMCID: PMC11337616 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1407931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are insufficient data regarding the variables influencing recovery times, despite the accessible outpatient therapy program (OTP) bringing services for treating severe acute malnutrition (SAM) closer to the community. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing the recovery duration in children with uncomplicated SAM between the ages of 6 and 59 months who were attending an OTP in North Wollo, northern Ethiopia. Methods From February 2021 to July 2021, 356 children, ages 6-59 months, enrolled in a facility-based prospective cohort study. An interviewer administered a semi-structured questionnaire once a week to acquire anthropometric measures. The data were imported into Stata version 14.2 for analysis from EPI data entry version 4.6.06. The time to recovery for each attribute was determined using a log-rank test, a survival curve, and a Kaplan-Meier estimate of the median time to recovery. The Cox Proportional-Hazards Model was used to identify independent predictors of recovery time; statistical significance was indicated at 95% CI and a p-value of 0.05. Results With a recovery rate of 74.7%, the median recovery period was 56 days. Frequency of growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) service utilization [AHR = 1.622 (95% CI: 1.052-2.130)], cough [AHR = 0.385 (95% CI: 0.176-0.843)], maternal delivery at health center [AHR = 1.448 (95% CI: 1.023-2.050)], and maternal literacy [AHR = 1.445 (95% CI: 1.019-2.058)] were determinants of time to recovery. Conclusion The median recovery period was 56 days with a recovery rate of 74.7%. Regular utilization of GMP services, maternal delivery at the health center, and cough at admission were independent predictors for this study. As a result, there should be a greater emphasis on the importance of girls' (future mothers') education and nutrition counseling, particularly the integration of GMP service components into institutional delivery/for girls/women who have received little education on how to improve time to recovery and the success of the OTP.
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Yadeta SK, Tadesse T, Negese T, Haile B, Kebede A, Motuma A, Abdurahman D, Oumer A, Roba KT. Predictors of time to recovery from uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition among children in eastern Ethiopia. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1275943. [PMID: 38903630 PMCID: PMC11187269 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1275943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Managing severe acute malnutrition (SAM) involves an outpatient therapeutic program (OTP), targeting more than 80% of SAM children where the quality of primary healthcare remains poor. Treatment success and recovery from SAM remain poor and could be affected by many factors, where such evidence is limited in East Hararghe. This study assessed the predictors of time to recovery from SAM in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 402 records of SAM children under 5 years of age enrolled on OTP at 12 health posts retrieved from 2020 to 2021. We used the Kaplan-Meir estimate along with the p-value of the log-rank test and the survival curve to compare the time to recovery across categories. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to identify predictors of time to recovery from SAM. A p-value below 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results A total of 402 records were reviewed, and the cure rate from SAM was 89.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 87-93]. Moreover, a death rate of 0.7%, a default rate of 9.5%, and a non-responder rate of 0.2% were obtained with a median length of stay of 7 weeks. The median time to recovery was significantly shorter for children from shorter distances from OTP sites with edema, amoxicillin, (p < 0.05). Edema at admission [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.33-2.29], without diarrhea (AHR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.18-1.94), taking amoxicillin (AHR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.19-2.02), shorter travel time to the OTP site (AHR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.13-1.85), breastfeeding (AHR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.27-2.02), adequacy of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) (AHR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.90-1.65), and new admission (AHR = 1.62; 95% CI: 0.84-3.10) were important predictors of recovery from SAM. Conclusion Recovery from SAM was found to be acceptable in comparison with the Sphere Standards and is predicted by edema, diarrhea, distance from the OTP site, amoxicillin, and RUTF adequacy. These allow for focused interventions that address the identified factors for better recovery from SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibiru Kelbessa Yadeta
- National Nutrition Program Officer, Nutrition Coordination Office in the Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Trhas Tadesse
- Department of Social and Population Health, Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tarekegn Negese
- Monitoring and Evaluation Officer in the Nutrition Coordination Office, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Haile
- Implementation Advisor, Nutrition Coordination Office in the Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Aboma Motuma
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dureti Abdurahman
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abdu Oumer
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Andargie A, Zewdie S. Predictors of recovery from severe acute malnutrition among 6-59 months children admitted to a hospital. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1258647. [PMID: 38706552 PMCID: PMC11066272 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1258647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Severe acute malnutrition is a threat to child survival as mortality rates in children with severe malnutrition are nine times higher. Globally, about 19 million children are severely malnourished. This study looked at children aged 6-59 months admitted to hospital to see how quickly they recovered from severe acute malnutrition as well as what factors predicted their recovery. Methods The study included 543 systematically chosen children with severe acute malnutrition who were admitted to the stabilization center of a hospital. Data from the patient registry were gathered using a retrospective follow-up study design. In order to find predictors of recovery, the Cox proportional hazard model was applied. Results From 543 children, 425 (78.27%) were recovered. The median survival time was 8 days. Having grade II edema, grade III edema, and pneumonia were negatively associated with recovery. Similarly, taking ceftriaxone, cloxacillin, and being on a nasogastric tube were associated with poor recovery. Conversely, better recovery rates were linked to exclusive breastfeeding and vitamin A supplementation. Conclusion Both the recovery rate and the median survival time fell within acceptable bounds. To boost the recovery rate, efforts are needed to lessen comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assefa Andargie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Segenet Zewdie
- Division of Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
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Victor A, Antônio BC, Gotine ARM, Mahoche M, Pedro Xavier S, Silva Rodrigues OA, Ferreira AJF, Rondó PH. Predictors of nutritional recovery time in children aged 6–59 months with severe acute malnutrition in Sofala Province, Mozambique: survival analysis approach. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malnutrition is a public health problem that affects physical and psychosocial well-being. It manifests as a rapid deterioration in nutritional status and bilateral edema due to inadequate food intake or illness.
Methods
This study is a retrospective cohort of 1208 children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Sofala Province from 2018 to 2022. It includes hospitalized children aged 6–59 months with SAM and related complications. The dependent variable is recovery, and the independent variables include age, sex of the child, vomiting, dehydration, hypoglycemia, nutritional edema and anthropometry. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and bivariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed.
Results
The crude analysis revealed significant factors for nutritional recovery in children with SAM, including age, weight, height, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration. Children under 24 months had a 28% lower likelihood of recovery. Weight below 6.16 kg decreased the likelihood by 2%, and height above 71.1 cm decreased it by 20%. Conversely, malaria, diarrhea and dehydration increased the likelihood of recovery. However, after adjustment, only diarrhea remained a significant predictor of nutritional recovery.
Conclusion
This study found that diarrhea is a predictor of nutritional recovery in children with SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audêncio Victor
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo , Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Health of Mozambique , Ave. Eduardo Mondlane 1008, Maputo, C.P. 264 , Mozambique
| | - Bélio Castro Antônio
- Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Health of Mozambique , Ave. Eduardo Mondlane 1008, Maputo, C.P. 264 , Mozambique
| | - Ana Raquel Manuel Gotine
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo , Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University , Bairro de Marrere, Rua No. 4250, CP 364, Nampula , Mozambique
| | - Manuel Mahoche
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sancho Pedro Xavier
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Ave. Fernando Correia da Costa, nº 2367 - Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá - MT - 78060-900 , Brazil
| | - Osiyallê Akanni Silva Rodrigues
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) , Basílio da Gama Street, Canela, Salvador - BA, 40110-040 Salvador, Bahia state , Brazil
| | - Andrêa J F Ferreira
- Centre for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Building Tecnocentro, Rua Mundo, 121, Trobogy, Salvador, Bahia 41745-715 Brazil
- Center on Racism , Global Movements, and Population Health Equity, , Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104 , USA
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health , Global Movements, and Population Health Equity, , Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104 , USA
| | - Patrícia H Rondó
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP) , Ave. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, 01246904, São Paulo , Brazil
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Lencha B, Urgessa M, Lemessa F, Minda Z, Beressa G, Ganfure G, Degno S. Severe Acute Malnutrition among Children in Bale Zone Southeast Ethiopia: Treatment Outcome and its Determinant Factors. J Pediatr 2024; 264:113743. [PMID: 37722556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the treatment outcomes of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and its associated factors in children aged 6-59 months in Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia. DESIGN A multi-institutionally-based, retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted, based on records from September 11, 2014 to September 11, 2017. Simple random sampling was used to select the records. A pretested extraction format was used to collect information from the logbook and patient records. Treatment outcome was dichotomized into recovery and censored. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Odds ratios with 95% CIs were calculated to determine the association between each independent variable and treatment outcome. RESULTS A total of 763 records were completed and reviewed. Of these, 711 (93.2%) were recovered from SAM. Provision of deworming treatment (aOR = 6.5; 95% CI: 2.8-15.1), education given to the mother/caregiver (aOR = 8.8; 95% CI: 4.2-18.4), age range 6-24 months (aOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17-0.81), presence of anemia (aOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14-0.78), and use of nasogastric (NG) tube (aOR = 0.42; 95% CI: (0.21-0.85) were associated with recovery from SAM. CONCLUSIONS Recovery rate of SAM children in this study was in line with international standards. Deworming, maternal education status, child's age, anemia, and NG tube use were associated with recovery. Attention should be given to deworming all children, disease control, and prevention of anemia and other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikila Lencha
- Department of Public Health, Shashemene campus, Madda Walabu University, Shashemene, Ethiopia
| | - Megersso Urgessa
- Department of Public Health, Shashemene campus, Madda Walabu University, Shashemene, Ethiopia.
| | - Feyyissa Lemessa
- Department of Nursing, Paulos Hospital and Millenium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenebe Minda
- Department of Public Health, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Beressa
- Department of Public Health, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sisay Degno
- Department of Public Health, Shashemene campus, Madda Walabu University, Shashemene, Ethiopia
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Papadopoulou E, Lim YC, Chin WY, Dwan K, Munabi-Babigumira S, Lewin S. Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health: identification and treatment of wasting in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 8:CD015311. [PMID: 37646367 PMCID: PMC10467022 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the early 2010s, there has been a push to enhance the capacity to effectively treat wasting in children through community-based service delivery models and thus reduce morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of identification and treatment of moderate and severe wasting in children aged five years or under by lay health workers working in the community compared with health providers working in health facilities. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, two other databases, and two ongoing trials registers to 24 September 2021. We also screened the reference lists of related systematic reviews and all included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies in children aged five years or under with moderate wasting (defined as weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) below -2 but no lower than ≥ -3, or mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) below 125 mm but no lower than 115 mm, and no nutritional oedema) or severe wasting (WHZ below -3 or MUAC below 115 mm or nutritional oedema). Eligible interventions were: • identification by lay health workers (LHWs) of children with wasting (intervention 1); • identification by LHWs of children with wasting and medical complications needing referral (intervention 2); and • identification by LHWs of children with wasting without medical complications needing referral (intervention 3). Eligible comparators were: • identification and treatment of wasting by health professionals such as nurses or doctors (at health facilities); and • identification and treatment of wasting by health facility-based teams, including health professionals and LHWs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened trials, extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) and Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) guidelines. We used a random-effects model to meta-analyse data, producing risk ratios (RRs) for dichotomous outcomes in trials with individual allocation, adjusted RRs for dichotomous outcomes in trials with cluster allocation (using the generic inverse variance method in Review Manager 5), and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included two RCTs and five non-RCTs. Six studies were from African countries, and one was from Pakistan. Six studies included children with severe wasting, and one included children with moderate wasting. All studies offered home-based ready-to-use therapeutic food treatment and monitoring. Children received antibiotics in three studies, vitamins or micronutrients in three studies, and deworming treatment in two studies. In three studies, the comparison arm involved LHWs screening children for malnutrition and referring them to health facilities for diagnosis and treatment. All the non-randomised studies had a high overall risk of bias. Interventions 1 and 2 Identification and referral for treatment by LHWs, compared with treatment by health professionals following self-referral, may result in little or no difference in the percentage of children who recover from moderate or severe wasting (MD 1.00%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.53 to 4.53; 1 RCT, 29,475 households; low certainty). Intervention 3 Compared with treatment by health professionals following identification by LHWs, identification and treatment of severe wasting in children by LHWs: • may slightly reduce improvement from severe wasting (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99; 1 RCT, 789 participants; low certainty); • may slightly increase non-response to treatment (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.01; 1 RCT, 789 participants; low certainty); • may result in little or no difference in the number of children with WHZ above -2 on discharge (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.28 to 3.18; 1 RCT, 789 participants; low certainty); • probably results in little or no difference in the number of children with WHZ between -3 and -2 on discharge (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.36; 1 RCT, 789 participants; moderate certainty); • probably results in little or no difference in the number of children with WHZ below -3 (severe wasting) on discharge (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.04; 1 RCT, 789 participants; moderate certainty); • probably results in little or no difference in the number of children with MUAC equal to or greater than 115 mm on discharge (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.06; 1 RCT, 789 participants; moderate certainty); • results in little or no difference in weight gain per day (mean weight gain 0.50 g/kg/day higher, 95% CI 1.74 lower to 2.74 higher; 1 RCT, 571 participants; high certainty); • probably has little or no effect on relapse of severe wasting (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.54; 1 RCT, 649 participants; moderate certainty); • may have little or no effect on mortality among children with severe wasting (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.04 to 5.98; 1 RCT, 829 participants; low certainty); • probably has little or no effect on the transfer of children with severe wasting to inpatient care (RR 3.71, 95% CI 0.36 to 38.23; 1 RCT, 829 participants; moderate certainty); and • probably has little or no effect on the default of children with severe wasting (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.65 to 3.40; 1 RCT, 829 participants; moderate certainty). The evidence was very uncertain for total MUAC gain, MUAC gain per day, total weight gain, treatment coverage, and transfer to another LHW site or health facility. No studies examined sustained recovery, deterioration to severe wasting, appropriate identification of children with wasting or oedema, appropriate referral of children with moderate or severe wasting, adherence, or adverse effects and other harms. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Identification and treatment of severe wasting in children who do not require inpatient care by LHWs, compared with treatment by health professionals, may lead to similar or slightly poorer outcomes. We found only two RCTs, and the evidence from non-randomised studies was of very low certainty for all outcomes due to serious risks of bias and imprecision. No studies included children aged under 6 months. Future studies must address these methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weng Yee Chin
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kerry Dwan
- The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Munabi-Babigumira
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Lewin
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ålesund, Norway
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Braxton ME, Larson KL, Melendez CR. Understanding Time-to-Recovery among Guatemalan Children before and during COVID-19. GLOBAL PEDIATRICS 2023; 5:100066. [PMID: 37366518 PMCID: PMC10286525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpeds.2023.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To understand malnutrition recovery at a Guatemalan Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on-site in November 2022. The NRC is located on the outskirts of Antigua, Guatemala. They manage the care of 15-20 children at a time, providing food, medicine, and health assessments. A total of 156 records were included (126 prior to the onset of COVID; 30 after the onset of COVID). Descriptive variables collected were age, gender, severity of malnutrition, height, weight, amoxicillin, multivitamins, nebulizer/bronchodilator, and zinc. Principal Results There was no significant difference in time-to-recovery between COVID cohorts. Mean time-to-recovery was 5.65 weeks, or 39.57 days (SD = 25.62, 95% CI [35.5, 43.7]) among all recovered cases (n =149). The cohort admitted after the onset of COVID-19 (March 1, 2020) had a significantly higher weight gain and discharge weight. In the total sample, amoxicillin was the only significant predictor variable for recovery time; with children receiving it being more likely to recover in >6 weeks. The few differences between cohorts was possibly attributed to the sample after the onset of COVID-19. These records had minimal sociocultural data. Major Conclusions Conducting a family needs assessment on admission could identify sociocultural factors that may facilitate nutritional recovery, such as housing conditions and potable water access. Further research is needed to more fully understand the complexities that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on childhood malnutrition recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Braxton
- Arizona State University, 550 North 3rd Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0698
| | - Kim L Larson
- East Carolina University, 2205 W 5th St, Greenville, NC 27834
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Mokori A, Ndungutse AH, Amongin D, Agabiirwe CN, Byabasheija R, Draru J. Use of collaborative learning approach for increased cure rate among children aged 6-59 months with severe wasting in Karamoja, Uganda. BMJ Open Qual 2023; 12:bmjoq-2022-001941. [PMID: 36764732 PMCID: PMC9923296 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2022-001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At 10%, Karamoja region has the highest rate of child wasting in Uganda. The region has 126 outpatient therapeutic care (OTC) sites for managing children with severe acute malnutrition. LOCAL PROBLEM Cure rate (CR) in OTC in Karamoja remains below the international standard of over 75%. The study aimed at increasing the CR in 10 OTC sites in Karamoja, from 74.1% to >75% in 13 months. METHODS The study commenced in July 2018, up to September 2019, in purposively selected health facilities in six districts in Karamoja. Quality improvement (QI) methods per the Ministry of Health QI Framework were applied. QI teams (QITs) tracked the outcome of the tested changes for 13 months. χ2 tests were used to assess the intrafacility and interdistrict association in CR. INTERVENTION Institute for Health Improvement (IHI) (2003) improvement model was applied in this collaborative. QITs conducted root cause analysis of CR gaps, which guided them in the development of improvement aims, changes and indicators. QITs used plan-do-study-act cycles to test and adopt the feasible changes. RESULTS CR increased from 74.1% to 78.6%, with an overall average of 80% within 13 months. Abim district had the highest CR (83.3%) and Kaabong district the lowest (75.2%). Health centre II (84.0%) had the highest CR. Assigning village health teams to follow up caregivers of children in OTC with missed appointments, allocation of village health teams and local leaders to monitor the administration of ready-to-use therapeutic food to children, and screening and treating comorbidities among children in OTC increased CR. CONCLUSIONS QI methods focusing on collaborative learning increased CR among children in OTC in Karamoja. Sustaining the gains requires district health offices, partners and health facility management's commitment to institutionalise the QI collaborative learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joyce Draru
- Nursing, Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Arua, West Nile, Uganda
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Braxton ME, Melendez CR, Larson KL. A Feasibility Study to Examine Clinical Variables of Childhood Malnutrition in Guatemala. HISPANIC HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL 2023:15404153221150452. [PMID: 36617794 DOI: 10.1177/15404153221150452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Guatemala is the country with the highest rate of malnutrition in Latin America and fifth highest worldwide. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of examining clinical variables of malnutrition among a subset of children at a Guatemalan Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC). Methods: The study was conducted using a secondary dataset of children admitted and discharged at the NRC in 2018. A total of 42 cases were reviewed. The 12 clinical variables were age, gender, height, weight, nutrition status, referral, diet, secondary diagnoses, medications, supplements, discharge disposition, and time-to-discharge. Results: The two major findings were (a) the lack of access to height and weight at discharge and (b) the inability to verify time-to-recovery. Mean age of participants was 23 months (SD = 12.9). All children were discharged home; median time-to-discharge was 48 days. The Kaplan-Meier analyses indicated that children <2 had slower time-to-discharge (51 days), compared to those older than age 2 (32 days); though not statistically significant. Conclusion: Findings of this study provide valuable data to inform ways NRC leadership can better report child health outcomes. International community-academic partnership could contribute to understanding malnutrition and time-to-recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim L Larson
- 3627East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Tsegaye A, Lencha B, Kumsa K. Predictors of time to recovery from uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition among 6-59 months children treated in out patient treatment in health posts of Nagele Arsi district: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:712. [PMID: 36514008 PMCID: PMC9746122 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to outpatient therapeutic feeding programs (OTP) for all children who have uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a global public health priority. Identifying predictors that determine time-to-recovery from severe acute malnutrition optimize therapeutic success. However, reliable evidence on the determinants of time to recovery at health posts was not available in Nagele Arsi district of South Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to identify determinants of time-to-recovery from uncomplicated SAM among children aged (6-59) months treated at an OTP in health posts of Nagele Arsi district, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS Institutional based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 357 children treated in Negele Arsi district from July1, 2018 to June 30, 2020. The children were selected using simple random sampling from 20 health posts. SAM treatment outcomes were compared against international SPHERE standards. The average time-to-recovery was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the independent predictors of time to recovery were determined using multivariable Cox-proportional hazard model. The strength of the association was done using adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05. The results were presented by text, tables and figures. RESULT A total of 284 (79.6%) children recovered during follow up. The mean weight gain for recovered children was 4.7 + 2.4 g/kg/day. The median time-to-recovery was 44 days 95% CI (42.7-45.3). Children who received Amoxicillin, AHR =2.574, 95% CI (1.879-3.525); de-wormed, AHR = 1.519, 95% CI (1.137-2.031); received Vitamin A, AHR = 2.518, 95% CI, (1.921-3.301) and new admissions, AHR = 1.823, 95%CI, (1.224-2.715) were more likely to recover. However, those who admitted with non-edema, AHR = 0.256, 95% CI, (0.189-0.346); had cough at admission, AHR = 0.513, 95 CI, (0.366-0.719) and had diarrhea at admission AHR = 0.5, 95% CI, 0.5 (0.350-0.712) were less likely to recover. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The recovery rate was within the acceptable ranges of International Sphere Standards. Those children who had cough and diarrhea should be given due attention from health extension workers and program planners. Appropriate provision of routine medication and timely intervention of co-morbidity are needed to increase chance of early recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bikila Lencha
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Shashemene, Oromia Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Kumsa
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Shashemene, Oromia Ethiopia
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Tsegaye AT, Pavlinac PB, Turyagyenda L, Diallo AH, Gnoumou BS, Bamouni RM, Voskuijl WP, van den Heuvel M, Mbale E, Lancioni CL, Mupere E, Mukisa J, Lwanga C, Atuhairwe M, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T, Shahid AS, Saleem AF, Kazi Z, Singa BO, Amam P, Masheti M, Berkley JA, Walson JL, Tickell KD. The Role of Food Insecurity and Dietary Diversity on Recovery from Wasting among Hospitalized Children Aged 6-23 Months in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Nutrients 2022; 14:3481. [PMID: 36079736 PMCID: PMC9460249 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Current guidelines for the management of childhood wasting primarily focus on the provision of therapeutic foods and the treatment of medical complications. However, many children with wasting live in food-secure households, and multiple studies have demonstrated that the etiology of wasting is complex, including social, nutritional, and biological causes. We evaluated the contribution of household food insecurity, dietary diversity, and the consumption of specific food groups to the time to recovery from wasting after hospital discharge. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Acute Illness Network (CHAIN) cohort, a multicenter prospective study conducted in six low- or lower-middle-income countries. We included children aged 6−23 months with wasting (mid-upper arm circumference [MUAC] ≤ 12.5 cm) or kwashiorkor (bipedal edema) at the time of hospital discharge. The primary outcome was time to nutritional recovery, defined as a MUAC > 12.5 cm without edema. Using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, study site, HIV status, duration of hospitalization, enrollment MUAC, referral to a nutritional program, caregiver education, caregiver depression, the season of enrollment, residence, and household wealth status, we evaluated the role of reported food insecurity, dietary diversity, and specific food groups prior to hospitalization on time to recovery from wasting during the 6 months of posthospital discharge. Findings: Of 1286 included children, most participants (806, 63%) came from food-insecure households, including 170 (13%) with severe food insecurity, and 664 (52%) participants had insufficient dietary diversity. The median time to recovery was 96 days (18/100 child-months (95% CI: 17.0, 19.0)). Moderate (aHR 1.17 [0.96, 1.43]) and severe food insecurity (aHR 1.14 [0.88, 1.48]), and insufficient dietary diversity (aHR 1.07 [0.91, 1.25]) were not significantly associated with time to recovery. Children who had consumed legumes and nuts prior to diagnosis had a quicker recovery than those who did not (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.21 [1.01,1.44]). Consumption of dairy products (aHR 1.13 [0.96, 1.34], p = 0.14) and meat (aHR 1.11 [0.93, 1.33]), p = 0.23) were not statistically significantly associated with time to recovery. Consumption of fruits and vegetables (aHR 0.78 [0.65,0.94]) and breastfeeding (aHR 0.84 [0.71, 0.99]) before diagnosis were associated with longer time to recovery. Conclusion: Among wasted children discharged from hospital and managed in compliance with wasting guidelines, food insecurity and dietary diversity were not major determinants of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdoulaye H. Diallo
- Department of Public Health, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03BP7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Blaise S. Gnoumou
- Department of Public Health, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03BP7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Roseline M. Bamouni
- Department of Public Health, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03BP7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Wieger P. Voskuijl
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health & Emma Children’s Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meta van den Heuvel
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Emmie Mbale
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 265, Malawi
| | - Christina L. Lancioni
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala P.O. Box 663, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda
| | - John Mukisa
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala P.O. Box 663, Uganda
| | | | | | - Mohammod J. Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Abu S.M.S.B. Shahid
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ali F. Saleem
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Zaubina Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | | | - Pholona Amam
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840, Kenya
| | - Mary Masheti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi 54840, Kenya
| | - James A. Berkley
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi 184742, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Judd L. Walson
- Departments of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- The Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi 184742, Kenya
| | - Kirkby D. Tickell
- Departments of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Bizuneh FK, Tolossa T, Bekonjo NE, Wakuma B. Time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months at Asosa general hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A retrospective follow up study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272930. [PMID: 35960715 PMCID: PMC9374216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) has become a major public health challenge in developing countries including Ethiopia, especially among the underprivileged population. Ethiopia is among the developing countries with the highest burden of acute malnutrition among under-five children. Though, plenty of studies were done on the magnitude of acute malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia, there is a limited evidence on time to recovery from SAM and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area.
Objectives
The study was aimed to assess the time to recovery from SAM and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months at Asosa general hospital (AGH), Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia.
Methods
A Five years retrospective follow-up study design was employed among 454 children admitted with SAM in AGH from January 2015 to December 2019. The data were extracted from the patient medical records using checklist. The data were coded and entered into Epi-Data 3.1; then exported to STATA/SE-14 for analysis. Proportional Cox regression was performed to identify predictors of recovery time. A proportional hazard assumption was checked. Variables with AHR at 95% CI and P-value less than 0.05 in the multivariable Cox proportional regression was considered as significant predictors of recovery time.
Findings
Among the 454 included records of children with SAM, 65.4% (95%CI: 50.1, 69.2) of them were recovered at the end of the follow-up with a median recovery time of 15 IQR(11–18)days. The incidence rate of recovery was 5.28 per 100 child days’ observations. Being HIV Negative (AHR = 2.19: 95% CI 1.28, 3.73), Marasmic (AHR = 1.69: 95% CI 1.18, 2.42), and marasmic-kwashiorkor child (AHR = 1.60: 95% CI (1.09, 2.37) independently predicted recovery time.
Conclusions
Though the time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition was in the acceptable range, the proportion of recovery was found to be low in the study area compared to sphere standard. The prognosis of children with severe acute malnutrition was determined by the HIV status of the child and the type of malnutrition experienced. Further strengthening of malnutrition therapeutic centers and routine checkup of the nutritional status of HIV positive children should be emphasized to reduce child mortality and morbidity from under-nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fassikaw Kebede Bizuneh
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tolossa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | | | - Bizuneh Wakuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
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ssekajja V, Wamani H, Kitutu FE, Atukwase A. Cure rate and associated factors for children 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition under the out patient therapeutic care programme in the health centres of Kabale District in Southwestern Uganda: a cross sectional study. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:67. [PMID: 35869543 PMCID: PMC9306020 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children below five years with sub-Saharan Africa being the most affected. In Kabale district, SAM affects 2.9% children under the age of five. Uganda government introduced Outpatient therapeutic care (OTC) programme in all health centre level III and IV of Kabale. However, there was limited information about the cure rate and its associated factors among children under the programme hence the cause for the study. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on records of children 6-59 months (n = 637), presenting with SAM on OTC programme in the health centres of Kabale between 2013 and 2015. Data on cure rate (outcome) and other independent factors were collected, cleaned in excel and then exported into STATA 12 for analysis. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regression analysis was run to generate frequencies and factors associated. RESULTS The cure rate was 36.3% (n = 231 cases) with a median recovery time of 21 days. The default rate was 58.6% (n = 373 cases) while the non-response and death rate were 0.6% (n = 4) and 1.1% (n = 7) respectively. Source at admission (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 0.1, 95% CI 0.0, 0.7, p = 0.012), Weight at admission (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.0, 0.9, p = 0.014) and Number of visits to the program (AOR = 14.9, 95% CI 9.3, 24.2, p = 0.040) were positively associated with cure rate of SAM children on OTC programme in Kabale. CONCLUSION Overall the cure and default rate for children on OTC programme in Kabale were significantly higher than national and international standards making the findings quite alarming. However, the weight of the child at admission, the number of visits to the programme to receive services and the source where the child was coming from were very important determinants of cure rate. To improve the cure rates of SAM children in Kabale, there is need for policy makers and programme implementers to think about a community based management of severe acute malnutrition program approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent ssekajja
- Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wamani
- Department of Community Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Freddy Eric Kitutu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abel Atukwase
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-Engineering Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Rashid MY, Kebira JY, Oljira L, Dheresa M. Time to Recovery From Moderate Acute Malnutrition and Its Predictors Among Children 6–59 Months of Age Enrolled in Targeted Supplementary Feeding Program in Darolebu District, Eastern Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:914837. [PMID: 35910899 PMCID: PMC9330372 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.914837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute malnutrition is a major global public health problem, particularly in low and middle-income countries. A targeted supplementary feeding program is an approach recommended to address moderate acute malnutrition in food insecure settings. Preventing and treating moderate acute malnutrition requires identifying factors shown to affect the treatment outcome and duration of stay on treatment. This study aimed to determine the treatment outcome and predictors of recovery time from moderate acute malnutrition among children 6–59 months of age in Darolebu district, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study design was conducted on 540 children with moderate acute malnutrition. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the recovery time. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the association between the independent and the outcome variables. The proportional hazard assumption of the model was checked graphically and statistically. Any violation of the proportional hazard assumption of the model was also considered and adjusted in the analysis. Finally, a variable with a P-value <0.05 in the multivariate cox regression model was considered statistically significant. Results The overall recovery rate was 73% (95% CI 69.4–76.4%) with the median time to recovery of 16 weeks. Being between the ages of 24 and 59 months (AHR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.54), having a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) at admission between 11.5 and 11.9 cm (AHR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.34–2.61), walking for an hour or less to receive services (AHR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.02–1.89), using ready-to-use supplementary food (AHR= 1.8, 95%CI: 1.38–2.39) were significant predictors of recovery time. Conclusion The recovery rate was slightly below the accepted minimum international standard, suggesting that further work is needed to improve the treatment outcomes and mortality and morbidity associated with moderate acute malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jemal Yusuf Kebira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Jemal Yusuf Kebira
| | - Lemessa Oljira
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Merga Dheresa
- School Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Shahid M, Ameer W, Malik NI, Alam MB, Ahmed F, Qureshi MG, Zhao H, Yang J, Zia S. Distance to Healthcare Facility and Lady Health Workers’ Visits Reduce Malnutrition in under Five Children: A Case Study of a Disadvantaged Rural District in Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138200. [PMID: 35805858 PMCID: PMC9266103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study accesses the impact of lady health worker (LHWs) visits in the community and distance to a healthcare facility on the nutritional status of under-five children. Additionally, it explores the perceptions and attitudes of the community about the performance of LHWs. A self-administered instrument was applied to gather data on different parameters, such as children’s height, age, weight, and socioeconomic status from 384 rural households in a marginalized district of Punjab province with the help of a purposive random sampling technique. The binary logistic regression model was employed for the computation of the probability of malnutrition. The prevalences of stunting, underweight children, and wasting in the district were 34.8%, 46.1%, and 15.5%, respectively. The logistic results illustrate that those households in which LHW visits occur regularly within 15 days (OR = 0.28 with 95% CI: 0.09–0.82) have a lower probability of malnutrition prevalence among their children. The distance to the health facility shows that the odds of malnutrition were higher from 3–4 Kilometers (Km) (OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 0.85–8.14), and odds were also higher for the ≥5 km category (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 0.94–8.82). Children from richer families had lower chances of being malnourished (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07–1.14). Furthermore, the respondents show a positive attitude towards LHWs. They have given the first rank to their performance being beneficial to mothers and childcare, especially on checkups and safe deliveries, while they have shown negative responses and given lower ranks to their performance due to irregular visits (6th rank) and poor community awareness (7th rank). We conclude that LHWs’ regular visits to targeted households and less distance to healthcare facilities reduce the malnutrition risk in under-five children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- School of Insurance and Economics, University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing 100029, China; (M.S.); (H.Z.)
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Waqar Ameer
- Department of Economics, Shandong Business and Technology University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | | | - Farooq Ahmed
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100029, China;
- Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Madeeha Gohar Qureshi
- Department of Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Huiping Zhao
- School of Insurance and Economics, University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing 100029, China; (M.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Juan Yang
- Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sidra Zia
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100029, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.Z.)
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Bekalu A, Sahlu D, Tadesse AW, Asmare B, Hune Y, Tilahun B. Time to Recovery and Determinants of Uncomplicated Severe Acute Malnutrition Among 6 to 59 Months Children From the Outpatient Therapeutic Feeding Program in North Shewa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A Prospective Follow-up Study. Nutr Metab Insights 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/11786388221106984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Community-based management of acute malnutrition is implementing in Ethiopia but there is scarce information in our study set up regarding the time to recovery and its predictors of severe acute malnutrition among 6 to 59 months children, so this study aimed to assess the time to recovery and its predictors for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition among 6 to 59 children managed at the outpatient therapeutic program in north Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A health post-based prospective follow-up study was conducted on 6 to 59 months children from November 20/2020 to February 20/2021. A total of 423 children had included in the study. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire had used. The median time to recovery had calculated using the Kaplan-Meier curve. Bi-variable and multi-variable Cox regression models with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were done. Finally, the variable that had a P-value < .05 in the multi-variable analysis was declared as the predictors of time to recovery. Proportional hazard assumption was checked graphically and using Schoenfeld residual test. Result: From the total 423 Children, 327 (77.3%) recovered. The median time to recovery was 42 (IQR 14) days. Children from food secure households; AHR = 9.6 with 95% CI (8.1-18.5), mild food insecure; AHR = 6.5 with 95% CI (3.1, 13.8), moderate food insecure; AHR = 2.5 with 95% CI (1.2-5.3). Mothers who traveled less than 2 hours walking distance to the health post; AHR = 2.6 with 95% CI (1.8-18.7). Children who received the correct dose of the RUTF AHR = 1.6 with 95% CI (1.1-2.3), children who measured their weight weekly AHR = 1.5 with 95% CI (1.1-2.0), and children treated by health extension worker who took the Nutrition-related training AHR = 2.1 with 95% CI (1.0-4.5) were predictors of time to recovery. Conclusion: The median time to recovery was within the acceptable range of the Ethiopian protocol for the management of uncomplicated SAM in the Outpatient setup. Household food security status, the distance between home and health posts, the correct dose of RUTF, weekly weight measurement per protocol, and HEWs nutrition-related training status were the significant predictors of time to recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare Bekalu
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Degemu Sahlu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Salale University, Salale, Ethiopia
| | | | - Biachew Asmare
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yidersail Hune
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Bayou Tilahun
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Mezemir M, Girma M, Bekele D. Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors of Acute Malnutrition Among Children in the Therapeutic Feeding Center of Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2022; 13:145-154. [PMID: 35510083 PMCID: PMC9058233 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s296979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition is the most prevalent reason for admission to a pediatric unit, and it is a leading cause of mortality in many countries, including Ethiopia, at 25% to 30%, where it affects both developed and developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess treatment outcomes and associated factors among children aged 6–59 months with severe acute malnutrition. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from medical records of patients enrolled in the therapeutic feeding center from January 2016 to March 2019. There were 385 samples collected at 3 public referral hospitals in Addis Ababa, which were selected by simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the available individual folders and registers. The data analysis was performed using binary and multivariable logistic regression models. The odds ratio with 95% CI was used to identify predictor variables. Variables that have a p-value <0.05 were considered significant. Results Children who had tuberculosis were 79% less likely to recover than those who had no tuberculosis. In this study, deaths accounted for 9.1%, recovered were 72.2%, and defaulters accounted for 11.6% with a mean length of stay of 18.6 (CI: 16.9, 20.2) days and an average weight gain of 7.2 g/kg/day (CI: 5.7, 8.2). Conclusion Treating comorbidities on time can help children to recover early and reduce readmission. Integration of severe acute malnutrition screening into all service delivery points can help early identification and treatment. In the meantime, treating them with ready-to-use therapeutic feeding has a significant change in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melat Mezemir
- Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Melat Mezemir, Email
| | - Meskerem Girma
- College of Health and Medical Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Bekele
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Wondie SG, Zinab B, Gizaw G, Tamrat M. Time to recovery and its predictors among children aged 6–59 months with severe acute malnutrition admitted to outpatient therapeutic program in Southwest Ethiopia: retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:157. [PMID: 35346120 PMCID: PMC8961933 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outpatient therapeutic program (OTP) brings the services for the management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) closer to the community by making services available at decentralized treatment points within the primary health care setting. Despite the available interventions to tackle nutritional problems, there is scarce information on time to recovery and its predictors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate time to recovery and identify its predictors among children aged 6–59 month with SAM admitted to OTP in Bench Sheko zone Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 588 children who had been managed for SAM under OTP, from September 01, 2018, to August 30, 2019, in 4 public health centers in Bench Sheko zone. A total of 1301 children’s card were eligible from them 588 children’s cards were selected by simple random sampling methods. Data was entered into EPI- data version 4.4.2 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Kaplan Meir estimate median time to recovery and survival curve was used to compare the time to recovery using a log-rank test among different characteristics. Cox Proportional Hazard Model was used to identify significant predictors of time to recovery. Association was summarized by using adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) and statistical significance was declared at 95% CI, and P-value < 0.05. Result Recovery rate was 54.4% with the median recovery time 49 days with an Interquartile range of 21 days. The independent predictors of nutritional recovery time were: newly admitted (AHR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.98),had no diarrhea (AHR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.52, 2.42), had no cough (AHR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.74) had no blood stool (AHR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.10) had no malaria (AHR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.32), and took deworming (AHR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.01–1.61). Conclusion and recommendation In the current study recovery rate and the median time of recovery is by far below the standard. Cough, diarrhea, malaria, deworming and admission status were independently associated with recovery time. Health professionals should give attention for early detection and management of co-morbidities. Minster of health should give refreshment community based management of acute malnutrition training for health workers to follow the national guideline strictly.
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Kebede F, Kebede T, Negese B, Abera A, Fentaw G, Kasaw A. Incidence and predictors of severe acute malnutrition mortality in children aged 6-59 months admitted at Pawe general hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263236. [PMID: 35213569 PMCID: PMC8880861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is defined as a weight-for-height < -3z scores of the median WHO growth standards, or visible severe wasting or the presence of nutritional edema. SAM related mortality rates in under-five children are well documented in Ethiopia but data on their predictors are limited. We aimed to document factors associated with SAM related mortality to inform better inpatient management. Methods A facility-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among children admitted due to SAM at Pawe General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from the 1st of January 2015 to the 31st of December 2019. Data from the records of SAM children were extracted using a standardized checklist. Epi-Data version 3.2 was used for data entry, and Stata version 14 was used for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of mortality. Variables with P<0.05 were considered significant predictors of mortality. Results Five-hundred sixty-eight SAM cases were identified of mean age was 27.4 (SD± 16.5) months. The crude death rate was 91/568 (16.02%) and the mean time to death was determined as 13 (±8) days. Independent risk factors for death were: (i) vomiting AHR = 5.1 (1.35–21.1, p = 0.026), (ii) diarrhea AHR = 2.79 (1.46–5.4, p = 0.002), (iii) needing nasogastric therapy AHR = 3.22 (1.65–6.26, p = 0.001), (iv) anemia AHR = 1.89 (1.15–3.2, p = 0.012), and (v) being readmitted with SAM AHR = 1.7 (1.12–2.8, p = 0.037). Conclusion SAM mortality was high in under-five children in our setting. The identified risk factors should inform treatment and prevention strategies. Improved community health education should focus on healthy nutrition and seeking early treatment. Inpatient mortality may be reduced by stricter adherence to treatment guidelines and recognizing early the key risk factors for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fassikaw Kebede
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsehay Kebede
- Faculty of Social Science, Department of Geography & Environment study, Bahir Dare University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Negese
- Department of Nursing & Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Science, Debre Birhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
| | - Atitegeb Abera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Fentaw
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Kasaw
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Gambela College of Health Science Southern Ethiopia, Gambela, Ethiopia
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Impact of Integration of Severe Acute Malnutrition Treatment in Primary Health Care Provided by Community Health Workers in Rural Niger. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114067. [PMID: 34836322 PMCID: PMC8625976 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness and impact on treatment coverage of integrating severe acute malnutrition (SAM) treatment at the health hut level by community health workers (CHWs). This study was a non-randomized controlled trial, including two rural communes in the health district of Mayahi: Maïreyreye (control) and Guidan Amoumoune (intervention). The control group received outpatient treatment for uncomplicated SAM from health facilities (HFs), while the intervention group received outpatient treatment for uncomplicated SAM from HFs or CHWs. A total of 2789 children aged 6-59 months with SAM without medical complications were included in the study. The proportion of cured children was 72.1% in the control group, and 77.2% in the intervention group. Treatment coverage decreased by 8.3% in the control area, while the group of CHWs was able to mitigate that drop and even increase coverage by 3%. This decentralized treatment model of acute malnutrition with CHWs allowed an increase in treatment coverage while maintaining a good quality of care. It also allowed the early inclusion of children in less severe conditions. These results may enhance the Niger Ministry of Health to review the management of SAM protocol and allow CHWs to treat acute malnutrition.
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Pham TPT, Alou MT, Golden MH, Million M, Raoult D. Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus: Comparative meta-analysis of pathogenic characteristics and implications for treatment. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104702. [PMID: 33359074 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two clinical syndromes observed in severe acute malnutrition. In this review, we highlighted the differences between these two syndromes by reviewing the data comparing kwashiorkor and marasmus in literature, combined with recent microbiological findings and meta-analysis. Depletion of antioxidants, vitamins and minerals were more severe in kwashiorkor than marasmus. This was consistent with the severe and uncontrolled oxidative stress associated with the depletion of gut anaerobes and the relative proliferation of aerotolerant gut pathogens. This relative proliferation and invasion of gut microbes belonging to the aerotolerant Proteobacteria phylum and pathogens suggested a specific microbial process critical in the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor. Liver mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction could be secondary to toxic microbial compounds produced in the gut such as ethanol, lipopolysaccharides and endotoxins produced by Proteobacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, and aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus species. The gut-liver axis alteration is characterized by oedema and a fatty and enlarged liver and was associated with a dramatic depletion of methionine and glutathione, an excessive level of free circulating iron and frequent lethal bacteraemia by enteric pathogens. This was consistent with the fact that antibiotics improved survival only in children with kwashiorkor but not marasmus. The specific pathogenic characteristics of kwashiorkor identified in this review open new avenues to develop more targeted and effective treatments for both marasmus and/or kwashiorkor. Urgent correction of plasma glutathione depletion, alongside supply of specific essential amino acids, particularly methionine and cysteine, early detection of pathogens and an antibiotic more efficient than amoxicillin in supressing gut Proteobacteria including K. pneumoniae, and probiotics to restore the human gut anaerobic mature microbiota could save many more children with kwashiorkor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Phuong-Thao Pham
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Maryam Tidjani Alou
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Michael H Golden
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthieu Million
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Bitew ZW, Alemu A, Worku T. Treatment outcomes of severe acute malnutrition and predictors of recovery in under-five children treated within outpatient therapeutic programs in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:335. [PMID: 32631260 PMCID: PMC7339430 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition affects around 17 million under-five children in the world, of which the highest burden is accounted by Sub-Saharan Africa where Ethiopia is found. Though there are few individual, inconsistent and inconclusive studies, there is no nationally representative study on treatment outcomes of SAM in outpatient therapeutic feeding programs of Ethiopia. This study aimed at estimating the pooled treatment outcomes and predictors of recovery rate among under- five children with SAM in Ethiopia. Methods Electronic databases (PubMed, Medline (EBSCOhost), EMBASE (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), web of science, Scopus, Science Direct and Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA)), and grey literature sources (Google scholar, Mednar, World Cat and google) were used to retrieve articles. The random effect model was used to estimate the pooled treatment outcomes. Hazard ratios were used to determine the predictors of recovery rate. Cochran’s Q, I2, and univariate Meta regression were done for heterogeneity. Begg’s & Egger’s tests were used for publication bias. Results Nineteen articles with a total number of 23,395 under-five children with SAM were used for this meta-analysis. The pooled recovery, death, defaulter and non-recovery rates were 70% (95% CI: 64, 76), 2% (95% CI: 1, 2), 10% (95%CI: 7, 12), 15% (95% CI: 10, 20), respectively. Diarrhea (HR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.94), no edema (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.50) and amoxicillin (HR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.44) were independent predictors of recovery rate of children with SAM in Ethiopia. Publication year was found to be the potential source of heterogeneity between included studies. Conclusion The treatment outcomes of children with SAM from outpatient therapeutic feeding programs of Ethiopia are lower than the sphere guidelines, WHO and national recommendations. Diarrhea and no edema antagonized the recovery rate of children, while amoxicillin enhanced the recovery rate of children from SAM. Community health workers need to be trained. Especial attention should be given while treating children with diarrhea and severe wasting. Community mobilization is also recommended to improve community awareness about the therapeutic foods.
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Tesfay W, Abay M, Hintsa S, Zafu T. Length of stay to recover from severe acute malnutrition and associated factors among under-five years children admitted to public hospitals in Aksum, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238311. [PMID: 32991575 PMCID: PMC7523984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute malnutrition is defined by <70% weight for length/height, by visible severe wasting, by the presence of pitting edema, and in children 6 to 59 months of age, mid upper arm circumference <110 mm. Severe acute malnutrition remains to be a worldwide problem, claiming lives of millions of children, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Though the Ethiopian national guideline states the total length of stay in therapeutic feeding units should not be more than four weeks, there is huge difference, varying from 8 to 47 days of stay. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess length of stay to recover from severe acute malnutrition and associated factors among under five children hospitalized to the public hospitals in Aksum Town. Methods Sample size was calculated using STATA version 12.0. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using pretested questionnaire in the public hospitals in Aksum on children aged 0–59 months. Cleaned data was entered to Epi info version 7.1.4 and then exported into SPSS version 21 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed using Kaplan Meier and Cox regression models. During bivariable analysis, variables with p-value < 0.05 were selected for multivariable analysis to identify independent factors associated with length of stay. Results A total of 564 participants enrolled to the study. The rate of recovery was 56% with median length of stay of 15 days (95% CI: 14.1, 15.9). The independent predictors of length of stay to recovery were presence of diarrhea at admission (AHR = 0.573, 95% CI: 0.415–0.793), being HIV positive (AHR = 0.391, 95% CI: 0.194–0.788), palmar pallor (AHR = 0.575, 95% CI: 0.416–0.794), presence of other co-morbidities at admission (AHR = 0.415, 95% CI: 0.302–0.570) and not being treated with plumpy nut (AHR = 0.368, 95% CI: 0.262–0.518). Conclusions Length of stay is in the acceptable range of the international and national set of standards. Nevertheless, the recovery rate was lower compared to the Sphere standard. Presence of diarrhea, palmar pallor, HIV other co-morbidities and not treated with plumpy nut were found independent protective factors for recovery from sever acute malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagnew Tesfay
- Medecins Sans Frontieres Holland, Ethiopia Mission, Tigray Project
| | - Mebrahtu Abay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Hintsa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Tekia Zafu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
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Bitew ZW, Alebel A, Worku T, Alemu A. Recovery rate and its predictors among children with severe acute malnutrition in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235259. [PMID: 32701985 PMCID: PMC7377431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is a public health problem in under-five children in several parts of the world even after decades of the implementation of management protocols. An estimated 17 million children under the age of five years are living with severe acute malnutrition and the majorities are found in Asia and Africa, including Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to determine the recovery rate and its predictors among under-five children who were admitted to St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College from 2012 to 2019. METHODS An institution based retrospective cohort study was employed at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College from May 20, 2019 to June 28, 2019. Data were collected by reviewing children's' medical records using a structured checklist. A total of 534 charts were selected using a simple random sampling method and 515 of them were used for the final analysis. Ep-info version 7 software was used for data entry and STATA Version 15 for analysis. The Kaplan Meier failure estimate with Log-rank test was used to determine the survival estimates. Bi-variable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model were fitted to identify predictors of mortality. Finally, variables with p-values less than 0.05 in the multivariable Cox regression were considered as independent predictors. The proportional hazards assumption was checked using the Schoenfeld residuals test and the final model fitness was checked using the Cox-Snail residual test. RESULT In this study, a total of 515 subjects were followed for 8672 child-days and 79% of the subjects recovered from SAM with the median time of 17 days. The incidence density rate of recovery was 46 per 1000 child-days. Tuberculosis (AHR(Adjusted Hazard Ratio) 0.44 & 95% CI: 0.32, 0.62), pale conjunctiva (AHR,0.67 & 95% CI: 0.52, 0.88), IV fluid infusion (AHR, 0.71 & 95 CI: 0.51, 0.98), feeding F100 (AHR, 1.63 & 95% CI:1.04,2.54), Vitamin A supplementation (AHR, 1.3 & 95% CI:1.07, 1.59) and bottle feeding (AHR, 0.79 & 95CI%: 0.64-0.98) were the independent predictors of time to recovery from SAM. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the recovery rate was relatively higher than the Sphere standard and the national SAM management protocol. Co-morbidities and the treatments given were the main determinants of recovery of children. Co-morbidities must be managed as early as possible and the treatments given during the SAM management process need to be given with precaution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebenay Workneh Bitew
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Animut Alebel
- College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Teshager Worku
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayinalem Alemu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ethipian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gebremedhin K, Ayele G, Boti N, Andarge E, Fikadu T. Predictors of time-to-recovery from severe acute malnutrition treated in an outpatient treatment program in health posts of Arba Minch Zuria Woreda, Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234793. [PMID: 32603366 PMCID: PMC7326160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to outpatient therapeutic feeding programs for all children who had uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in need is a global health priority. In Ethiopia SAM is treated in hospitals, health centers and health posts. Health extension workers (HEWs) manage SAM that is uncomplicated at the health posts through the outpatient therapeutic feeding programs (OTP). Identifying predictors that predict time-to-recovery of children on OTP is thus vital to optimizing therapeutic success. However, the factors affecting children's' recovery time at this peripheral health institutions were not well documented. Therefore, this study aimed to identify predictors of time-to-recovery from SAM among children treated at an OTP in health posts of Arba Minch Zuria woreda, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 402 children enrolled in an OTP in the health posts of Arba Minch Zuria woreda based on data abstracted from their medical records. The study children were selected using systematic random sampling method using a list of their medical record numbers. Both descriptive and analytic analyses were performed. Median time of recovery was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Furthermore, bivariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to identify factors significantly associated with outcome variable. RESULT The median time-to-recovery from severe acute malnutrition among children was 49 days (Interquartile range [IQR]: 42-56). Among the participants, 70.40% with 95% CI: (74.2-85.0%) recovered from severe acute malnutrition. The Cox-proportional hazard analysis showed that children's age at admission (Adjusted hazards ratio [AHR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85, 5.03), diagnosis with edema (AHR = 1.75, 95%CI: (1.27, 2.43), co-morbidity of diarrhea (AHR = 0.22, 95% CI(0.13, 0.39), and anemia (AHR = 0.64, 95% CI:(0.42, 0.98) were found to be predictors of time to recovery from SAM. CONCLUSIONS The median time-to-recovery at the health posts in this study was in the accepted time period for the maximum Ethiopian standard protocol set for the management of SAM. However, the nutritional recovery rate was lower than the minimum acceptable threshold for the Sphere International Standards. Therefore, early screening of co-morbidity like diarrhea, anemia and edemaand timely intervention would increase the chance of recovery of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidane Gebremedhin
- Mirab Abaya District Health Office, Gamo Zone Health Department, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Gistane Ayele
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Boti
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Andarge
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
| | - Teshale Fikadu
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia
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The recovery rate from severe acute malnutrition among under-five years of children remains low in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229698. [PMID: 32187182 PMCID: PMC7080262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) has been reduced by only 11% over the past 20 years and continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. So far, in Sub-Saharan Africa, several primary studies have been conducted on recovery rate and determinants of recovery from SAM in under-five children. However, comprehensive reviews that would have a shred of strong evidence for designing interventions are lacking. So, this review and meta-analysis was conducted to bridge this gap. Methods A systematic review of observational studies published in the years between 1/1/2000 to 12/31/2018 was conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) statement. Two reviewers have been searched and extracted data from CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (via Ovid), Emcare, PubMed databases, and Google scholar. Articles' quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale by two independent reviewers, and only studies with fair to good quality were included in the final analysis. The review presented the pooled recovery rate from SAM and an odds ratio of risk factors affecting recovery rate after checking for heterogeneity and publication bias. The review has been registered in PROSPERO with protocol number CRD42019122085. Result Children with SAM from 54 primary studies (n = 140,148) were included. A pooled rate of recovery was 71.2% (95% CI: 68.5–73.8; I2 = 98.9%). Children who received routine medication (Pooled Odds ratio (POR):1.85;95% CI: 1.49–2.29; I2 = 0.0%), older age (POR: 1.99;95% CI: 1.29–3.08; I2 = 80.6%), and absence of co-morbidity (POR:3.2;95% CI: 2.15–4.76; I2 = 78.7%) had better odds of recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggestes HIV infected children had lower recovery rate from SAM (POR; 0.19; 95% CI: 0.09–0.39; I2 = 42.9%) compared to those non-infected. Conclusion The meta-analysis deciphers that the pooled recovery rate was below the SPHERE standard, and further works would be needed to improve the recovery rate. So, factors that were identified might help to revise the plan set by the countries, and further research might be required to explore health fascilities fidelity to the WHO SAM management protocol.
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Mamo WN, Derso T, Gelaye KA, Akalu TY. Time to recovery and determinants of severe acute malnutrition among 6-59 months children treated at outpatient therapeutic programme in North Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a prospective follow up study. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:136. [PMID: 31684989 PMCID: PMC6829982 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the available interventions to tackle nutritional problems, there is scarce information on time to recovery and its determinants among children with SAM in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at finding the time to recovery and determinants among 6-59 months children with severe acute malnutrition treated at an outpatient therapeutic programme in North Gondar zone, northwest Ethiopia. METHODS Facility based prospective follow up study was conducted from March 24 to May 24, 2017. A total of 408 children with the age of 6-59 months were included in the study. Structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Anthropometric measurements were conducted every week. The median time of recovery, Kaplan Meier (KM) curve, and log rank test were computed. Both bi-variable and multivariable Cox regression model was fitted. To establish an association between time to recovery and its determinants 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value < 0.05 were used. Proportional hazard assumption was checked graphically and using Schoenfeld residual test. RESULTS Out of 389 children, 254 (65.3%) recovered. The median time to recovery was 38.5 ± IQR of 14 days. Children with diarrhoea AHR = 0.81 with 95% CI (0.73, 0.99), children taken amoxicillin AHR = 2.304 with 95% CI (1.68-3.161), and had vomiting at admission AHR = 0.430 with 95% CI (0.205, 0.904) were significant predictors of time to recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The overall time to recovery has not met the minimum sphere international standard which was lower than 75%. It is advisable to give emphasis to patients with diarrhoea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terefe Derso
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Yihunie Akalu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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