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Petek BJ, Drezner JA, Churchill TW. The International Criteria for Electrocardiogram Interpretation in Athletes: Common Pitfalls and Future Directions. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2024; 16:35-49. [PMID: 38280813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Preparticipation cardiovascular screening (PPCS) in young athletes is performed to detect conditions associated with sudden cardiac death. Many medical societies and sports governing bodies support the addition of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) to the history and physical to improve PPCS sensitivity. The current standard for ECG interpretation in athletes, the International Criteria, was developed to distinguish physiologic from pathologic ECG findings in athletes. Although application of the International Criteria has reduced the PPCS false-positive rate, interpretative challenges and potential areas of improvement remain. This review provides an overview of common pitfalls and future directions for ECG interpretation in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Petek
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Suite 5B, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan A Drezner
- University of Washington Medical Center for Sports Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 3800 Montlake Boulevard Northeast, Box 354060, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy W Churchill
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Suite 5B, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Bostani A, Mirzaeibonehkhater M, Najafi H, Mehrtash M, Alizadehsani R, Tan RS, Acharya UR. MLP-RL-CRD: diagnosis of cardiovascular risk in athletes using a reinforcement learning-based multilayer perceptron. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125012. [PMID: 38081126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Pre-participation medical screening of athletes is necessary to pinpoint individuals susceptible to cardiovascular events.Approach.The article presents a reinforcement learning (RL)-based multilayer perceptron, termed MLP-RL-CRD, designed to detect cardiovascular risk among athletes. The model underwent training using a publicized dataset that included the anthropological measurements (such as height and weight) and biomedical metrics (covering blood pressure and pulse rate) of 26 002 athletes. To address the data imbalance, a novel RL-based technique was adopted. The problem was framed as a series of sequential decisions in which an agent classified a received instance and received a reward at each level. To resolve the insensitivity to the initialization of conventional gradient-based learning methods, a mutual learning-based artificial bee colony (ML-ABC) was proposed.Main Results.The model outcomes were validated against positive (P) and negative (N) ECG findings that had been labeled by experts to signify individuals 'at risk' and 'not at risk,' respectively. The MLP-RL-CRD approach achieves superior outcomes (F-measure 87.4%; geometric mean 89.6%) compared with other deep models and traditional machine learning techniques. Optimal values for crucial parameters, including the reward function, were identified for the model based on experiments on the study dataset. Ablation studies, which omitted elements of the suggested model, affirmed the autonomous, positive, stepwise influence of these components on performing the model.Significance.This study introduces a novel, effective method for early cardiovascular risk detection in athletes, merging reinforcement learning and multilayer perceptrons, advancing medical screening and predictive healthcare. The results could have far-reaching implications for athlete health management and the broader field of predictive healthcare analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsam Bostani
- Department of exercise physiology & health science, university of tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mirzaeibonehkhater
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Hamidreza Najafi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrtash
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roohallah Alizadehsani
- Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI) Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | | | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
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Petek BJ, Drezner JA, Churchill TW. The International Criteria for Electrocardiogram Interpretation in Athletes: Common Pitfalls and Future Directions. Cardiol Clin 2023; 41:35-49. [PMID: 36368810 PMCID: PMC10292923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Preparticipation cardiovascular screening (PPCS) in young athletes is performed to detect conditions associated with sudden cardiac death. Many medical societies and sports governing bodies support the addition of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) to the history and physical to improve PPCS sensitivity. The current standard for ECG interpretation in athletes, the International Criteria, was developed to distinguish physiologic from pathologic ECG findings in athletes. Although application of the International Criteria has reduced the PPCS false-positive rate, interpretative challenges and potential areas of improvement remain. This review provides an overview of common pitfalls and future directions for ECG interpretation in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Petek
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Suite 5B, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan A Drezner
- University of Washington Medical Center for Sports Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 3800 Montlake Boulevard Northeast, Box 354060, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy W Churchill
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Suite 5B, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ferrari F, da Silveira AD, Stein R. Comments Regarding the Athlete's Electrocardiogram in the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on the Analysis and Issuance of Electrocardiographic Reports - 2022Reply. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 120:e20220670. [PMID: 36629608 PMCID: PMC9833214 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferrari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência CardiovascularesUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência Cardiovasculares – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil,Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do ExercícioUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilGrupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exercício (CardioEx) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Anderson Donelli da Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência CardiovascularesUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência Cardiovasculares – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil,Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do ExercícioUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilGrupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exercício (CardioEx) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência CardiovascularesUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia e Ciência Cardiovasculares – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil,Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do ExercícioUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilGrupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exercício (CardioEx) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
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Patterns of resting electrocardiogram of male college track and field athletes. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.1112544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine the resting Electrocardiogram of male college Track and Field athletes, with a view to identifying electrocardiographic changes attributable to cardiac adaptations and possible differences in ECG morphologies by the athletic event. A descriptive survey design was used in the study. The population was male track and field athletes of Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Eighteen athletes; track (n=10) and field (n=8), were purposively selected from the OAU Athletics team that participated in the 14th West-African Universities’ Games, held at the University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria in 2018. Resting ECG was recorded with a 12-lead Electrocardiograph (SCHILLER-Cardiovit AT-2 plus), blood pressure was recorded with a digital blood pressure monitor (OMRON-M6 Comfort), weight, height, and BMI were recorded with an electronic BMI scale (SECA-220). Descriptive statistic of mean and standard deviation was computed and a paired-sample t-test was used to compare the resting ECG of athletes in the two divisions. Track and field athletes had mean RR-interval, P-wave, PR-interval, QRS-interval, QT-interval, and QTc of 993.22 ± 111.51ms, 97.12 ± 10.87ms, 157.00 ± 34.34ms, 120.67 ± 58.22ms, 376.94 ± 55.34ms and 416.78 ± 46.98mm respectively. With regards to voltage, athletes had mean voltages of 0.11 ± 0.09mm, -0.98 ± 0.77mm, and 1.54 ± 0.73mm for P-wave in lead II, S in VI, and R in V5 respectively. When athletes’ ECGs in the two divisions were compared, a significant difference was only found in the RR-interval (t = -3.08; P < 0.05). The study concluded that there were no distinctive morphological differences in the resting ECG of Nigerian collegiate track and field athletes.
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The Impact of Ethnicity on Athlete ECG Interpretation: A Systematic Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9060183. [PMID: 35735812 PMCID: PMC9225578 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Athlete ECG interpretation criteria have been developed and refined from research in athlete populations; however, current guidelines are based on available data primarily from Caucasian and Black athletes. This study aimed to assess the impact of ethnicity on ECG interpretation in athletes. A systematic review was conducted of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases, for papers that assessed athlete screening ECGs and compared findings on the basis of ethnicity. Fifty-one papers which compared ECGs from various ethnicities were included. Most studies assessed Black athletes against Caucasian athletes and found a greater prevalence of T-wave inversion (TWI) (2.6–22.8% vs. 0–5.0%) and anterior TWI (3.7–14.3% vs. 0.6–2.0%). Black athlete subgroups in Africa had TWI (20–40%) and anterior TWI (4.3–18.7%) at a higher prevalence than other Black athletes. Athletes who were defined as mixed-race, Asian, and Pacific Islander are potentially more like Black athletes than Caucasian athletes. Black ethnicity is known to have an impact on the accurate interpretation of athlete ECGs; however, there is nuance related to origin of both parents. Asian and Pacific Islander origin also may impact athlete ECG interpretation. Further research is required to assist in distinguishing abnormal and normal athlete ECGs in different ethnic populations.
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