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Taha Z, Elhag H, Hassan AA, Adam I. Association Between Hemoglobin Level, Anemia, and Hypertension Among Adults in Northern Sudan: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2024; 20:323-331. [PMID: 39070218 PMCID: PMC11277984 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s472480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension and anemia are major health problems globally. However, data regarding the association between hypertension and hemoglobin/anemia among adults are few and controversial. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the associations between hemoglobin/anemia and hypertension among Sudanese adults. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northern Sudan from September to December 2022. The participants' sociodemographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire. Standardized procedures measured participants' weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, and hypertension. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the association between anemia and hypertension. Results Three hundred eighty-four adults were enrolled; 195 (50.8%) and 189 (49.2%) were males and females, respectively. The median interquartile age of the enrolled adults of age, BMI, and hemoglobin level was 45.0 (33.0‒55.8) years, 26.6 (22.6‒30.6) kg/m2, and 13.4 (12.4‒14.4) g/dl, respectively. Of 384 adults, 216 (56.3%) had hypertension, and 148 (38.5%) were newly diagnosed hypertensive. Eighty-six adults (22.4%) had anemia. In univariate analysis, while increasing age, being female, being unmarried, having a positive family history of hypertension, and increasing BMI were positively associated with hypertension, anemia was inversely associated with hypertension. Education, occupation, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were not associated with hypertension. In multivariate analysis, age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03‒1.07), BMI (AOR= 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03‒1.12) were inversely associated with hypertension, being female (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.43‒5.94), positive family history of hypertension (AOR= 1.73, 95% CI = 1.09‒2.75), and hemoglobin level (AOR= 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12‒1.61) were associated with hypertension. Anemia (AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34‒0.99) was inversely associated with hypertension. Conclusion Both anemia and hypertension are major public health problems in Northern Sudan. Anemia is associated with hypertension. Further research is needed to explore the complex association between hemoglobin/anemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Taha
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hiba Elhag
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Ali Hassan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Gafane-Matemane LF, Craig A, Kruger R, Alaofin OS, Ware LJ, Jones ESW, Kengne AP. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: the current profile, recent advances, gaps, and priorities. J Hum Hypertens 2024:10.1038/s41371-024-00913-6. [PMID: 38698111 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-024-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Recent global and regional reports consistently confirm the high and increasing prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with poor detection, treatment, and control rates. This narrative review summarises the burden of hypertension in SSA and recent findings from community-based hypertension management strategies. We further outline prominent risk factors according to recent data and associated underlying mechanisms for hypertension development. An extensive review of literature showed that most countries have reported on the prevalence of hypertension during 2017-2023, despite limitations linked to the lack of nationally representative studies, heterogeneity of sampling and data collection methods. Task-shifting approaches that assign roles to model patients and community health workers reported improved linkage to healthcare services and adherence to medication, with inconsistent findings on blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects over time. The regularly reported risk factors include unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, increased adiposity and underweight, ageing, level of education, and/or income as well as psychosocial factors. Newer data on the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hypertension and potential areas of intervention are reported from children and adults and include, among others, salt-handling and volume overload, endothelial function, BP dipping patterns and the role of human immunodeficiency virus . To conclude, significant strides have been made in data reporting from SSA on the burden of hypertension in the region as well as biomarker research to improve understanding and identification of areas of intervention. However, gaps remain on linkage between knowledge generation, translation, and implementation research. Coordinated studies addressing both discovery science and public health are crucial to curb hypertension development and improve management in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebo F Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- SAMRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Ashleigh Craig
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, 1864, South Africa
| | - Ruan Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- SAMRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Omotayo S Alaofin
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lisa J Ware
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, 1864, South Africa
| | - Erika S W Jones
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow Valley, Cape Town, 7501, South Africa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
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Bashir AO, Elimam MA, Elimam MA, Adam I. Snoring is associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus among adults in north Sudan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:974. [PMID: 38584276 PMCID: PMC11000284 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different levels of association between snoring, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM) are reported. There are few published studies on this topic in African countries, and no investigation was conducted in Sudan. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with snoring and the association between snoring, hypertension, and type 2 DM (T2DM) in northern Sudan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study using a multistage sampling technique was conducted in four villages in the River Nile state of northern Sudan from July to September 2021. Sociodemographic characteristics were collected using a questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was measured using standard methods, and a multivariate analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® (SPSS®) for Windows, version 22.0. RESULTS Of the 384 adults, 193 (50.3%) were males and 191 (49.7%) were females. Of the adults, 38 (9.9%) were underweight, 121 (31.5%) had average weight, 113 (29.4%) were overweight, and 112 (29.2%) were obese. One hundred and six (27.6%) adults were snorers. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01‒1.04), increasing BMI (AOR = 1.04, 95 CI = 1.01‒1.08), obesity (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.10‒3.69), and alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.14‒4.74) were positively associated with snoring. Of the 384 adults, 215 (56.0%) had hypertension. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age (AOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02‒1.06), increasing BMI (AOR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.04‒1.13), female sex (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.08‒2.73), and snoring (AOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.02‒2.82) were positively associated with hypertension. One hundred and six (27.6%) adults had T2DM. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age (AOR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01‒1.05) and snoring (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.09‒2.91) were associated with T2DM. CONCLUSION Around one-fourth of the adults in Northern Sudan are snorers. Snoring is more common among obese adults. Snoring is associated with increased odds of hypertension and T2DM. Adults who snore must pay close attention to their blood pressure and blood glucose levels to prevent hypertension and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal O Bashir
- Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Umm Al Qura, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousab A Elimam
- Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Mohamed A Elimam
- Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
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Mousavi Mele M, Tahavorgar A, Salimi Z, Shaker A, Askarpour SA, Mohammadian MK, Mirshafaei SR, Saeedirad Z, Torkaman M, Mahmoudi Z, Tajadod S, Khoshdooz S, Doaei S, Kooshki A, Gholamalizadeh M. The Association of Iron Intake and Hypertension, Does Iron Intake Decrease Blood Pressure? Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:345-350. [PMID: 38561455 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that iron may have an indispensable role in the risk of hypertension (HTN). However, the result of the studies on the relationship between iron and risk of HTN is inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the association between the association of dietary iron intake and HTN in the Iranian population. This case-control study was conducted on 4184 people aged 35 to 70, including 1239 people with HTN and 2945 people with normal blood pressure (BP) in Sabzevar, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Nutritionist IV software was used in terms of the assessment of dietary intake of iron. An inverse association was found between iron intake and HTN (OR = 0.97, CI 95%: 0.94-0.99, P = 0.04). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, drinking alcohol, calorie intake, and BMI (OR = 0.94, CI 95%: 0.89-0.98, P = 0.01). As a conclusion, iron intake was inversely associated with HTN. Further longitudinal studies on the effect of iron intake on BP are required to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mousavi Mele
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Tahavorgar
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salimi
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shaker
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Askarpour
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Reza Mirshafaei
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Roudsar & Amlash Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudsar, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeedirad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdie Torkaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahmoudi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Tajadod
- Department of nutrition, School of Public health, International campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Kooshki
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Nutrition & Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ayalew TL. Case cancellations and associated factors on the day of surgery in hospitals of Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia. BMC Surg 2024; 24:45. [PMID: 38311751 PMCID: PMC10840272 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-024-02330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancellations of elective surgery cases are frequent and have significant negative consequences. It causes wasting of valuable resources, patient unhappiness, and psychological stress of patients. Despite this, little is known about the case cancellation and associated factors on the day of surgery in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the magnitude of case cancellation and associated factors on the day of surgery in hospitals in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia, from May 17 to June 17, 2023. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 322 patients was conducted at Wolaita Sodo Zone, South Ethiopia. All elective surgical cases scheduled during the study period were included. The entire number of participants was selected using a systematic random sampling process. Epidata V.3 was used to enter data, and SPSS V.25 was used to analyze it. Binary logistic regression was used to check for a possible association. P-values < 0.05 and 95% CI were used on multi-variable analysis as the threshold for the significant statistical association. RESULT A total of 313 study participants were scheduled for elective surgical procedures during the study period and gave a response rate of 97.2%. The mean (± SD) age of the study participants was 39.18 (± 10.64) years. The two-third of patients, 53(64%) were rural residents, and more than half (178, or 55.3%) of the participants were female. This finding showed that the case cancellation was 22.4% (95% CI: 19.3 -25.9%). Among the total canceled cases, 49(58.3%) were males. Variables like rural residence (AOR = 3.48 95% CI: 1.22-9.95), Lack of lab result (AOR = 2.33, 95%CI:1.20-4.51), ophthalmology dept. (AOR = 2.53 95% CI:1.52-4.49), HTN (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.52-4.49), patient refusal (AOR = 3.01 95% CI:1.22-5.05), and age b/n 31 and 43 (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI:1.02-2.01) were significantly associated factors with cancellation of elective surgical cases. CONCLUSION In this study schedule of case cancellation was high. The contributing factors of case cancellation were rural residence, Lack of lab results, ophthalmology dept, HTN, patient refusal, and age. To decrease unnecessary cancellations and increase cost efficiency, hospital administration and medical staff must plan ahead carefully, communicate effectively, and make efficient use of hospital resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Lankrew Ayalew
- Department of Nursing, College of medicine and health science, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia.
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Musa IR, Hassan AA, Adam I. Multimorbidity and its associated risk factors among adults in northern Sudan: a community-based cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:13. [PMID: 38281058 PMCID: PMC10822146 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimorbidity (having two or more coexisting long-term conditions) is a growing global challenge. However, data on multimorbidity among adults in Africa, including Sudan, are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of multimorbidity and its associated risk factors among adults in Sudan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in northern Sudan from March 2022 to May 2022. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire. Multimorbidity was defined as having two or more coexisting long-term conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, obesity, anaemia and depression-anxiety. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associated factors. RESULTS The participants included 250 adults: 119 (47.6%) males and 131(52.4%) females. The median interquartile range (IQR) of the enrolled adults of the age was 43.0 (30.0‒55.0) years. Of the 250 adults, 82(32.8%), 17(6.8%), 84(33.6%), and 67(26.8%) were normal weight, underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively; 148(59.2%), 72(28.8%), 63(25.2%), 67(26.8%), and 98(39.2%) had hypertension, DM, anaemia, obesity, and depression-anxiety, respectively. A total of 154 adults (61.6%) had multimorbidity: 97(38.8%), 49(19.6%), and 8(3.2%) had two, three, and four morbidities, respectively. The remaining 21 (8.4%), and 75 (30.0%) adults had no morbidity, and one morbidity, respectively. In amultivariate logistic regression analysis, increasing age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01‒1.05), and female sex (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.16‒4.06) were associated with multimorbidity. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of multimorbidity revealed in this study uncovers a major public health problem among Sudanese adults. Our results show that increasing age and female sex are associated with multimorbidity. Additional extensive studies are necessary to evaluate the magnitude of multimorbidity for improved future planning and establishing effective health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad R Musa
- Royal Commission Hospital at AL Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51911, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Hassan AA, Musa SM, Omer HEO, Adam I. The association between red cell distribution width and newly diagnosed hypertension among adults in Northern Sudan: a case-control study. Libyan J Med 2023; 18:2254502. [PMID: 37665970 PMCID: PMC10478621 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2023.2254502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing data have shown inconsistency about the association between red cell distribution width (RDW) and hypertension. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between RDW and newly diagnosed hypertension among adults in Sudan. This was a case-control study conducted in Northern Sudan from July to September 2022. The cases were patients with newly diagnosed hypertension (n = 78), and the controls were healthy participants (n = 78). A questionnaire was used to collect the participants' sociodemographic, and clinical data. RDW was measured using an automated hematology analyzer. A logistic regression analysis was performed. The univariate analysis revealed no association between sex, educational level, occupational level, RDW, and newly diagnosed hypertension. In the multivariate analysis, increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‒1.08) and body mass index (AOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05‒1.19) were associated with newly diagnosed hypertension. No association was found between RDW and newly diagnosed hypertension. No correlation was found between RDW and systolic (r = 0.045, P = 0.577) or diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.023, P = 0.772). In conclusion, no association in RDW was found between the patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and the healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Shaza M. Musa
- Adjunct instructor- Biology, Tarrant County College Northwest Campus, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Husam-Eldin O. Omer
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Musa IR, Osman OE, Adam I. The association between parity and hypertension: a cross-sectional, community-based study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1247244. [PMID: 37937292 PMCID: PMC10626486 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1247244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The available data on the association between parity and hypertension are inconclusive. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its association with parity among adult Sudanese women. Methods A multi-stage sampling survey was conducted in four villages in the River Nile State in Sudan between July and September 2022. The World Health Organization's three-level stepwise questionnaire was used to gather the participants' sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, parity, educational level, occupation, obstetric history, family history of hypertension, weight and height). Regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 408 women were recruited. The median [measured in terms of interquartile range (IQR)] age was 45.0 years (33.0-55.7 years). A linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between parity and diastolic blood pressure (coefficient, 0.60; P = 0.011). The prevalence of hypertension (55.9%) increased with parity and ranged from 43.7% to 74.9%. In the multivariate analyses, increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.05), increasing parity (AOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.19), family history of hypertension (AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.15-2.77), and increasing body mass index (AOR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13) were associated with hypertension. In women of ages ≥ 50 years, increasing parity was significantly associated with hypertension (AOR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.2-1.29). Para > 5 (AOR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.11-6.73) was associated with hypertension. Conclusion A high prevalence of hypertension was found among Sudanese women, and that parity at 5 or more is linked to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad R. Musa
- Department of Medicine, Royal Commission Hospital at AL Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman E. Osman
- Faculty of Medicine, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Hassan AA, Abdelbagi O, Osman OE, Adam I. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and hypertension among adults in North Sudan: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:402. [PMID: 37592222 PMCID: PMC10433536 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, hypertension represents a major public health problem. The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and hypertension remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and hypertension among adults in Sudan. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in North Sudan. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the total of 391 participants, 202 (51.7%) were females. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of participants' ages was 45(32-55) years. Of the total, 219(56.0%) had hypertension. The median (IQR) of serum25(OH)D was 13.3(9.9-19.7) ng/mL, and 295 (75.4%) participants had vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL). In multivariable logistic regression, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for age = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.03‒1.061, the AOR for being female = 2.02, 95% CI, 1.12‒3.66, and body mass index was AOR = 1.09, 95% CI, 1.05‒1.14, all of which were significantly associated with hypertension. However, serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with hypertension (AOR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.99‒1.05, P = 0.317). In multiple linear regression, while systolic blood pressure was negatively associated with 25(OH)D (coefficient = - 0.28, P = 0.017), there was no significant association between serum 25(OH)D level and diastolic blood pressure (coefficient = - 0.10, P = 0.272) or mean blood pressure (coefficient =-0.03, P = 0.686). CONCLUSION The current study revealed a negative association between vitamin D and systolic blood pressure. The mechanism of such an association needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Omer Abdelbagi
- Department of Pathology, AlQunfudhah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman E. Osman
- Faculty of Medicine, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Elias S, Dadi TK. Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension and Associated Factors among Adults in Mizan-Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Adv Med 2023; 2023:2746284. [PMID: 37469806 PMCID: PMC10352527 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2746284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among people aged 18 years and above in Mizan-Aman town of Bench Sheko Zone in Southwest Ethiopia. Study Design. A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among people aged 18 years old and above from April 1 to 30, 2021, in Mizan Aman town. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was carried out among people aged 18 years old and above from April 1 to 30, 2021, in Mizan Aman town. Seven hundred fifty-nine subjects were selected by the multistage sampling technique. A structured pretested STEPwise questionnaire was used to interview the participants. Data entry and analysis were done using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS version 25 statistical software, respectively. Descriptive analysis was undertaken, and the results were presented using frequency tables, graphs, and statistical summaries. The dependent variable has a dichotomized response of yes and no, and hence binary logistic regression was used to predict a dependent variable based on independent variables, and predictors having p ≤ 0.25 on the bivariable analysis were considered as candidates for the multivariable analysis. Odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the strength of association, and finally a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 14.8% with 95% CI [12.3-15.6]. Older age (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI [1.5-6.5]), male (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.3-3.9]), low physical activity (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI [1.8-8.3]), low consumption of fruit and vegetable (AOR = 4.5, 95% CI [2.4-8.8]), and higher BMI (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.6-4.6]) were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusion The current study outlined that the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was high in the study area. In addition, most of the risk factors identified were modifiable, and hence community-based preventive approaches like lifestyle modification, increasing awareness, and strengthening routine screening at primary health service facilities resulted in a substantial change in tackling the burden effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebsibe Elias
- Public Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Aman College of Health Science, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Kabeta Dadi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Noor SK, Fadlelseed MHE, Bushara SO, Badi S, Mohamed O, Elmubarak A, Kheir M, Abubaker NE, Ahmed MH, Ahmed M. Prevalence of obesity related hypertension among overweight or obese adults in River Nile State in Northern Sudan: a community based cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2023; 13:384-394. [PMID: 37583681 PMCID: PMC10423734 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-22-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Reducing excess body weight is important for control and management of high blood pressure (BP) in adults. Previous studies showed high prevalence of hypertension in River Nile State-north of Sudan, hence this study to establish whether obesity can be among the main risk factors and to study the prevalence of obesity related hypertension among Sudanese adults in River Nile State. Methods This was a cross sectional community-based study conducted in River Nile State, Northern Sudan from January to June 2021. Obese and overweight, aged 18 years and above and accepted to participate in the study were included in the study. Convenience sampling method was used to select the participants. Data was collected through structured questionnaire filled by the patients after taking informed consent. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Two measurements of BP were obtained. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM, Chicago, USA). Chi-square test was used to determine the associations between categorical variables while logistic regression test was used to predict the presence of hypertension among studied population. Results A total of 1,295 participants were enrolled in this study. Obesity was reported in 1,118 (86.3%) of the participants. The prevalence of hypertension among the participants was 1,027 (79.3%). Central obesity was reported in 951 (92.6%) among hypertensive patients (P<0.001). Moreover, among hypertensive patients 470 (45.8%) were obese class I, 334 (32.5%) overweight, 139 (13.5%) obese class II and 84 (8.2%) obese class III (P<0.001). Obesity, BMI are risk factor of hypertension (P<0.001). Other risk factors were age above 40 years (P<0.001), unemployment (P<0.001), low education level (P<0.001) and being married (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age [P<0.001; odds ratio (OR) =1.055; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.041-1.068], central obesity (P<0.001; OR =5.16; 95% CI: 3.4-7.8) and high body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001; OR =3.7; 95% CI: 1.7-7.9) were associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusions The study showed that the prevalence of obesity related hypertension was high. Common risk factors were age above 40 years, unemployment, and marriage. Importantly, central obesity, gross obesity and increasing age can be associated with uncontrolled BP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufian K. Noor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
| | | | | | - Safaa Badi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Omer Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amin Elmubarak
- Al Maqtaa Healthcare Centre, Ambulatory Healthcare Services-SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Musa Kheir
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nuha Eljailli Abubaker
- Clinical Chemistry Department, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed H. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Musaab Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Mekonene M, Baye K, Gebremedhin S. Epidemiology of hypertension among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Prev Med Rep 2023; 32:102159. [PMID: 36895825 PMCID: PMC9989685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The public health significance of hypertension is increasing in low- and middle-income countries. However, there is limited epidemiological evidence in Ethiopia. We assessed the prevalence of hypertension and explored its predictors among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2021 among randomly selected adults aged 18-64 years. A face-to-face interview using an adapted STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire was conducted. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors associated with hypertension. The sample consisted of a total of 600 adults (mean age: 31.2 ± 11.4 years, 51.7% women). The overall age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 22.1% and 47.8% according to the Seventh Joint National Commission (JNC7) and the 2017 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, respectively. About 25.6% were newly diagnosed with hypertension. The age groups of 40-54 years (AOR = 8.97; 95% CI: 2.35,34.23), and 55-64 years (AOR = 19.28; 95% CI: 3.96,93.83) as compared to the 18-24 age group, male sex (AOR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.22,6.87), obesity (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.02,3.59), abdominal obesity (AOR = 4.26; 95% CI: 1.42,12.81), and very poor sleep quality (AOR = 3.35; 95% CI: 1.15,9.78) were independent predictors of hypertension. This study revealed that the burden of hypertension among adults is very high. Hypertension is independently associated with older age group, male sex, obesity, abdominal obesity, and poor sleep quality. Therefore, the study highlights the need to develop regular blood pressure surveillance programs, weight loss intervention, and improvement of sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Mekonene
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 150201, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Sport Science Academy, Wollo University, P.O. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Baye
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 150201, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Solomon M, Shiferaw BZ, Tarekegn TT, GebreEyesus FA, Mengist ST, Mammo M, Mewahegn AA, Mengiste BT, Terefe TF. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension Among Adults in Gurage Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231153473. [PMID: 36761364 PMCID: PMC9903024 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231153473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertension affects over a billion people worldwide, making it a major public health problem. The problem is significant in both developed and developing countries. However, studies are scarce in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors at the community level, in South Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was employed on a sample of 680 participants in the study from April 1 to June 30, 2022. An interview administer was conducted using a standardized and pretested questionnaire was employed. The Epi data 3.1 versions were used to enter data and then exported into SPSS version 23 for analysis. All variables in the multivariable logistic analysis were a candidate with a bi-variable at p < .25. The multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the predictors of hypertension, and the significance level was established with p < .05. Results There were a total of 635 participants and the response rate was 93.4%. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 22.0% [95% CI; 19.1-25.4]. The mean age of the participants was 40.8 ± 12.88 years. Being older age (AOR: 1.95; 95%CI; 1.13-3.36), family history [AOR: 2.65, 95%; CI (1.29-5.45)], eating animal fat [AOR: 0.21, 95%; CI (0.08-0.52)], smoking cigarettes [AOR: 4.06, 95%; CI (2.24-7.36)] and had poor knowledge about hypertension [AOR: 2.69, 95%; CI (1.61-4.49)] were significantly associated with raised blood pressure. Conclusions Hypertension was prevalent in one out of every five study participants. Older age, family history of hypertension, animal fat intake, cigarette smoking, and lack of knowledge were found to be significant factors for hypertension. To address the burden of hypertension, health care practitioners should provide broad health education, routine screening, and promotion of recommended lifestyle measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamo Solomon
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia,Mamo Solomon, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, P O Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
| | - Bisrat Zeleke Shiferaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tsehay Tarekegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Fisha Alebel GebreEyesus
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Shegaw Tesfa Mengist
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Mammo
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | - Agerie Aynalem Mewahegn
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tamene Fetene Terefe
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Welkite, Ethiopia
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Mulugeta TK, Kassa DH. Readiness of the primary health care units and associated factors for the management of hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus in Sidama, Ethiopia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13797. [PMID: 36042860 PMCID: PMC9420406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In low-income nations such as Ethiopia, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming more common. The Ethiopian Ministry of Health has prioritized NCD prevention, early diagnosis, and management. However, research on the readiness of public health facilities to address NCDs, particularly hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, is limited. Methods The study used a multistage cluster sampling method and a health facility-based cross-sectional study design. A total of 83 health facilities were evaluated based on WHO's Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool to investigate the availability of services and the readiness of the primary health care unit (PHCU) to manage type II diabetes and Hypertension. Trained data collectors interviewed with PHCU head or NCD focal persons. The study tried to investigate (1) the availability of basic amenities and the four domains: staff and guidelines, basic equipment, diagnostic materials, and essential medicines used to manage DM and HPN, (2) the readiness of the PHCU to manage DM and HPN. The data were processed by using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, inferential statistics like the chi-square test, and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Of the 82 health facilities, only 29% and 28% of the PHCU identified as ready to manage HPN and DM. Facility type, facility location, presence of guidelines, trained staff, groups of antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on the readiness of the PHCU to manage HPN and DM at a 0.05 level of significance. Facilities located in urban were 8.2 times more likely to be ready to manage HPN cases than facilities located in rural (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI [2.4-28.5]) and P < 0.05. Conclusion and recommendation The results identified comparatively poor and deprived readiness to offer HPN and DM services at lower-level health facilities(health centers). Equipping the lower-level health facilities with screening and diagnostic materials, essential medicines, and provision of basic training for the health care providers and NCD guidelines should be available, especially in the lower health care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Kebede Mulugeta
- School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Department of Human Nutrition Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Hailu Kassa
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Omar SM, Musa IR, Abdelbagi O, Sharif ME, Adam I. The association between glycosylated haemoglobin and newly diagnosed hypertension in a non-diabetic Sudanese population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:208. [PMID: 35538423 PMCID: PMC9088041 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is considered reliable for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes mellitus (DM). It also indicates cardiovascular complications related to DM. However, only a few studies have been conducted on this topic. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between newly diagnosed hypertension and HbA1c among non-diabetic Sudanese adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in the sample were gathered using a questionnaire, and HbA1c was measured using an Ichroma machine. RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-four healthy participants were enrolled in this study. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 56.0 (14.0) years, and 72.1% of the participants were female. The median (IQR) body mass index (BMI) was 31.2 (8.7) kg/m2. One hundred and fifteen (29.9%) participants presented newly diagnosed hypertension. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01‒1.05); BMI (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.05‒1.14); HbA1c levels (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.29‒3.67) was positively associated with newly diagnosed hypertension. For an HbA1c level of 5.0% or more, the sensitivity and specificity of newly diagnosed hypertension were 91.3% and 28.2%, respectively (area under the curve = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.55-0.67; P ˂ 0.001). Participants who presented HbA1c levels of 5.0% or more were found to be at higher risk for newly diagnosed hypertension (AOR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.14‒5.61). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension, and HbA1c levels were positively associated with newly diagnosed hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M Omar
- Faculty of Medicine, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan.
| | - Imad R Musa
- Department of Medicine, Royal Commission Hospital in Al Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer Abdelbagi
- Department of Pathology, AL Qunfudhah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E Sharif
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Nnate DA, Eleazu CO, Abaraogu UO. Ischemic Heart Disease in Nigeria: Exploring the Challenges, Current Status, and Impact of Lifestyle Interventions on Its Primary Healthcare System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:211. [PMID: 35010468 PMCID: PMC8751082 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of ischemic heart disease in Nigeria calls for an evidence-based, innovative, and interdisciplinary approach towards decreasing health inequalities resulting from individual lifestyle and poor socioeconomic status in order to uphold the holistic health of individuals to achieve global sustainability and health equity. The poor diagnosis and management of ischemic heart disease in Nigeria contributes to the inadequate knowledge of its prognosis among individuals, which often results in a decreased ability to seek help and self-care. Hence, current policies aimed at altering lifestyle behaviour to minimize exposure to cardiovascular risk factors may be less suitable for Nigeria's diverse culture. Mitigating the burden of ischemic heart disease through the equitable access to health services and respect for the autonomy and beliefs of individuals in view of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) requires comprehensive measures to accommodate, as much as possible, every individual, notwithstanding their values and socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Nnate
- Department of Nursing and Community Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester CH1 1SL, UK
| | - Chinedum O. Eleazu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki 482131, Ebonyi State, Nigeria;
| | - Ukachukwu O. Abaraogu
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria, Enugu 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria;
- Department of Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
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Iradukunda A, Odjidja EN, Ndayishima SK, Ngendakumana E, Ndayishimiye GP, Sinarinzi D, Izere C, Ntakaburimvo N, Akimana A. Prevalence and predictive risk factors of hypertension in patients hospitalized in Kamenge Military hospital and Kamenge University teaching hospital in 2019: A fixed effect modelling study in Burundi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260225. [PMID: 34898616 PMCID: PMC8668094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a major threat to public health globally. Especially in sub-Saharan African countries, this coexists with high burden of other infectious diseases, creating a complex public health situation which is difficult to address. Tackling this will require targeted public health intervention based on evidence that well defines the at risk population. In this study, using retrospective data from two referral hospitals in Burundi, we model the risk factors of hypertension in Burundi. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective data of a sample of 353 randomly selected from a population of 4,380 patients admitted in 2019 in two referral hospitals in Burundi: Military and University teaching hospital of Kamenge. The predictive risk factors were carried out by fixed effect logistic regression. Model performance was assessed with Area under Curve (AUC) method. Model was internally validated using bootstrapping method with 2000 replications. Both data processing and data analysis were done using R software. RESULTS Overall, 16.7% of the patients were found to be hypertensive. This study didn't showed any significant difference of hypertension's prevalences among women (16%) and men (17.7%). After adjustment of the model for cofounding covariates, associated risk factors found were advanced age (40-59 years) and above 60 years, high education level, chronic kidney failure, high body mass index, familial history of hypertension. In absence of these highlighted risk factors, the risk of hypertension occurrence was about 2 per 1000 persons. This probability is more than 90% in patients with more than three risk factors. CONCLUSION The relatively high prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension in Burundi raises a call for concern especially in this context where there exist an equally high burden of infectious diseases, other chronic diseases including chronic malnutrition. Targeting interventions based on these identified risk factors will allow judicious channel of resources and effective public health planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Iradukunda
- Department of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Emmanuel Nene Odjidja
- Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Egide Ngendakumana
- Department of Applied Econometrics, University of Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
| | | | - Darlene Sinarinzi
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Departement de Suivie-Evaluation des projects, Instututs Sciences Campus du Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Fasso
| | - Cheilla Izere
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Computer Mathematics, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nestor Ntakaburimvo
- Department of Statistics, Lake Tanganyika University, Mutanga, Burundi
- Department of Research and Innovation, ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Arlene Akimana
- Institut Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé et du Développement, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Tesfa E, Demeke D. Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e372. [PMID: 34589614 PMCID: PMC8459032 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of epidemiological studies were performed to know the prevalence of and the risk factors for hypertension. However, these studies reported inconsistent results. As a result, this systematic review and meta-analysis were planned to generate representative data on the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension among the Ethiopian adult population. METHODS Five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Hinari, and African Journals Online, were searched for studies published in English from 1 January 2010 to 31 August 2020. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment for this review. Stata version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis, and due to high heterogeneity a random effects model was used for meta-analysis at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In this review, 35 observational studies were included. The pooled prevalence of hypertension in Ethiopia was 20.63% (95% CI [18.70, 22.55]) with the I 2 value of 96.1%. Older age (≥40 years) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.46 [95% CI: 2.67, 4.49]), urban residence (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.28, 1.70]), educational status less than grade 12 (AOR: 1.67 [95% CI: 1.38, 2.01]), family history of hypertension (AOR: 4.33 [95% CI: 2.95, 6.34]), diabetes mellitus (DM) (AOR: 5.18 [95% CI: 3.01, 8.88]), body mass index (BMI) ≥25 (AOR: 3.79 [95% CI: 2.61, 5.50]), central obesity (AOR: 1.91 [95% CI: 1.09, 3.36]), and alcohol consumption (AOR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.26, 2.34]) were the identified risk factors for hypertension. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of hypertension is relatively higher as compared to the previous reports in Ethiopia. Older age, urban residence, lower educational coverage, family history of hypertension, DM, BMI ≥25, alcohol consumption, and central obesity were the risk factors for hypertension. The governments and stakeholders should design an appropriate strategy to prevent and control the disease in the Ethiopian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalamaw Tesfa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
- Biotechnology Research Institute Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
| | - Dessalegn Demeke
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
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Abdelbagi O, Musa IR, Musa SM, ALtigani SA, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults with diabetes mellitus in northern Sudan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:168. [PMID: 33838664 PMCID: PMC8037914 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-01983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM), are highly prevalent worldwide health non-communicable diseases, and are associated with chronic complications. The co-existence of both conditions accelerates the related complications and increases morbidities and mortalities. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Nahr an Nil State (River Nile State) in Sudan between May and August 2018 to identify the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors among patients with DM in that region. Results The median (interquartile) age of the 1,973 enrolled patients was 58.0 (50.0‒65.0) years, and 818 (45.6%) were males. The median (interquartile) duration of diabetes was 5.0 (3.0‒9.0) years. Of the 1,973 enrolled participants, 21.7%, 1.3%, 37.1%, and 39.9% were normal weight, underweight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Of 1,973 854 (47.6%) patients also had hypertension. Logistic regression analyses showed that elderly patients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.03, 95%; confidence interval [CI] = 1.02‒1.04), males (AOR = 2.96, 95%; CI = 2.15‒4.07), employed patients (AOR = 1.92, 95%; CI = 1.38‒2.70), obese patients (AOR = 1.59, 95%; CI = 1.21‒2.08), and patients with diabetic foot (DF) (AOR = 2.45, 95%; CI = 1.72‒3.47) were at higher risk for hypertension. Conversely, patients with Type 2 DM (T2DM) (AOR = 0.63, 95%; CI = 0.50‒0.80) were at lower risk for hypertension. There was no significant association between overweight, uncontrolled DM, and hypertension. Conclusion This study showed a high prevalence of hypertension among patients with DM. Notably, older age, male gender, employment, duration of DM, DF, underweight, and obesity were significant predictors of hypertension among patients with DM.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-01983-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Abdelbagi
- Department of Pathology, Qunfudah Medical college, Umm-Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad R Musa
- Department of Medicine, Royal Commission Hospital, Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaza M Musa
- Faculty of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim A ALtigani
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Berber, Sudan.
| | - Ishag Adam
- Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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