1
|
Kulpiisova A, Aitpayeva Z, Maimatayeva A, Ussenova L, Paritova A, Zhanabayev A, Bakishev T, Tursunkulov S, Kitapbay T, Abutalip A, Mussayeva A, Ospanov Y, Omarbekova U, Turalin B, Sapa V, Aisin M, Bizhanov A, Baikadamova G, Chylbak‐ool S, Pakhomova E, Rametov N, Issimov A, Burambayeva N. Knowledge, attitude and practice related to anthrax among livestock farmers in West Kazakhstan. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1553. [PMID: 39042567 PMCID: PMC11265527 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is the most prioritized zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to its threatening potential to the public health and agricultural sector. Sporadic anthrax outbreaks are being reported annually among human and livestock populations throughout the country, with the highest frequency occurring in West Kazakhstan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey-based face-to-face interview. From January to May 2022, 489 randomly selected participants were surveyed in 6 districts of the Baiterek province in West Kazakhstan oblast to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding anthrax among community members. This is the first KAP study conducted relating to outbreaks of anthrax in Kazakhstan. RESULTS In this study, most participants (74%) surveyed were males, and 40% of respondents had a secondary level education. Overall, 91% of the community respondents were engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Among these community members, cattle rearing was the most common (67%) occupation compared to other livestock species. Additionally, over a 50% of the population studied had no knowledge about the zoonotic nature of the disease, and about 82% and 87% of respondents were unaware of any animal and human anthrax symptoms, respectively. About 70% of the respondents were interested in vaccinating their livestock against anthrax. Individuals aged 45-54 displayed notably higher animal vaccination rates (45%; 95% CI: 38.4-52.0; p < 0.025) compared to those aged 25-34 and 65-74. Respondents residing in the Beles district (20%; 95% CI: 17.1-24.7; p < 0.005) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness concerning the fatality of anthrax in contrast to participants from Bolashak. Roughly 61% of respondents held the belief that anthrax is a lethal disease. An overwhelming majority of the survey participants (99%) affirmed their non-participation in the slaughter of infected animals. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that KAP among community members relating to anthrax is low and requires swift implementation of education programmes in building awareness of anthrax under the One Health approach, especially in anthrax prone regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altyn Kulpiisova
- Department of Veterinary MedicineA. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional UniversityKostanayKazakhstan
| | - Zukhra Aitpayeva
- Department of Veterinary MedicineZhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian‐Technical UniversityUralskKazakhstan
| | - Assiya Maimatayeva
- Department of Life SciencesAbai Kazakh National Pedagogical UniversityAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Ussenova
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics andBreedingToraighyrov UniversityPavlodarKazakhstan
| | - Assel Paritova
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Zhanabayev
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Temirlan Bakishev
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Spandiyar Tursunkulov
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Tileubek Kitapbay
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Aspen Abutalip
- Department of BacteriologyKazakh Scientific Veterinary Research InstituteAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Assiya Mussayeva
- Department of BacteriologyKazakh Scientific Veterinary Research InstituteAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Yerzhan Ospanov
- Department of BacteriologyKazakh Scientific Veterinary Research InstituteAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Urzhan Omarbekova
- Department of BacteriologyKazakh Scientific Veterinary Research InstituteAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Bauyrzhan Turalin
- Department of BiologyK. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional UniversityAktobeKazakhstan
| | - Vladislav Sapa
- Department of Veterinary MedicineA. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional UniversityKostanayKazakhstan
| | - Marat Aisin
- Department of Veterinary MedicineA. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional UniversityKostanayKazakhstan
| | - Alim Bizhanov
- Department of BacteriologyKazakh Scientific Veterinary Research InstituteAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Baikadamova
- Department of Veterinary MedicineSaken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical UniversityNur‐Sultan/AstanaKazakhstan
| | - Salbak Chylbak‐ool
- Department of Protection in Emergency SituationRussian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Elena Pakhomova
- Department of Protection in Emergency SituationRussian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Nurkuisa Rametov
- Department of Geospatial EngineeringSatbayev Kazakh National Research Technical UniversityAlmatyKazakhstan
| | - Arman Issimov
- Department of BiologyK. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional UniversityAktobeKazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Burambayeva
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics andBreedingToraighyrov UniversityPavlodarKazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luong T, Tran MH, Pham BU, Metrailer MC, Pham VK, Nguyen HL, Pham TL, Tran TMH, Pham QT, Hoang TTH, Blackburn JK. Spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax define high-risk areas requiring intervention in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam 1991-2022. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19. [PMID: 38619397 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Anthrax, a widespread zoonosis in low and middle-income countries with low disease awareness and insufficient livestock vaccination coverage, has been known in Lao Cai Province in northern Vietnam for years before its apparent absence in 2009, which requires investigation as this infection is frequently reported from neighbouring provinces and countries. We aimed to describe the seasonal patterns of anthrax (1991-2008), compare livestock anthrax vaccine coverage to disease occurrence (1991- 2022), and delineate the high-risk areas to inform local disease surveillance in the province. We illustrated the seasonal pattern of anthrax and provided a comparison between livestock vaccine coverage and disease occurrence by purely spatial SaTScan (Poisson model, 25% population at risk) to detect spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax using population derived from zonal statistics routines. The number of cases, crude cumulative incidence, and spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax were mapped in QGIS. Results indicate peak anthrax incidence from May to October. Buffalo, domestic cattle, and horses accounted for 75% of total animal cases. Horse anthrax was more common in Lao Cai than in its neighbours and often occurred in years with human mortality. Vaccination covered less than 30% of the livestock population. We found an apparent pattern where anthrax was controlled from 1998-2003 with higher vaccine coverage (>20%) and identified spatial clusters of human and livestock anthrax in Muong Khuong, Bao Thang, and Bac Ha districts of Lao Cai. The local public health and veterinary agencies are recommended to revisit the high-risk areas and communicate with neighbouring provinces for a regional approach to anthrax surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Luong
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi.
| | - Minh Hieu Tran
- Provincial Center for Disease Control, Lao Cai City, Lao Cai province.
| | - Ba Uyen Pham
- Lao Cai Provincial Sub-Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Lao Cai City, Lao Cai province.
| | - Morgan C Metrailer
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| | | | | | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi.
| | | | - Quang Thai Pham
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam; School of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi.
| | | | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhaka P, Chantziaras I, Vijay D, Singh M, Bedi JS, Caekebeke N, Dewulf J. Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3458. [PMID: 38003077 PMCID: PMC10668703 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm biosecurity is an important herd management strategy to assure infection prevention and animal health. The present study aimed to evaluate the implementation of biosecurity measures on dairy farms in Punjab, India, using the standardized Biocheck.UGent™ scoring system. Convenience sampling was used to select 94 dairy farms, comprising both cattle and buffaloes, with a mean herd size of 74.8 animals. The study found that the mean external and internal biosecurity scores for the selected dairy farms were 45.4% and 43.7%, respectively. Among the subcategories, the highest external biosecurity score was observed for 'vermin control and other animals' (63%), and the highest internal biosecurity score was observed for 'adult cattle management' (76.6%). Whereas the lowest score for external biosecurity was observed for 'purchase and reproduction' (30.6%), and the lowest score for internal biosecurity was observed for 'health management' (33.6%). The overall mean biosecurity score of the present study was 44.8%, which was lower than the overall mean global score of 52%. The correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between herd size and overall biosecurity scores, indicating that larger farms had, on average, higher biosecurity scores. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the implementation of biosecurity measures on dairy farms in Punjab needs improvement, especially in the subcategories of 'purchase and reproduction' and 'health management'. Further research to identify the factors influencing the implementation of biosecurity measures on dairy farms in the region is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhaka
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (I.C.); (N.C.); (J.D.)
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India; (D.V.); (M.S.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (I.C.); (N.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Deepthi Vijay
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India; (D.V.); (M.S.); (J.S.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur 680651, India
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India; (D.V.); (M.S.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India; (D.V.); (M.S.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Nele Caekebeke
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (I.C.); (N.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (I.C.); (N.C.); (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parai D, Pattnaik M, Choudhary HR, Padhi AK, Pattnaik S, Jena S, Sahoo SK, Rout UK, Padhi A, Sahoo N, Biswal S, Padhi SK, Pati S, Bhattacharya D. Investigation of human anthrax outbreak in Koraput district of Odisha, India. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102659. [PMID: 37926374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is a zoonotic infection resulting from the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Humans contract cutaneous anthrax by coming into contact, and gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax by consumption of infected animals or animal products. An outbreak investigation was conducted to confirm the occurrence of the anthrax outbreak, comprehend its extent, understand the epidemiological characteristics, identify the outbreak's cause, and propose control measures. METHODS A descriptive epidemiology was carried out for this outbreak investigation. We defined a suspected human cutaneous anthrax case as appearance of skin lesions and symptoms (itching/redness/swelling) and a suspected case of GI anthrax as appearance of diarrhoea/abdominal pain/vomiting in a resident of Koraput district after being associated with slaughtering and/or consumption of carcass during 5th April to 15th May 2023. The etiological hypothesis was formulated using descriptive epidemiological methods. Laboratory confirmation was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 25. RESULTS A total of 47 clinically suspected anthrax cases were identified during the outbreak in five villages of Koraput district in Odisha. The epidemic curve indicated multiple point-source exposures starting from 13th April 2023. About 10 cases were identified by RT-PCR testing as confirmed cases of anthrax. No death was recorded in this outbreak investigation. CONCLUSIONS Based on a thorough examination of epidemiological survey results and laboratory findings, we conclude that the outbreak was of human cutaneous and GI anthrax. Exposures from handling dead animals were associated with cutaneous anthrax, whereas eating uncooked meat of dead sheep was associated with gastrointestinal anthrax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debaprasad Parai
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Matrujyoti Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Hari Ram Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | | | - Swati Pattnaik
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Jena
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Usha Kiran Rout
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Ankita Padhi
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sangram Biswal
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Soumesh Kumar Padhi
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India.
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sakshi, Dhaka P, Bedi JS, Aulakh RS, Singh R, Gill JPS. Assessing and Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases in Punjab, India: A One Health Approach. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:300-322. [PMID: 37989991 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have a significant impact on both human and animal health globally. The present study was planned to prioritize the zoonoses in Punjab state of India. To develop a zoonotic disease prioritization scoring system, a comprehensive approach has been taken, including literature review, key person interviews with animal health experts (n = 12) and medical professionals (n = 7), and nine focus group discussions (FGDs) with veterinary academicians, medical professionals, and field veterinary doctors. The scoring system comprises of seven major criteria, each assigned a weightage score (ws): prevalence/incidence of the disease (ws = 0.20), severity of illnesses in humans (ws = 0.18), epidemic potential (ws = 0.16), socio-economic burden (ws = 0.16), availability of effective control and prevention measures (ws = 0.15), inter-sectoral collaborations (ws = 0.1), and bioterrorism potential (ws = 0.05). The finalized scoring system, accompanied by a list of 15 selected zoonotic diseases, was implemented among a group of 23 professionals engaged in zoonoses research (n = 7), animal health (n = 10), and medical health (n = 6) to determine their prioritization. The zoonotic diseases prioritized for the Punjab (India) included, Brucellosis (0.70) > Rabies (0.69) > Anthrax (0.64) > Leptospirosis (0.62) = Toxoplasmosis (0.62) = Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) (0.62) > Bovine tuberculosis (0.61) > Q fever (0.60) > Cysticercosis (0.59) > Listeriosis (0.58) > Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) (0.57) > Japanese encephalitis (0.56) = Echinococcosis (0.56) > Dermatophytosis (0.53) > and Scrub typhus (0.48), respectively. Higher priority is suggested for endemic zoonoses (e.g., brucellosis and rabies) as compared to those with epidemic potential (e.g., CCHF, HPAI etc.) in Punjab. Results of the current study will help in the development of targeted control and prevention strategies for zoonotic diseases in Punjab and other geographical regions facing similar challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Pankaj Dhaka
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jayaprakasam M, Chatterjee N, Chanda MM, Shahabuddin SM, Singhai M, Tiwari S, Panda S. Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping. One Health 2023; 16:100564. [PMID: 37363236 PMCID: PMC10288098 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease anthrax occurs generally in herbivores and the causative organism (Bacillus anthracis) infects humans who come in contact with infected animals or their products. The persistence of anthrax spores for decades and its lethality contribute to its biowarfare potential. We conducted this systematic review along with risk mapping to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution, clinico-epidemiological, socio-behavioural and programmatic issues pertaining to anthrax in India over the last two decades. Peer reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies and grey literature comprising weekly reports of the 'Integrated Disease Surveillance Program' (IDSP), were accessed for extracting data. IDSP data were used for geo-referencing of the villages of anthrax cases; Pseudo-absence was generated to fit a Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model to develop anthrax risk map. The case fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax ranged from 2% to 38%, while the gastrointestinal and inhalational types were 100% fatal. Our synthesis revealed that human anthrax outbreaks in India were clustered around the eastern coastal regions. The states of Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand reported maximum number of outbreaks. Odisha reported a maximum number of 439 human anthrax cases since 2009, of which Koraput district contributed to 200 cases (46%). While handling or consumption of infected animal product were proximal drivers of these events, poverty, lack of awareness, traditional beliefs and local practices served as facilitatory factors. Other structural determinants were wild life-livestock interface, historical forest loss, soil pH, soil-water balance, organic carbon content, temperature, rainfall and humidity. The programmatic issues identified through this review were lack of active surveillance, non-availability of diagnostic facility at the periphery, delayed reporting, absence of routine livestock vaccination and lack of adequate veterinary services. Interventions based on One-health approach in the country merit immediate policy and program attention; high risk zones for anthrax identified during present investigation, should be prioritized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabendu Chatterjee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- ICAR - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Monil Singhai
- Center for Arboviral and Zoonotic Diseases (CAZD), National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Simmi Tiwari
- Division of Zoonotic Diseases Program, National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan LM, Hung DN, My DT, Walker MA, Ha HTT, Thai PQ, Hung TTM, Blackburn JK. Spatial analysis of human and livestock anthrax in Dien Bien province, Vietnam (2010-2019) and the significance of anthrax vaccination in livestock. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010942. [PMID: 36538536 PMCID: PMC9767330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a serious zoonosis caused by Bacillus anthracis, which primarily affects wild herbivorous animals with spillover into humans. The disease occurs nearly worldwide but is poorly reported in Southeast Asian countries. In Vietnam, anthrax is underreported, and little is known about its temporal and spatial distributions. This paper examines the spatio-temporal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of human and livestock anthrax from Dien Bien province, Vietnam from 2010 to 2019. We also aim to define the role of livestock vaccination in reducing human cases. Historical anthrax data were collected by local human and animal health sectors in the province. Spatial rate smoothing and spatial clustering analysis, using Local Moran's I in GeoDa and space-time scan statistic in SaTScan, were employed to address these objectives. We found temporal and spatial overlap of anthrax incidence in humans and livestock with hotspots of human anthrax in the east. We identified three significant space-time clusters of human anthrax persisting from 2010 to 2014 in the east and southeast, each with high relative risk. Most of the human cases were male (69%), aged 15-59 years (80%), involved in processing, slaughtering, or eating meat of sick or dead livestock (96.9%) but environmental and unknown exposure were reported. Animal reports were limited compared to humans and at coarser spatial scale, but in areas with human case clusters. In years when livestock vaccination was high (>~25%), human incidence was reduced, with the opposite effect when vaccine rates dropped. This indicates livestock vaccination campaigns reduce anthrax burden in both humans and livestock in Vietnam, though livestock surveillance needs immediate improvement. These findings suggest further investigation and measures to strengthen the surveillance of human and animal anthrax for other provinces of Vietnam, as well as in other countries with similar disease context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luong Minh Tan
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Ngoc Hung
- Provincial Center for Disease Control, Dien Bien Phu City, Dien Bien, Vietnam
| | - Do Thai My
- Provincial Sub-Department of Animal Health, Dien Bien Phu City, Dien Bien, Vietnam
| | - Morgan A. Walker
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- School of Preventive medicine and public health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory (SEER Lab), Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu X, Fang M, Wang S, Li Z, Cheng L, Liu Z, Zhang D, Dong D, Kou Z. Investigation on an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in a county of Shandong Province, China, 2021. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:875. [DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In order to verify the existence of an anthrax outbreak, determine its scope, grasp the epidemiological characteristics and find out the cause of the outbreak and recommend preventive and control measures.
Methods
Etiological hypothesis was developed through descriptive epidemiological methods. Hypotheses were tested by analyzing epidemiological methods by comparing the differences in the incidence of different exposure types. Nucleic acid detection and bacterial isolation and culture in the BSL-2 laboratories. SPSS 21 was used to conduct statistical analysis.
Results
A total of 126 family, workshop, shop environment samples and meat samples were collected, and 6 samples were collected from skin lesions of suspected cutaneous anthrax cases. 41 samples were positive by rPCR and 8 strains of Bacillus anthracis were cultivated. Participated in slaughtering, cutting beef of sick cattles was significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax (RR 3.75, 95% CI 1.08–13.07), this behavior is extremely dangerous.
Conclusions
Comprehensive analysis of laboratory results and epidemiological survey results and environmental assessments, we judge this epidemic to be an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax, associated with slaughtering and other processes from infected cattle imported from other province.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nimavat N, Hasan MM, Charmode S, Mandala G, Parmar GR, Bhangu R, Khan I, Singh S, Agrawal A, Shah A, Sachdeva V. COVID-19 pandemic effects on the distribution of healthcare services in India: A systematic review. World J Virol 2022; 11:186-197. [PMID: 36159611 PMCID: PMC9372784 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our problems and priorities, especially those related to the healthcare sector. India was one of the countries severely affected by the harsh consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AIM To understand the challenges faced by the healthcare system during a pandemic.
METHODS The literature search for this review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also used Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) to search and improve the results. We focused on the published scientific articles concerned with two major vital areas: (1) The Indian healthcare system; and (2) COVID-19 pandemic effects on the Indian healthcare system.
RESULTS The Indian healthcare system was suffering even before the pandemic. The pandemic has further stretched the healthcare services in India. The main obstacle in the healthcare system was to combat the rising number of communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases. Besides the pandemic measures, there was a diversion of focus of the already established healthcare services away from the chronic conditions and vaccinations. The disruption of the vaccination services may have more severe short and long-term consequences than the pandemic’s adverse effects.
CONCLUSION Severely restricted resources limited the interaction of the Indian healthcare system with the COVID-19 pandemic. Re-establishment of primary healthcare services, maternal and child health services, noncommunicable diseases programs, National Tuberculosis Elimination Program, etc. are important to prevent serious long-term consequences of this pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Nimavat
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Kiran C Patel Medical College and Research Institute, Bharuch 392001, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Sundip Charmode
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360006, Gujarat, India
| | - Gowthamm Mandala
- Independent Researcher, Centre Groove High School, Greenwood, IN 46143, United States
| | | | - Ranvir Bhangu
- Department of Medical, Caribbean Medical University, Des Plaines, IL 60018, United States
| | - Israr Khan
- Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad 999010, Pakistan
| | - Shruti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Paediatrics, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal 462001, India
| | - Ashish Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Vishi Sachdeva
- Department of Medical, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151009, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mahmoudi H. Cutaneous Anthrax in a Farmer Man: A Case Report. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2205250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Anthrax is an acute infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, an anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium. Anthrax disease is a common disease among herbivores and humans that is transmitted to humans through direct contact with farm animals that are sick or have died of anthrax.
Case Summary:
A 43-year-old man having livestock as a profession had a cutaneous anthrax infection on the dorsal surface of his left thumb. The patient was infected with anthrax by slaughtering a sheep infected with Bacillus anthracis. He was treated with penicillin after an early diagnosis of anthrax bacillus.
Conclusion:
Anthrax infection is a highly contagious disease, and early detection is very important. There is a need to strengthen the health care system for farm animals and educate farmers on how not to consume the meat of diseased carcasses and how to dispose them of hygienically, especially in high-risk areas.
Collapse
|
11
|
Paudel A, Furuta Y, Higashi H. Silkworm model for Bacillus anthracis infection and virulence determination. Virulence 2021; 12:2285-2295. [PMID: 34490836 PMCID: PMC8425766 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1965830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is an obligate pathogen and a causative agent of anthrax. Its major virulence factors are plasmid-coded; however, recent studies have revealed chromosome-encoded virulence factors, indicating that the current understanding of its virulence mechanism is elusive and needs further investigation. In this study, we established a silkworm (Bombyx mori) infection model of B. anthracis. We showed that silkworms were killed by B. anthracis Sterne and cured of the infection when administered with antibiotics. We quantitatively determined the lethal dose of the bacteria that kills 50% larvae and effective doses of antibiotics that cure 50% infected larvae. Furthermore, we demonstrated that B. anthracis mutants with disruption in virulence genes such as pagA, lef, and atxA had attenuated silkworm-killing ability and reduced colonization in silkworm hemolymph. The silkworm infection model established in this study can be utilized in large-scale infection experiments to identify novel virulence determinants and develop novel therapeutic options against B. anthracis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atmika Paudel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dutta PK, Biswas H, Ahmed JU, Shakif-Ul-Azam M, Ahammed BMJ, Dey AR. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards Anthrax among livestock farmers in selected rural areas of Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1648-1655. [PMID: 34232568 PMCID: PMC8464224 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis is a zoonotic bacterium that affects wide numbers of vertebrate animals and man and has life threating potential both in animal s as well as humans. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge about, attitudes towards, and practices addressing (KAPs) anthrax among community members in selected upazillas' of Meherpur and Sirajgonj districts for the prevention and control of anthrax using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 424 community members were considered in this study irrespective of their age and sex. Most of the respondents were female (57.54%) and about half were illiterate (47.40%). Most of the respondents (86.32%) were self-employed with crop and livestock farming. Among the self-employed farmers, cattle (63.73%) were the highest reared animals. Among the respondents, 37.26% had no knowledge about anthrax. On the other hand, among the existing knowledge level, 46.69% received information of anthrax from neighbour, 74.05% and 56.82% were concerned about the mode of transmission of anthrax from animal to human through eating, handling and soil. Respondents usually collected vaccine from quack (58.25%) and vaccination status was highest in Kamarkhand (52.03%) and lowest in Gangni upazilla (10.82%). Overall 62.74% community members considered that anthrax is a fatal disease for livestock and 82.54% people disposed carcass in buried method. CONCLUSION The study findings indicated that the community members had average knowledge on cause, symptoms, transmission and prevention of anthrax. The supplied vaccine was found negligible with the number of livestock in the studied upazilas. Veterinary and Medical health planners should design and implement interventions for awareness building on anthrax under One Health (OH) approach for educating the community people on anthrax control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiranmoy Biswas
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Jahir Uddin Ahmed
- Adjunct Faculty, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mansingh A, Choudhary HR, Shandilya J, Bhattacharya D, Kshatri JS, Parai D, Pattanaik M, Padhi AK, Jain HK, Mohanty P, Kanungo S, Pati S. A qualitative exploratory study using One Health approach for developing an intervention package for elimination of human anthrax in an endemic district of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:394-400. [PMID: 33907004 PMCID: PMC8204828 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_646_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease of public health concern in India. One of the key predisposing factors is linked to the behaviour of the community. This study was nested within a baseline survey to understand the risk perception, attitude, socio-cultural and behavioural practices among different communities in an anthrax endemic tribal district of Odisha, India. It was aimed to explore the systemic gaps from the officials of different departments while addressing the animal and human anthrax cases and the knowledge, attitude, and behavioural practices among the tribal communities with regards to both animal and human anthrax signs, symptoms, and transmission from animal to human. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was carried out in the district of Koraput, Odisha. Insights from eight focus group discussions (FGDs) and 42 in-depth-interviews (IDIs) with the stakeholders from health, veterinary, forest, general administrative departments and community were collected and analyzed thematically. Results: Major themes that emerged were inter-departmental coordination, livestock vaccination, surveillance network, laboratory facilities, prevention and control strategies with regards to the animal and human anthrax cases. The study also emphasized setting up the surveillance system as per the standard guidelines, and strengthening the diagnostic facilities for timely detection of confirmed cases. It also highlighted the current needs and the gaps among inter-sectoral coordination, collaboration, and sensitization among Health, Veterinary, Forest, Education, Nutrition, and Tribal Welfare Departments at various levels to reduce the prevalence and control the outbreaks of anthrax in the district and State. Interpretation & conclusions: The coordination gaps, financial burden, insufficient relevant knowledge and information among the concerned stakeholders were the issues found in this study in addition to non-availability of proper diagnostic facility. The coordination among different departments adapting One Health approach may be one of the best possible ways for the elimination of anthrax cases in an endemic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asit Mansingh
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Hari Ram Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jyoti Shandilya
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jaya Singh Kshatri
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debaprasad Parai
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Matrujyoti Pattanaik
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Arun Kumar Padhi
- Office of the Chief District Medical Officer, Koraput, Department of Health & Family Welfare, Koraput, Government of Odisha, Odisha, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar Jain
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prasantajyoti Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bhattacharya D, Kshatri JS, Choudhary HR, Parai D, Shandilya J, Mansingh A, Pattnaik M, Mishra K, Padhi SP, Padhi A, Pati S. One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha: Study protocol. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251041. [PMID: 34043627 PMCID: PMC8158997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is a major but neglected zoonotic disease of public health concern in India with Odisha contributing a major share to the disease burden. Bacillus anthracis spores can be found naturally in soil and commonly affect both animals and humans around the world. Domestic and wild animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer can become infected when they inhale or ingest spores from contaminated soil, plants, or water. Anthrax can be fatal if patients are not treated promptly with antibiotics. This protocol aims to describe the implementation and evaluation of the 'One Health' intervention model based on the principles of Theory of Change (ToC) to eliminate human anthrax from a tribal district in Odisha, India. METHODS This study would test the effectiveness of a complex public health intervention package developed using the ToC framework for the elimination of human anthrax in Koraput district by a comparative analysis of baseline and end-line data. We plan to enroll 2640 adults across 14 geographically divided blocks in Koraput district of Odisha for baseline and end-line surveys. After baseline, we would provide capacity building training to stakeholders from the department of health, veterinary, forest, academic and allied health institutions followed by workshops on sensitization and awareness through IEC (Information Education Communication)/BCC (Behavior Change Communication) activities in the community. We would establish a state-level laboratory facility as a robust system for timely diagnosis and management of human anthrax cases. Surveillance network will be strengthened to track the cases in early stage and risk zoning will be done for focused surveillance in endemic areas. Advocacy with district level administration will be done for maximizing the coverage of livestock vaccination in the entire district. Interdepartmental coordination would be established for the effective implementation of the intervention package. CONCLUSION This would be a first study applying One Health concept for the elimination of human anthrax in India. The findings from this study will offer important insights for policy-making and further replication in other endemic regions of the state and country. TRIAL REGISTRATION The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2020/05/025325] on 22 May 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Bhattacharya
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (SP); (DB)
| | | | | | - Debaprasad Parai
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyoti Shandilya
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Asit Mansingh
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kaushik Mishra
- Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College & Hospital, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | | | - Arun Padhi
- Department of Public Health, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (SP); (DB)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Li D, Qiu Y, Liu X, Huang L, Wen H, Hu J. An europium functionalized carbon dot-based fluorescence test paper for visual and quantitative point-of-care testing of anthrax biomarker. Talanta 2020; 220:121377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
16
|
Romha G, Girmay W. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:814. [PMID: 33167885 PMCID: PMC7653774 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is the second most highly prioritized zoonotic disease in Ethiopia due to its negative impact at the household level, causing disease and production losses in livestock and severe disease in humans. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of, attitudes towards, and practices addressing (KAPs) anthrax in the communities of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted concurrently with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between May 2019 and April 2020. A total of 862 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey. Of these, 800 were local community members while 62 were professionals working at health service institutions. In addition, qualitative data were collected using six FGDs and 11 KIIs. RESULTS Sixty-two percent (496/800) of the community respondents said that they were aware of anthrax while 38% (304/800) of them did not. Only 9.3% (74/800) of the respondents reported that the causative agent of anthrax is germs/microbial. About 56.5% (35/62) of professional respondents said that it is bacterial. More than 60% (64.1%, 513/800) of the respondents did not know that whether the disease was zoonotic or not. Regarding clinical signs, 26.3 (210/800) and 36.8% (294/800) of the respondents could identify at least one in animals and humans, respectively, while 21.3 (170/800) and 20.1% (161/800) knew one or more transmission routes in animals and humans, respectively. Moreover, 43.4% (347/800) and 45.6% (365/800) of the respondents mentioned one or more control/prevention method(s) in animals and humans, respectively. Regarding qualitative results, some of the participants knew the disease (in animals) by their local names: Lalish and Tafia (splenomegaly), and Gulbus (abdominal cramps and shivering). Some reported that anthrax was exclusively a human disease while others recognized its zoonotic potential after the clinical signs in both animals and humans were listed. CONCLUSION The KAP of the participants regarding anthrax was low. There was no consistent understanding of the disease among the participants. The study also revealed that the participants did not receive consistent, adequate, and continuous education regarding the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin Romha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Weldemelak Girmay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perceptions and Practices towards Anthrax in Selected Agricultural Communities in Arua District, Uganda. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:9083615. [PMID: 33014075 PMCID: PMC7519178 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9083615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthrax is globally recognized as an important public health and economic challenge in many agricultural communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three subcounties in Arua district to assess the community's awareness, cultural norm, and practices regarding anthrax. This followed a report of active cases of human cutaneous anthrax in the district. Methods The study was conducted in subcounties of Pawor, Rigbo, and Rhino Camp, Arua district, using focus group discussion. Results The affected communities had limited knowledge about anthrax, especially its clinical manifestation and modes of transmission both in humans and animals. The community also had no knowledge of the anthrax vaccine or treatment and where they can be accessed from. Poor practices associated with anthrax outbreaks included poor disposal of carcasses and ruminal wastes, occupational hazards (butchers, slaughter men, and herdsmen), consumption of meat from infected animals, communal herding, and cultural norms encouraging consumption of dead animals. Conclusion This study shows that there is a knowledge gap about anthrax among the people in the affected communities. Key drivers for the anthrax outbreak such as poor cultural beliefs and practices and wildlife-livestock-human interactions were observed in all the three subcounties studied. All these findings could imply a high risk of outbreak of anthrax in Arua and Ugandan agricultural communities where the public health programs are less standardized and less effective.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sahoo KC, Negi S, Barla D, Badaik G, Sahoo S, Bal M, Padhi AK, Pati S, Bhattacharya D. The Landscape of Anthrax Prevention and Control: Stakeholders' Perceptive in Odisha, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3094. [PMID: 32365539 PMCID: PMC7246808 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and outbreaks of anthrax are interlinked with the animal-environment-human context, which signifies the need for collaborative, trans-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approaches for the prevention and control of anthrax. In India, there are hardly any shreds of evidence on the role of various stakeholders' on anthrax prevention and control. Therefore, this study addressed the experiences of various stakeholders on anthrax prevention and control strategies in Odisha, India. A qualitative explorative study was carried out using 42 in-depth-interviews among the stakeholders from health, veterinary and general administrative departments from the block, district, and state level. Two major themes emerged: (1) Epidemiological investigation of anthrax in Odisha, India, and (2) Biological and social prevention strategies for anthrax in Odisha, India. The study emphasizes setting up the surveillance system as per standard guideline, and strengthening the diagnostic facility at a regional medical college laboratory to avoid delay. Moreover, it emphasizes step-up inter-sectoral co-ordination, collaboration and sensitization among health, veterinary, forestry, education, nutrition and tribal welfare departments at all levels in order to reduce the prevalence and control the outbreaks of anthrax in Odisha state. It also recommends raising community literacy, in particular on safe carcass disposal, changing behavior on dead-livestock consumption, and compliance with livestock vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krushna Chandra Sahoo
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sapna Negi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Deepika Barla
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Goldi Badaik
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sunita Sahoo
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Madhusmita Bal
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | | | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; (K.C.S.); (S.N.); (D.B.); (G.B.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|