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Xu H, Liang X, Wang L, Wei J, Guo B, Zeng C, Feng S, Wang S, Yang X, Pan Y, Wang Z, Xie L, Reinhardt JD, Tang W, Zhao X. Role of metabolic risk factors in the relationship between ambient fine particulate matter and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a longitudinal population study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115839. [PMID: 38118332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence indicating a connection between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and depressive symptoms. Metabolic risk factors are critical determinants of depressive symptoms. However, the mediating role of these factors on the association between PM2.5 and depressive symptoms remains elusive. We aimed to investigate whether and to what extent metabolic risk factors mediated the link between long-term PM2.5 exposure and depressive symptoms. METHODS This study comprised 7794 individuals aged between 30 and 79 years who participated in two waves of the on-site surveys in the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations were assessed utilizing a random forest method based on satellite data. We employed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms at wave 2, and the overall as well as three sub-domain symptom scores (emotional, neurovegetative, and neurocognitive symptoms) were calculated. Three metabolic risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, were considered. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the indirect effects of PM2.5 on depressive symptoms through metabolic risk factors. RESULTS We found a positive association between chronic exposure to ambient PM2.5 and overall depressive symptoms as well as the three sub-domains. In mediation analyses, metabolic risk factors partially mediated the associations of PM2.5 on depressive symptoms. The natural indirect effects (RR, 95% CI) of PM2.5 on overall, emotional, neurovegetative, and neurocognitive symptoms mediated through metabolic risk factors were 1.004(1.001, 1.007), 1.004 (1.001, 1.008), 1.004 (1.001, 1.007), and 1.003(0.999, 1.007), respectively. Larger indirect effects were found in elderly participants (mediated proportion, 29.3%), females (13.3%), and people who did not consume alcohol (19.6%). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic risk factors may act as mediators in the relationship between chronic PM2.5 exposure and depression. Treatment of metabolic risk factors may be an opportunity to reduce the burden of depression caused by long-term exposure to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hongkong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bing Guo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunmei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Songmei Wang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianxian Yang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongyue Pan
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Ziyun Wang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jan D Reinhardt
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hongkong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital/Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China; Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland; Faculty for Health and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Switzerland.
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Oliveira Ferreira CKD, Campolim CM, Zordão OP, Simabuco FM, Anaruma CP, Pereira RM, Boico VF, Salvino LG, Costa MM, Ruiz NQ, de Moura LP, Saad MJA, Costa SKP, Kim YB, Prada PO. Subchronic exposure to 1,2-naphthoquinone induces adipose tissue inflammation and changes the energy homeostasis of mice, partially due to TNFR1 and TLR4. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:10-22. [PMID: 37383489 PMCID: PMC10293596 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution affects energy homeostasis detrimentally. Yet, knowledge of how each isolated pollutant can impact energy metabolism remains incomplete. The present study was designed to investigate the distinct effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) on energy metabolism since this pollutant increases at the same rate as diesel combustion. In particular, we aimed to determine in vivo effects of subchronic exposure to 1,2-NQ on metabolic and inflammatory parameters of wild-type mice (WT) and to explore the involvement of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in this process. Males WT, TNFR1KO, and TLR4KO mice at eight weeks of age received 1,2-NQ or vehicle via nebulization five days a week for 17 weeks. In WT mice, 1,2-NQ slightly decreased the body mass compared to vehicle-WT. This effect was likely due to a mild food intake reduction and increased energy expenditure (EE) observed after six weeks of exposure. After nine weeks of exposure, we observed higher fasting blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas insulin sensitivity was slightly improved compared to vehicle-WT. After 17 weeks of 1,2-NQ exposure, WT mice displayed an increased percentage of M1 and a decreased (p = 0.057) percentage of M2 macrophages in adipose tissue. The deletion of TNFR1 and TLR4 abolished most of the metabolic impacts caused by 1,2-NQ exposure, except for the EE and insulin sensitivity, which remained high in these mice under 1,2-NQ exposure. Our study demonstrates for the first time that subchronic exposure to 1,2-NQ affects energy metabolism in vivo. Although 1,2-NQ increased EE and slightly reduced feeding and body mass, the WT mice displayed higher inflammation in adipose tissue and impaired fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance. Thus, in vivo subchronic exposure to 1,2-NQ is harmful, and TNFR1 and TLR4 are partially involved in these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Machado Campolim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Olívia Pizetta Zordão
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Chadi Pellegrini Anaruma
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maíra Maftoum Costa
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Jose Abdalla Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraia Katia Pereira Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Max-Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Köln, Germany
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Deng Y, Wang J, Sun L, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhao Z, Wang T, Xiang Y, Wang Y, Chen J, He M. Effects of Ambient O 3 on Respiratory Mortality, Especially the Combined Effects of PM 2.5 and O 3. TOXICS 2023; 11:892. [PMID: 37999544 PMCID: PMC10675328 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, the increasing concentration of ozone (O3) has emerged as a significant air pollution issue, leading to adverse effects on public health, particularly the respiratory system. Despite the progress made in managing air pollution in China, it is crucial to address the problem of environmental O3 pollution at present. METHODS The connection between O3 exposure and respiratory mortality in Shenyang, China, from 2014 to 2018 was analyzed by a time-series generalized additive regression model (GAM) with quasi-Poisson regression. Additionally, the potential combined effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and O3 were investigated using the synergy index (SI). RESULTS Our findings indicate that each 10 μg/m3 increase in O3 at lag 2 days was associated with a maximum relative risk (RR) of 1.0150 (95% CI: 1.0098-1.0202) for respiratory mortality in the total population. For individuals aged ≥55 years, unmarried individuals, those engaged in indoor occupations, and those with low educational attainment, each 10 μg/m3 increase in O3 at lag 07 days was linked to RR values of 1.0301 (95% CI: 1.0187-1.0417), 1.0437 (95% CI: 1.0266-1.0610), 1.0317 (95% CI: 1.0186-1.0450), and 1.0346 (95% CI: 1.0222-1.0471), respectively. Importantly, we discovered a synergistic effect of PM2.5 and O3, resulting in an SI of 2.372 on the occurrence of respiratory mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed a positive association between O3 exposure and respiratory mortality. Furthermore, it highlighted the interaction between O3 and PM2.5 in exacerbating respiratory deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Deng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Junlong Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110005, China
| | - Li Sun
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110005, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jiaoyang Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuting Xiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Miao He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Lu J, Li Z, Martinez L, Tao B, Wang C, Zhu L, Lu W, Zhu B, Pei X, Mao X. Effects of short-term PM 2.5 exposure on blood lipids among 197,957 people in eastern China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4505. [PMID: 36934119 PMCID: PMC10024762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, air pollution is amongst the most significant causes of premature death. Nevertheless, studies on the relationship between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and blood lipids have typically not been population-based. In a large, community-based sample of residents in Yixing city, we assessed the relationship between short-term outdoor PM2.5 exposure and blood lipid concentrations. Participants who attended the physical examination were enrolled from Yixing People's hospital from 2015 to 2020. We collected general characteristics of participants, including gender and age, as well as test results of indicators of blood lipids. Data on daily meteorological factors were collected from the National Meteorological Data Sharing Center ( http://data.cma.cn/ ) and air pollutant concentrations were collected from the China Air Quality Online Monitoring and Analysis Platform ( https://www.aqistudy.cn/ ) during this period. We applied generalized additive models to estimate short-term effects of ambient PM2.5 exposure on each measured blood lipid-related indicators and converted these indicators into dichotomous variables (non- hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia) to calculate risks of hyperlipidemia associated with PM2.5 exposure. A total of 197,957 participants were included in the analysis with mean age 47.90 years (± SD, 14.28). The increase in PM2.5 was significantly associated with hyperlipidemia (odds ratio (OR) 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.004), and it was still significant in subgroups of males and age < 60 years. For every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, triglyceride levels decreased by 0.5447% (95% CI - 0.7873, - 0.3015), the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased by 0.0127 mmol/L (95% CI 0.0099, 0.0156), the total cholesterol concentration increased by 0.0095 mmol/L (95% CI 0.0053, 0.0136), and no significant association was observed between PM2.5 and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. After excluding people with abnormal blood lipid concentrations, the associations remained significant except for the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. PM2.5 was positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol, and negatively correlated with triglyceride, indicating PM2.5 can potentially affect health through blood lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Liu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leonardo Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bilin Tao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Pei
- Divison of Geriatric Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuhua Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yixing People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Chaulin AM, Sergeev AK. The Role of Fine Particles (PM 2.5) in the Genesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Damage: Emphasis on Clinical and Epidemiological Data, and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Cardiol Res 2022; 13:268-282. [PMID: 36405225 PMCID: PMC9635774 DOI: 10.14740/cr1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate in the structure of morbidity, disability and mortality of the population, the study of the risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic CVDs, as well as the study of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms thereof, is the most important area of scientific research in modern medicine. Understanding these aspects will allow to improve the set of treatment and preventive measures and activities. One of the important risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, which has been actively studied recently, is air pollution with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). According to clinical and epidemiological data, the level of air pollution with PM 2.5 exceeds the normative indicators in most regions of the world and is associated with subclinical markers of atherosclerosis and mortality from atherosclerotic CVDs. The aim of this article is to systematize and discuss in detail the role of PM 2.5 in the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
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Zorena K, Jaskulak M, Michalska M, Mrugacz M, Vandenbulcke F. Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and the Risk of Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1908. [PMID: 36290631 PMCID: PMC9598917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple studies focusing on environmental factors conducive to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), knowledge about the involvement of long-term exposure to air pollution seems insufficient. The main focus of epidemiological studies is placed on the relationship between exposure to various concentrations of particulate matter (PM): PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (O3), versus the risk of T1DM development. Although the specific molecular mechanism(s) behind the link between increased air pollution exposure and a higher risk of diabetes and metabolic dysfunction is yet unknown, available data indicate air pollution-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as a significant pathway. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent research examining the association between inhalation exposure to PM and associated metals and the increasing rates of T1DM worldwide. The development of modern and more adequate methods for air quality monitoring is also introduced. A particular emphasis on microsensors, mobile and autonomous measuring platforms, satellites, and innovative approaches of IoT, 5G connections, and Block chain technologies are also presented. Reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to search for relevant literature. Eligibility criteria involved recent publication years, particularly publications within the last five years (except for papers presenting a certain novelty or mechanism for the first time). Population, toxicological and epidemiological studies that focused particularly on fine and ultra-fine PM and associated ambient metals, were preferred, as well as full-text publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Jaskulak
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Michalska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, University Artois, YncreaHauts-de-France, ULR4515-LGCgE, F-59000 Lille, France
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7
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Ma Y, Lin J, Xia P, Zheng H, Cheng X, Ji P, Wu W, Hou L, Wang L, Zhu G, Qiu L, Zheng Y, Chen L. Comparison between the profiles of patients defined by age-adapted and fixed threshold CKD criteria, a national-wide, cross-sectional study. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:2312-2321. [PMID: 36381365 PMCID: PMC9664565 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney function declines naturally with advancing age. Therefore an age-adapted estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) threshold has been proposed instead of the fixed threshold for CKD definition. This study aims to describe and compare the profile of CKD patients defined by these two criteria in a Chinese population. Method We recruited adult participants with selected biochemical tests from the Chinese Physiological Constant and Health Condition survey conducted from 2007 to 2011, with the GFR estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula. The age-adapted threshold of eGFR is 75, 60 and 45 ml/min/1.73 m2 for the population <40 years of age, 40–64 years and >64 years, respectively. The fixed threshold is 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for all ages. Results Among the recruited 23 438 participants, 480 were diagnosed with CKD by fixed threshold criteria, while 391 were diagnosed with CKD by age-adapted criteria. Patients diagnosed by fixed threshold criteria were significantly older (66.4 versus 43.4 years; P < .001) and had a higher prevalence of all CVD risk factors compared with the non-CKD population. In contrast, age-adapted criteria defined a younger patient group and were not significantly associated with diabetes or obesity. When adjusted by age and gender, fixed threshold–defined CKD was not significantly associated with the number of coexisting CVD risk factors, while age-adapted-defined CKD was significantly associated. We also found that the CKD patients defined by age-adapted criteria matched well with the 2.5th percentile of eGFR in Chinese individuals. When compared with their age- and gender-matched controls, patients included by age-adapted criteria but excluded by fixed threshold criteria had a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension (23.2% versus 7.7%; P < .001) and hyperuricaemia (25.0% versus 5.5%; P < .001), while patients included only by the fixed threshold criteria were not significantly different in the prevalence of CVD risk factors and CKD-related disturbance except for hyperuricaemia (41.2% versus 14.0%; P < .001). Conclusion An age-adapted criterion is more closely associated with CVD risk factors and CKD-related diseases compared with fixed threshold criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Peili Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Lian Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Guangjin Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Ningxia People's Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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