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Morse RM, Koutsoubelis F, Whitfield T, Demnitz-King H, Ourry V, Stott J, Chocat A, Devouge EF, Walker Z, Klimecki O, Collette F, Chetelat G, Gonneaud J, Poisnel G, Marchant NL. Worry and ruminative brooding: associations with cognitive and physical health in older adults. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1332398. [PMID: 39021658 PMCID: PMC11252046 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health conditions are associated with cognition and physical function in older adults. We examined whether worry and ruminative brooding, key symptoms of certain mental health conditions, are related to subjective and/or objective measures of cognitive and physical (cardiovascular) health. Methods We used baseline data from 282 participants from the SCD-Well and Age-Well trials (178 female; agemean = 71.1 years). We measured worry and ruminative brooding using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Ruminative Response Scale-brooding subscale. We assessed subjective physical health using the WHOQOL-Bref physical subscale, and objective physical health via blood pressure and modified versions of the Framingham Risk Score and Charlson Comorbidity Index. With subjective and objective cognition, we utilized the Cognitive Difficulties Scale and a global composite (modified Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite, PACC5, with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV, category fluency, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2, and either the California Verbal Learning Test or the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test). We conducted linear regressions, adjusted for education, age, sex and cohort. Results Worry and ruminative brooding were negatively associated with subjective physical health (worry: β = -0.245, 95%CI -0.357 to -0.133, p < 0.001; ruminative brooding: β = -0.224, 95%CI -0.334 to -0.113, p < 0.001) and subjective cognitive difficulties (worry: β = 0.196, 95%CI 0.091 to 0.302, p < 0.001; ruminative brooding: β = 0.239, 95%CI 0.133 to 0.346, p < 0.001). We did not observe associations between worry or ruminative brooding and any measure of objective health. Discussion Worry and ruminative brooding may be common mechanisms associated with subjective but not objective health. Alternatively, cognitively unimpaired older adults may become aware of subtle changes not captured by objective measures used in this study. Interventions reducing worry and ruminative brooding may promote subjective physical and cognitive health; however, more research is needed to determine causality of the relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Morse
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Freya Koutsoubelis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Whitfield
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Demnitz-King
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentin Ourry
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, NIMH, Caen, France
| | - Josh Stott
- Department of Clinical, Education and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Chocat
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Eglantine Ferrand Devouge
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Department of General Practice, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, CIC-CRB 1404, Rouen, France
| | - Zuzana Walker
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Klimecki
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gael Chetelat
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Geraldine Poisnel
- Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND “Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders”, NeuroPresage Team, Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Natalie L. Marchant
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Demnitz-King H, Gonneaud J, Klimecki OM, Chocat A, Collette F, Dautricourt S, Jessen F, Krolak-Salmon P, Lutz A, Morse RM, Molinuevo JL, Poisnel G, Touron E, Wirth M, Walker Z, Chételat G, Marchant NL. Association of Self-reflection With Cognition and Brain Health in Cognitively Unimpaired Older Adults. Neurology 2022; 99:e1422-e1431. [PMID: 35853750 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Self-reflection (the active evaluation of ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) can confer protection against adverse health outcomes. Its effect on markers sensitive to Alzheimer disease (AD), however, is unknown. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between self-reflection and AD-sensitive markers. METHODS This study used baseline data from cognitively unimpaired older adults enrolled in the Age-Well clinical trial and older adults with subjective cognitive decline from the SCD-Well clinical trial. In both cohorts, self-reflection was measured via the reflective pondering subscale of the Rumination Response Scale, global cognition assessed via the Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite 5, and a modified late-life Lifestyle-for-Brain-Health (LIBRA) index computed to assess health and lifestyle factors. In Age-Well, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition were quantified in AD-sensitive gray matter regions via fluorodeoxyglucose- and AV45-PET scans, respectively. Associations between self-reflection and AD-sensitive markers (global cognition, glucose metabolism, and amyloid deposition) were assessed via unadjusted and adjusted regressions. Furthermore, we explored whether associations were independent of health and lifestyle factors. To control for multiple comparisons in Age-Well, false discovery rate-corrected p values (p FDR) are reported. RESULTS A total of 134 (mean age 69.3 ± 3.8 years, 61.9% women) Age-Well and 125 (mean age 72.6 ± 6.9 years, 65.6% women) SCD-Well participants were included. Across unadjusted and adjusted analyses, self-reflection was associated with better global cognition in both cohorts (Age-Well: adjusted-β = 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.40, p FDR = 0.041; SCD-Well: adjusted-β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03-0.33, p = 0.023) and with higher glucose metabolism in Age-Well after adjustment for all covariates (adjusted-β = 0.29, 95% CI 0.03-0.55, p FDR = 0.041). Associations remained following additional adjustment for LIBRA but did not survive false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Self-reflection was not associated with amyloid deposition (adjusted-β = 0.13, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.34, p FDR = 0.189). DISCUSSION Self-reflection was associated with better global cognition in 2 independent cohorts and with higher glucose metabolism after adjustment for covariates. There was weak evidence that relationships were independent from health and lifestyle behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to elucidate whether self-reflection helps preserve cognition and glucose metabolism or whether reduced capacity to self-reflect is a harbinger of cognitive decline and glucose hypometabolism. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION Age-Well: NCT02977819; SCD-Well: NCT03005652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Demnitz-King
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Julie Gonneaud
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Olga M Klimecki
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Anne Chocat
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Fabienne Collette
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Sophie Dautricourt
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Frank Jessen
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Antoine Lutz
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Rachel M Morse
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Géraldine Poisnel
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Edelweiss Touron
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Miranka Wirth
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Zuzana Walker
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Gaël Chételat
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden
| | - Natalie L Marchant
- From the Division of Psychiatry (H.D.-K., R.M.M., Z.W., N.L.M.-A.R.G.), Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Normandie Univ (J.G., A.C., S.D., G.P., E.T., G.C.), UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging Neurological Disorders," Institut Blood and Brain at Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, Caen, France; Clinical Psychology and Behavioural Neuroscience (O.M.K.), Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging (F.C.), Université de Liège, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry (F.J.), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon (P.K.-S.), Institut du Vielllissement, CRC Vielllissement-Cerveau-Fragilité, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Inserm U1028 (A.L.), CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, France; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (J.L.M.), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.W.), Dresden.
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