Comorbidities associated with the severity of COVID-19, and differences across ethnic groups: a UK Biobank cohort study

Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has revealed a broader impact beyond the respiratory system, predominantly affecting the vascular system with various adverse manifestations. The infection induces endothelial dysfunction and immune system dysregulation, creating an inflammatory and hypercoagulable state. It affects both microvasculature and macrovasculature, leading to thromboembolic events, cardiovascular manifestations, impaired arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular complications, and nephropathy, as well as retinopathy-frequently observed in cases of severe illness. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in persistent effects on the vascular system, identified as long-term COVID-19. This is characterized by prolonged inflammation, endotheliopathy, and an increased risk of vascular complications. Various imaging modalities, histopathological studies, and diagnostic tools such as video capillaroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging have been employed to visualize vascular alterations. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the evidence concerning short and long-term vascular alterations following COVID-19 infection, investigating their impact on patients' prognosis, and providing an overview of preventive strategies to mitigate associated vascular complications.

Immunological and biochemical biomarker alterations among SARS-COV-2 patients with varying disease phenotypes in Uganda

Every novel infection requires an assessment of the host response coupled with identification of unique biomarkers for predicting disease pathogenesis, treatment targets and diagnostic utility. Studies have exposed dysregulated inflammatory response induced by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as significant predictor or cause of disease severity/prognosis and death. This study evaluated inflammatory biomarkers induced by SARS-CoV-2 in plasma of patients with varying disease phenotypes and healthy controls with prognostic or therapeutic potential. We stratified SARS-CoV-2 plasma samples based on disease status (asymptomatic, mild, severe, and healthy controls), as diagnosed by RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. We used a solid phase sandwich and competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to measure levels of panels of immunological (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and biochemical markers (Ferritin, Procalcitonin, C-Reactive Protein, Angiotensin II, Homocysteine, and D-dimer). Biomarker levels were compared across SARS-CoV-2 disease stratification. Plasma IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the severe SARS-CoV-2 patients as compared to mild, asymptomatic, and healthy controls. Ferritin, Homocysteine, and D-dimer plasma levels were significantly elevated in severe cases over asymptomatic and healthy controls. Plasma C-reactive protein and Angiotensin II levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in mild than severe cases and healthy controls. Plasma Procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in asymptomatic than in mild, severe cases and healthy controls. Our study demonstrates the role of host inflammatory biomarkers in modulating the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The study proposes a number of potential biomarkers that could be explored as SARS-CoV-2 treatment targets and possible prognostic predictors for a severe outcome. The comprehensive analysis of prognostic biomarkers may contribute to the evidence-based management of COVID-19 patients.