Patients' views and needs about systemic sclerosis and its management: a qualitative interview study

Impact of a resilience-building energy management intervention for people with systemic sclerosis: a mixed methods study

Objectives

People with SSc often experience fatigue, which significantly affects daily life functioning and quality of life. We aimed to explore participants' experiences of a peer health-coached resilience-building energy management to enhance well-being (RENEW) intervention on symptoms and well-being and to use mixed methods to compare how SSc duration influenced the experiences of participants who had clinically significant fatigue improvement vs those who did not.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants from the parent clinical trial randomized to the RENEW intervention. Data were analysed using the rigorous and accelerated data reduction technique combined with thematic content analysis. A mixed methods approach used a joint display to identify themes related to the impact of SSc duration on fatigue improvement status. Participants were categorized into short/improvement, short/limited improvement, long/improvement, and long/limited improvement.

Results

Our team generated four themes: participant and peer health-coach relationship, physical and psychological well-being improvement, need for a tailored approach and easy program access through technology. Mixed methods analysis revealed that, regardless of SSc duration, participants with improved fatigue reported increasing self-awareness of SSc-related symptoms and learning coping strategies to manage fatigue. Participants in the short/improvement group reported preferences for slower pacing of the program and pairing with a coach with similar symptom severity. Participants in the long/limited improvement group sought SSc-specific symptom management information.

Conclusion

Incorporating peer health coaches and technology is beneficial for self-management interventions for people with SSc. Future tailoring of RENEW based on SSc duration and symptom severity is needed.

Clinical trial registration number

clinicatrials.gov, NCT04908943.

Effects of a Resilience-Building Energy Management Program on Fatigue and Other Symptoms in Systemic Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

Supported self-management interventions for individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc) are needed. We examined the effects of a 12-week resilience-building energy management program (called RENEW) for fatigue and other patient-reported outcomes.

METHODS

Participants, who had physician-diagnosed SSc, moderate to severe fatigue, and were ≥18 years old, were randomly assigned to RENEW or waitlist control in a 2:1 ratio. The RENEW intervention included an educational website/application plus nine virtual peer-led health coaching sessions. The primary outcome was change in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue scale. Secondary outcomes were change in Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System measures of pain interference and depressive symptoms and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Multiple imputation was conducted; linear mixed models were used to assess group differences. A three-way interaction with group, time, and SSc duration was examined in each model.

RESULTS

Among 173 participants (mean ± SD age 54.5 ± 11.7 years; 93% female, 85% White), 47% had diffuse cutaneous SSc; 57% were ≤5 years from diagnosis. At 12 weeks, compared to controls, RENEW participants had a clinically meaningful fatigue improvement (β = -4.7; 95% confidence interval -6.7 to -2.7; P < 0.001) and improvement in all secondary outcomes. Among RENEW participants, individuals with shorter disease duration had greater improvements in fatigue at 12 weeks.

CONCLUSION

An mHealth supported self-management intervention improved fatigue and other outcomes, particularly in newly diagnosed patients. This program may be broadly scalable for SSc symptom management.

The effect of a self-management program on the quality of life of patients with scleroderma

BACKGROUND

Scleroderma is a rare disease with complex disorders. It affects the quality of life with severe impacts on the skin and extensive complications in the internal organs, and does not have a definitive treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a self-management program on the quality of life of patients with scleroderma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a clinical trial in which 54 patients with scleroderma were randomly divided into two groups of 27 each (experimental and control groups). The data were collected using the Systemic Sclerosis Questionnaire. A self-management program was sent to the experimental group via a mobile phone application (WhatsApp) every day for three months. Statistical analysis was performed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V21.

RESULTS

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that the average overall quality of life score of the experimental group showed a significant increase after the implementation of the program (P value: 0.00). The average overall quality of life score of the control group also significantly declined after the intervention (P value: 0.00). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that there was no significant difference in the overall quality of life score of the two groups before the intervention (P value: 0.31); however, after the implementation of the self-management program, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (P value: 0.00).

CONCLUSION

According to the results, the self-management program can help improve the quality of life of patients with scleroderma.

Process of Maintaining Self in Individuals Living With Systemic Sclerosis: A Grounded Theory Study of American Women

BACKGROUND

People with chronic illnesses may struggle to adapt psychologically to the illness experience and have feelings of identity loss, self-diminishment, and biographical disruption. This may limit people's ability to engage in optimal self-management. Systemic sclerosis is a debilitating, stigmatizing, and life-limiting progressive chronic illness with significant disfiguring effects. Little is known about the identity management process in people with disfiguring and debilitating conditions such as systemic sclerosis.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory explicating the process of maintaining a sense of self in people living with systemic sclerosis.

METHODS

Fifteen women with systemic sclerosis were recruited to ensure representation of a range of illness duration and progression. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed using open, selective, and theoretical coding.

RESULTS

A basic social process of "maintaining self" was generated from the data that explained the women's experience of living with systemic sclerosis and how they tried to hold on to their identity. Three core categories were identified. Adapting to changes are the behaviors that participants struggled through to carry on with their everyday lives. Dismantling of self was a distressing internal process where participants lost their sense of self and purpose. Restoring self was a transformative process that allowed participants to rewrite and rebuild their biographies.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that the management of identity was important for understanding how people adapt to life with systemic sclerosis. This study can help nurses better understand how to support patients holistically with the management of systemic sclerosis.

Oral health education for systemic sclerosis patients: A booklet report

Purpose/objectives

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease characterized by vascular abnormalities and connective tissue disorders. In 2021, the multidisciplinary team of the university hospital recognized a demand for oral health information among SSc patients. This study aims to describe the development of an SSc oral health booklet and its validation by people with SSc.

Methods

For the development of the booklet, the project creators employed the action research methodology involving ten stages. SSc patients evaluated the material by filling out a digital form.

Results

One hundred and thirty-one people with SSc evaluated the booklet. It received an average score of 9.73 (SD: 0.80) in relevance, 9.82 (SD: 0.47) in explicitness, and 9.49 (SD: 0.93) in aesthetics. The final version was emailed to the participants and posted on social media.

Innovation

This is the first booklet that deeply addresses these issues in Portuguese and constitutes a soft technology to instruct and assist patients with SSc.

Conclusion

The production of high-quality educational materials on oral health for patients with SSc is necessary. The online distribution increased its reach and had great importance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

How is the patient perspective captured in ANCA-associated vasculitis research? An integrative review

Objective

The aim was to describe how the patient perspective is captured in clinical research on ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

This integrative review included 2149 publications found in four different databases and manual searches. After screening, 156 articles remained. All articles were sorted and categorized, and 77 original articles were analysed further.

Results

The patient perspective was captured with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), single-item questionnaires, project-specific questionnaires and interviews. The most common aspects measured were health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression, and fatigue, and the least common were lifestyle habits, relationships and self-management.

Conclusion

The patient perspective was captured predominantly with generic PROMs and occasionally with a qualitative approach. AVV is a lifelong disease, and the results from this review show that not all aspects of importance to patients are covered with the PROMs used in research. Future studies should include the areas that are the most important for patients.

Systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis

Through this systematic literature review, we assembled evidence to inform the EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). We screened articles published between January 2000 and June 2021. Studies selected for data extraction (118 for SLE and 92 for SSc) were thematically categorised by the character of their intervention. Of 208 articles included, 51 were classified as robust in critical appraisal. Physical activity was the most studied management strategy and was found to be efficacious in both diseases. Patient education and self-management also constituted widely studied topics. Many studies on SLE found psychological interventions to improve quality of life. Studies on SSc found phototherapy and laser treatment to improve cutaneous disease manifestations. In summary, non-pharmacological management of SLE and SSc encompasses a wide range of interventions, which can be combined and provided either with or without adjunct pharmacological treatment but should not aim to substitute the latter when this is deemed required. While some management strategies i.e., physical exercise and patient education, are already established in current clinical practice in several centres, others e.g., phototherapy and laser treatment, show both feasibility and efficacy, yet require testing in more rigorous trials than those hitherto conducted.

Effects of non-pharmacological therapies on hand function and the ability to perform daily activities in people with systemic sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials

BACKGROUND

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease. Individuals with a diagnosis of SSc describe repercussions on their activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living that affect their everyday functional capacity. The objective of this systematic review was to explore the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to improve hand function and the ability to perform activities of daily living.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted on the Cochrane Library, Medline/PubMed, OTseeker, PEDro, Scopus, Web of Science up to September 10, 2022. Inclusion criteria were defined following PICOS recommendations (Populations, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome measures). Methodological quality was assessed with the Downs and Black Scale and risk of bias was assessed using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). A meta-analysis of each outcome was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 8 studies met the inclusion criteria, providing data on 487 individuals with SSc. The non-pharmacological intervention applied the most was exercise. The effects of non-pharmacological interventions were better than those of the waiting list or no treatment control conditions in both outcomes - hand function (mean difference [MD] = -6.98; 95% CI [-11.45, - 2.50], P = 0.002, I²  = 0%) and performance of daily activities (MD = -0.19; 95% CI [-0.33, - 0.04], P = 0.01, I²  = 0%). Moderate risk of bias was found in the majority of the studies included.

CONCLUSION

There is emerging evidence that non-pharmacological interventions can improve hand function and performance of daily activities in individuals with a diagnosis of SSc. Given the moderate risk of bias found in the studies included, the results should be considered with caution.

Mental Health Considerations in Chronic Disease

Each person who presents for scleroderma-focused care not only has their own psychosocial stressors in their day-to-day life but they also have scleroderma symptom-specific stressors as well as their own mental health reactions throughout their journey with this disease course. There are many actions patients can take to help and support themselves when they are faced with any of the mental health and social determinants of health stressors associated with this rare, chronic illness. Using the scleroderma specialty providers to inform, discuss, and address these areas with their patients can assist with more effective symptom and disease self-management.

Consensus-based recommendations on communication and education regarding primary care physical therapy for patients with systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop recommendations for communication and postgraduate education regarding primary care physical therapy for systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients.

METHODS

A virtual Nominal Group Technique was used with tasks forces for communication (n = 18) and education (n = 21). Both included rheumatologists, physical therapists (PTs) in primary, secondary or tertiary care, rheumatology nurses, advanced nurse practictioners and patient representatives. Three online meetings were organised for each task force to discuss (1) current bottlenecks; (2) potential solutions; and (3) the resulting draft recommendations. After the final adjustments, participants rated their level of agreement with each recommendation on a scale from 0 (not at all agree) to 100 (totally agree), using an online questionnaire.

RESULTS

19 and 34 recommendations were formulated for communication and education, respectively. For communication the main recommendations concerned the provision of an overview of primary care physical therapists with expertise in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases to patients and rheumatologists, the inclusion of the indication by the rheumatologist in the referral to the physical therapist and low-threshold communication with the rheumatologist in case of questions or concerns of the physical therapist. For postgraduate education three types of "on demand" educational offerings were recommended with varying levels of content and duration, to match the competencies and preferences of individual primary care physical therapists.

CONCLUSION

Using a systematic qualitative approach, two multi-stakeholder task forces developed practical recommendations for primary care physical therapists' communication with hospital-based care providers and postgraduate education regarding the treatment of SSc patients.

Association of pain and clinical factors on disability and quality of life in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study from Turkish League Against Rheumatism Network

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the factors associated with disability and quality of life (QoL) in Turkish patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Patients and methods: Between January 2018 and January 2019, a total of 256 SSc patients (20 males, 236 females; mean age: 50.9±12.4 years; range, 19 to 87 years) who were diagnosed with SSc were included in the study. Disability and health-related QoL (HRQoL) were evaluated by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), scleroderma HAQ (SHAQ), Duruöz Hand Index (DHI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Linear regression analysis methods were used to describe factors associated with disability and QoL of the patients.

Results: All disability scores were higher and HRQoL scores were lower in diffuse cutaneous SSc patients compared limited cutaneous SSc, and differentiations were significant (p=0.001 and p=0.007). In multiple regression, pain (VAS) was the strongest predictor for high disability and low QoL scores (p<0.001) as HAQ (β=0.397, 0.386, 0.452), SHAQ (β=0.397, 0.448, 0.372), DHI (β=0.446, 0.536, 0.389), PCS (β=-0.417,-0.499, -0.408) and MCS (β=-0.478, -0.441, -0.370) in combined, lcSSc and dcSSc patients respectively. The factors associated with high disability and low QoL scores were forced vital capacity for HAQ (β=-0.172, p=0.002) and SF-36 PCS (β=0.187, p=0.001); disease duration for HAQ (β=0.208, p<0.001), DHI (β=0.147, p=0.006), and SF-36 PCS (β=-0.134, p=0.014); 6-minute walk test for HAQ (β=-0.161, p=0.005) and SF-36 PCS (β=0.153, p=0.009); and modified Rodnan skin score for SHAQ (β=0.250, p<0.001) and DHI (β=0.233, p<0.001) in SSc patients. Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide for HAQ (β=-0.189, p=0.010) and SHAQ (β=-0.247, p=0.002); erythrocyte sedimentation rate for DHI (β=0.322, p<0.001); age for SF-36 PCS (β=-0.221, p=0.003) and body mass index for SF-36 PCS (β=-0.200, p=0.008) and MCS (β=-0.175, p=0.034) were the other variables associated with high disability or low QoL scores in SSc subsets.

Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the management of the pain and its sources as a key to improve better functional state and quality of daily life in SSc.

Current Utilization of Qualitative Methodologies in Dermatology: A Scoping Review

The focus of this review was to determine how qualitative methods are used in dermatology research and whether published manuscripts meet current standards for qualitative research. A scoping review of manuscripts published in English between January 1, 2016 and September 22, 2021 was conducted. A coding document was developed to collect information on authors, methodology, participants, research theme, and the presence of quality criteria as outlined by the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Manuscripts were included if they described original qualitative research about dermatologic conditions or topics of primary interest to dermatology. An adjacency search yielded 372 manuscripts, and after screening, 134 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies utilized interviews or focus groups, and researchers predominantly selected participants on the basis of disease status, including over 30 common and rare dermatologic conditions. Research themes frequently included patient experience of disease, development of patient-reported outcomes, and descriptions of provider and caregiver experiences. Although most authors explained their analysis and sampling strategy and included empirical data, few referenced qualitative data reporting standards. Missed opportunities for qualitative methods in dermatology include examination of health disparities, exploration of surgical and cosmetic dermatology experiences, and determination of the lived experience of and provider attitudes toward diverse patient populations.

Patient Assessment Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) and its associations with quality of life among Swiss patients with systemic sclerosis: a mixed methods study

BACKGROUND

The Chronic Care Model (CCM) is a longstanding and widely adopted model guiding chronic illness management. Little is known about how CCM elements are implemented in rare disease care or how patients' care experiences relate to health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We engaged patients living with systemic sclerosis (SSc) to assess current care according to the CCM from the patient perspective and their HRQoL.

METHODS

We employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. First, we conducted a cross-sectional quantitative survey (n = 101) using the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) and Systemic Sclerosis Quality of Life (SScQoL) questionnaires. Next, we used data from individual patient interviews (n = 4) and one patient focus group (n = 4) to further explore care experiences of people living with SSc with a focus on the PACIC dimensions.

RESULTS

The mean overall PACIC score was 3.0/5.0 (95% CI 2.8-3.2, n = 100), indicating care was 'never' to 'generally not' aligned with the CCM. Lowest PACIC subscale scores related to 'goal setting/tailoring' (mean = 2.5, 95% CI 2.2-2.7) and 'problem solving/contextual counselling' (mean = 2.9, 95% CI 2.7-3.2). No significant correlations were identified between the mean PACIC and SScQoL scores. Interviews revealed patients frequently encounter major shortcomings in care including 'experiencing organized care with limited participation', 'not knowing which strategies are effective or harmful' and 'feeling left alone with disease and psychosocial consequences'. Patients often responded to challenges by 'dealing with the illness in tailored measure', 'taking over complex coordination of care' and 'relying on an accessible and trustworthy team'.

CONCLUSIONS

The low PACIC mean overall score is comparable to findings in patients with common chronic diseases. Key elements of the CCM have yet to be systematically implemented in Swiss SSc management. Identified gaps in care related to lack of shared decision-making, goal-setting and individual counselling-aspects that are essential for supporting patient self-management skills. Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of complex care coordination tailored to individual patient needs.

Unmet Medical Needs in Chronic, Non-communicable Inflammatory Skin Diseases

An estimated 20-25% of the population is affected by chronic, non-communicable inflammatory skin diseases. Chronic skin inflammation has many causes. Among the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases are atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, urticaria, lichen planus, and hidradenitis suppurativa, driven by a complex interplay of genetics and environmental factors. Autoimmunity is another important cause of chronic skin inflammation. The autoimmune response may be mainly T cell driven, such as in alopecia areata or vitiligo, or B cell driven in chronic spontaneous urticaria, pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases. Rare causes of chronic skin inflammation are autoinflammatory diseases, or rheumatic diseases, such as cutaneous lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis. Whilst we have seen a significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment, several challenges remain. Especially for rarer causes of chronic skin inflammation, early diagnosis is often missed because of low awareness and lack of diagnostics. Systemic immunosuppression is the treatment of choice for almost all of these diseases. Adverse events due to immunosuppression, insufficient therapeutic responses and relapses remain a challenge. For atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, a broad spectrum of innovative treatments has been developed. However, treatment responses cannot be predicted so far. Hence, development of (bio)markers allowing selection of specific medications for individual patients is needed. Given the encouraging developments during the past years, we envision that many of these challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases will be thoroughly addressed in the future.

Identifying unmet needs in SSc-ILD by semi-qualitative in-depth interviews

OBJECTIVES

Interstitial lung disease is frequent in SSc (SSc-ILD) and associates with significantly reduced quality of life. Here we aimed to analyse patient pathways, and experiences of patients and healthcare providers (HCPs) in order to identify unmet needs in the management of SSc-ILD patients.

METHODS

Semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted in eight European countries looked at HCP (n = 95) and patient perspectives (n = 47) using two sets of 70 research questions. Pre-diagnostic, diagnostic and post-diagnostic phases of the patient pathway were systematically explored.

RESULTS

(i) In the pre-diagnostic phase several gaps were identified by HCPs and patients in all participating countries: limited disease knowledge among primary care physicians and specialists, lack of accurate patient information, and delayed and/or inappropriate referral. (ii) The diagnostic phase is in most countries coordinated by rheumatologists, who are also the main point of care. Depending on the local health system, organization of multidisciplinary collaboration varies. HCPs issued lack of national guidelines, while patients stated difficulties obtaining disease-related information. (iii) In the post-diagnostic phase, HCPs and patients indicated lack of curative treatment, specialized nurses, and paramedical  and psychological support. Patients and caregivers additionally expressed the need for clear information on SSc-ILD.

CONCLUSION

Lack of disease specific knowledge, gaps in national healthcare systems and insufficient information and support for patients and caregivers were identified as unmet needs to ensure timely diagnosis, provide better patient management and to improve quality of life in SSc-ILD patients.

Expert opinion and patients' in-depth interviews on the impact of pulmonary complications in systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To qualitatively explore the perceptions and opinions of experts dealing with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and patients with SSc on the impact of the disease and pulmonary complications on economic status, psycho-social wellbeing and the diagnostic and therapeutic journey, and to identify which strategies/interventions may be useful to address patients' and their family's needs.

METHODS

An expert meeting was conducted using the NGT to discuss the consequences of pulmonary complications on the Italian SSc community. The direct experience of five patients with SSc and pulmonary complications was described through in-depth interviews conducted by psychologists.

RESULTS

The experts' meeting and patients' in-depth interviews underline the complexity of SSc and the consequences of pulmonary involvement on patients' and caregivers' health-related quality of life, working ability, psychological wellbeing and social interactions. Panellists suggest that improved communication between physicians, associations and institutions could help protect the working status of patients with SSc. Granting patients disability benefits, providing access to part-time jobs and productivity-focused training could also help decrease the economic burden of the disease. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to reduce treatment burden, together with the implementation of standard diagnostic and therapeutic paths and increased use of telemedicine via platforms that ensure secure health data sharing. Both patients and caregivers may benefit from psychological support.

CONCLUSION

SSc and pulmonary fibrosis have profound consequences on patients' and caregivers' health-related quality of life, working ability, psychological wellbeing and social interactions. Some activities may help patients and families deal with these aspects of the disease.

Development and validation of a Patient-Reported Outcome in systemic sclerosis: the Hand scleroDerma lived Experience Scale (HAnDE Scale)

OBJECTIVES

to develop and validate a Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) scale-the HAnDE (Hand-ScleroDerma Disease lived Experience) scale-assessing the lived experience of hand involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

explanatory sequential mixed-method study with two phases: 1) PRO development through an Inductive Process to analyze the Structure of lived Experience approach, involving 21 SSc patients, 2) PRO validation by assessing the psychometric properties of the scale among 105 SSc patients.

RESULTS

1) Phase-1 enabled to generate the 18-item provisional scale. 2) The mean total score of the scale was 29,16 (SD 16,15). The item reduction process retained 16 items with 5 levels of answers (range 0-64). Internal consistency of the 16-item version was excellent (Cronbach-alpha coefficient=0,946). Construct validity was very good, the Principal Component Analysis being in favour of a unidimensional instrument, with one factor explaining 56% of the variance, and concurrent validity being confirmed: Cochin Hand Function Scale r=0,66; Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability index r=0.58; Hospital Anxiety Depression, anxiety r=0,51, depression r=0,4; Mouth Handicap in Systemic Sclerosis r=0,61; SF-36, physical component r=-0,48, mental component r=-0,46; and Kapandji score r=-0,46. The correlations were statistically significant (p<0,05).

CONCLUSION

We propose, for future trials and clinical practice in SSc, a new PRO the HAnDE scale, that assesses all the dimensions -functional, aesthetic, relational, existential, and emotional- of the lived experience of hand involvement.

Suitability for e-health of non-pharmacological interventions in connective tissue diseases: scoping review with a descriptive analysis

Objective

Non-pharmacological interventions support patients with connective tissue diseases to better cope with and self-manage their diseases. This study aimed to map existing evidence on non-pharmacological interventions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mixed connective tissue diseases regarding content, feasibility and potential suitability in an e-health setting.

Methods

A literature search was performed in eight different databases in July 2020. The intervention’s content was extracted using the ‘Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide’. A Sankey diagram and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and illustrate the relationships between the interventions.

Results

Of 8198 identified records, 119 papers were eligible. One hundred and four of them (87.4%) were conducted between 2000 and 2020, mainly in the USA (SLE n=24 (21.2%), SSc n=16 (14.2%)), Brazil (SLE n=8 (7.1%), SSc n=5 (4.4%)) and Italy (SLE n=0 (0%), SSc n=12 (10.6%)). Fifty-two studies (SLE n=24 (21.2%), SSc n=28 (24.8%)) used multicomponent interventions. The single interventions were physical exercises (SLE n=16 (14.2%), SSc n=17 (15.0%)), coaching/counselling (SLE n=11 (18.0%), SSc n=0 (0%)) and education (SLE n=2 (1.8%), SSc n=3 (2.7%)). Primary outcomes focused on physical function (SLE n=1 (0.9%), SSc n=15 (13.3%)), mouth opening in SSc (n=4 (5.9%)) and physical capacity (SLE n=2 (1.8%), SSc n=1 (0.9%)). No interventions for mixed connective tissue disease were found.

Conclusion

There was a great variety in the intervention’s content due to differences in body structure, activity limitations and participation restrictions in SLE and SSc. These results highlight the need for personalised, multicomponent, non-pharmacological interventions, which could be delivered as e-health interventions.

Fatigue Predicts Future Reduced Social Participation, not Reduced Physical Function or Quality of Life in People with Systemic Sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

Although fatigue is one of the most problematic symptoms for people with systemic sclerosis, little is known about how fatigue impacts daily life over time. Such information is important when developing fatigue management interventions. This study was conducted to examine 1) if fatigue severity predicted outcomes of worse functioning (social participation, physical function), and quality of life and 2) if level of self-efficacy moderated significant relationships between fatigue and these outcomes.

METHODS

Data were utilized from a clinical trial in which an online self-management intervention was tested (N = 267). Fatigue, social participation, and physical function were assessed by PROMIS measures. Quality of life was assessed by the EuroQol 5-domain instrument (EQ-5D-5L). Linear regressions were performed to examine how baseline fatigue related to functioning and quality of life outcomes 16 weeks later controlling for relevant covariates. PROMIS measures were used to measure self-efficacy in managing symptoms, daily activities, medications and treatments, emotions, and social interactions.

RESULTS

Fatigue at baseline significantly predicted social participation 16 weeks later; but did not predict physical functioning or quality of life. Self-efficacy variables did not moderate the association between fatigue and social participation.

CONCLUSION

Fatigue severity predicted decreased social participation in people with systemic sclerosis. Interventions targeting fatigue should include support to maintain participation of social roles and activities. The level of reported self-efficacy did not vary the strength of the association between fatigue and decline in social participation indicating that there may be other targets to treat fatigue intervention beyond self-management.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02494401.

Opening the black box of non-pharmacological care in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional online survey of Dutch health professionals

The objective is to describe the spectrum of the health professional (HP) treatment approach for systemic sclerosis (SSc) from the perspective of Dutch HPs, including alignment of treatment goals set by HPs with self-reported referral reasons, coverage of patient-reported unmet care needs, and quality of communication between HPs and rheumatologists. Dutch HPs were invited through their patients with SSc to complete an anonymous online survey. The survey covered referral reasons, treatment goals, and interventions of the last patient treated, as well as the perceived quality of communication between HPs and rheumatologists. Referral reasons and treatment targets were linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health following the refined ICF Linking Rules. Seventy-nine HPs from 8 professions (including 58 physiotherapists, 73%) completed the survey. One hundred and thirty-three different referral reasons were reported, yielding 58 different ICF codes, with 41 (70.7%) being linked to the ICF domain “body structures and functions.” The reported interventions focused on body functions/structures (27.9%), training of daily activities (25.6%), education and advice (26.3%), and psychosocial interventions (20.2%). The quality of communication between HPs and rheumatologists was perceived as low. Our findings revealed numerous treatment options offered by Dutch HPs addressing the unmet care needs of patients with SSc. There is an overlap in the content of the various HP disciplines, and HP treatment goals are not sufficiently aligned with referrals of rheumatologists. HP treatment offer seemed inefficiently organized, possibly precluding rheumatologists from making targeted referrals. Communication between rheumatologists and HPs should be improved.

Things left unsaid: important topics that are not discussed between patients with systemic sclerosis, their carers and their healthcare professionals-a discourse analysis

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare condition that can be complicated by interstitial lung fibrosis (SSc-ILD)—a major cause of mortality. This study explored information and communication needs of patients with SSc-ILD and their carers to understand what they are and whether they are met.

Methods

Qualitative research was performed, including in-depth individual interviews and observed conversations between pairs of patients, physicians and nurses, and between patients and physicians discussing experiences of SSc-ILD. The study was performed in Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the USA. Participants included 42 SSc-treating physicians, 21 patients with diagnosed SSc-ILD, 16 specialist nurses and five carers.

Results

Prognosis and mortality were the main unspoken topics acknowledged by patients, carers and healthcare professionals. Patients and carers felt afraid to ask physicians about mortality, and most physicians reported avoiding the question because their duty was to give patients hope and avoid causing additional distress. Patients often felt unable to ask physicians about relationships, family and work because of time constraints or because they felt these were not topics physicians would be concerned about. Often, specialist nurses felt that they had insufficient knowledge to provide adequate support.

Conclusion

Key topics, including mortality and prognosis, are rarely openly discussed, leaving patients uncertain and anxious about the future. By communicating about difficult but important topics, physicians and nurses could help patients and carers manage and plan their lives. This study shows that a multi-professional team-based communication approach is likely to better address patient needs and priorities.

Key Points

• Key topics in SSc or SSc-ILD, such as mortality and prognosis, are rarely openly discussed in clinical consultations.

• By communicating difficult but important topics, physicians and nurses could help patients manage their disease and plan their lives.

• A multi-professional team-based communication approach is likely to better address patient needs and priorities and could be easily implemented without the need for significant additional resources.

A specific method for qualitative medical research: the IPSE (Inductive Process to analyze the Structure of lived Experience) approach

BACKGROUND

This paper reports the construction and use of a specific method for qualitative medical research: The Inductive Process to Analyze the Structure of lived Experience (IPSE), an inductive and phenomenological approach designed to gain the closest access possible to the patients' experience and to produce concrete recommendations for improving care. This paper describes this innovative method.

METHODS

IPSE has five steps: 1) set up a research group, 2) ensure the originality of the research, 3) organize recruitment and sampling intended to optimize exemplarity, 4) collect data that enable entry into the subjects' experience, and 5) analyze the data. This final stage is composed of one individual descriptive phase, followed by two group phases: i) structure the experience, and ii) translate the findings into concrete proposals that make a difference in care.

RESULTS

This innovative method has provided original findings that have opened up new avenues of research and have important practical implications, including (1) the development of patient-reported outcomes, (2) clinical recommendations concerning assessment and treatment, (3) innovative ways to improve communication between patients and doctors, and (4) new insights for medical pedagogy.

CONCLUSIONS

IPSE is a qualitative method specifically developed for clinical medical research to reach concrete proposals, easily combined with quantitative research within a mixed-method study design and then directly integrated within evidence-based medicine.

Experiences of physical activity and exercise in individuals with systemic sclerosis: A qualitative study

INTRODUCTION

Exercise is emerging as an important part of the treatment in systemic sclerosis-patients with no-mild lung involvement. However, it has not been studied how patients experience physical activity and exercises. We thus explored and described experiences of physical activity/exercises in systemic sclerosis-individuals.

METHOD

Sixteen systemic sclerosis-patients were purposefully recruited to represent variation in gender, age, and lung disease. Semi-structured individual interviews were performed, transcribed and analyzed with qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Three themes (categories) emerged: 1) Essential for life and health (An effective treatment, Reduces fear of deterioration, and Feeling healthy and satisfied with oneself); 2) Disease-related hinders and other barriers (Disease consequences, Risk of worsening, and Non-disease related barriers); and 3) Self-care and/or support (Self-confidence in physical activity/exercise, and, Education and support from healthcare and other).

CONCLUSIONS

Physical activity/exercises were experienced as essential for life and health and as an effective treatment. It reduced fear of deterioration and made the participants feel healthy and satisfied with oneself. However, participants also experienced disease-related barriers like shortness of breath and pain, and they expressed a risk of worsening. Participants felt confidence in their physical activity/exercises and expressed that education and support from healthcare could be facilitating. Our findings add new knowledge about how systemic sclerosis-patients perceive physical activity/exercise and can contribute to the development of patient education and PA/exercise programs.

How do patients with systemic sclerosis experience currently provided healthcare and how should we measure its quality?

Objectives

To gain insight into SSc patients’ perspective on quality of care and to survey their preferred quality indicators.

Methods

An online questionnaire about healthcare setting, perceived quality of care (CQ index) and quality indicators, was sent to 2093 patients from 13 Dutch hospitals.

Results

Six hundred and fifty patients (mean age 59 years, 75% women, 32% limited cutaneous SSc, 20% diffuse cutaneous SSc) completed the questionnaire. Mean time to diagnosis was 4.3 years (s.d. 6.9) and was longer in women compared with men (4.8 (s.d. 7.3) vs 2.5 (s.d. 5.0) years). Treatment took place in a SSc expert centre for 58%, regional centre for 29% or in both for 39% of patients. Thirteen percent of patients was not aware of whether their hospital was specialized in SSc. The perceived quality of care was rated with a mean score of 3.2 (s.d. 0.5) (range 1.0–4.0). There were no relevant differences between expert and regional centres. The three prioritized process indicators were: good patient-physician interaction (80%), structural multidisciplinary collaboration (46%) and receiving treatment according to SSc guidelines (44%). Absence of disease progression (66%), organ involvement (33%) and digital ulcers (27%) were the three highest rated outcome indicators.

Conclusion

The perceived quality of care evaluated in our study was fair to good. No differences between expert and regional centres were observed. Our prioritized process and outcome indicators can be added to indicators suggested by SSc experts in earlier studies and can be used to evaluate the quality of care in SSc.

Cognitive dysfunction in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

For people with chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or systemic sclerosis (SSc), normal cognitive functions are essential for performing daily activities. These diseases may be associated with cognitive dysfunction (CD). In RA, CD has been associated with age, lower education and disease duration and activity. Great advances have been achieved in neuropsychiatric SLE in the identification of pathogenic pathways, assessment and possible treatment strategies. SSc rarely exerts direct effects on the brain and cognitive function. However, the psychological burden that includes depression, anxiety and social impact may be high. AIRD patients with sustained disease activity, organ damage or lower education should be evaluated for CD. The control of systemic inflammation together with tailored behavioural cognitive therapies may benefit these patients.

Challenges in physician-patient communication for optimal management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a discourse analysis

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, potentially life-threatening condition. The prognosis is difficult to predict, and treatment is complex. This can be difficult to understand or explain, posing challenges for effective physician-patient communication. Our study assessed communication between physicians and patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) to identify information gaps and needs.

Methods

Twenty-three 20-min consultations between physicians (rheumatologists, pulmonologists) and patients (19 real, 4 actors) with diagnosed SSc-ILD across 6 countries were observed and recorded. Interactional sociolinguistic discourse analysis was used to understand the pattern and meaning of communication, whether the needs of both participants were met, and the level of understanding between participants.

Results

In most consultations, patients were given little opportunity to explain their concerns or ask questions. Physicians used plain language but would revert to medical terminology for complex issues. Patients would also use medical terminology, despite not fully understanding the terms, which led to some physicians mistakenly believing that patients had a better understanding than they did. Differences in cognitive models between physicians and patients were often responsible for misunderstandings. However, during effective consultations, patients were invited to tell their story, and physicians used techniques to check and demonstrate understanding, express empathy and build rapport.

Conclusions

Communication challenges between physicians and patients limit joint understanding of SSc-ILD and may result in both parties misunderstanding important information and patients being less aware of self-help management approaches. Strategies should be developed with physicians to facilitate effective communication and increase patient understanding and support.

Construction of an ICF core set and ICF-based questionnaire assessing activities and participation in patients with systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVES

To develop an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) core set for SSc and to conceive a patient-centred ICF-based questionnaire assessing activities and participation in patients with SSc.

METHODS

The construction of the ICF core set followed two steps. In the first step, meaningful concepts related to SSc were collected using data source triangulation from patients (n = 18), experts (n = 10) and literature (n = 174 articles). In the second step, concepts were linked to the best-matching ICF categories by one reviewer according to prespecified linking rules. Finally, patient-reported activities and participation categories of the ICF core set were translated into understandable questions.

RESULTS

After linking concepts to ICF categories, 150 ICF categories were collected from focus groups, 22 from experts and 82 from literature. After fusion of the sources and removal of duplicates, the ICF core set included 164 categories: one at the first level, 157 at the second level and six at the third level, with 50 categories on body functions, 15 on body structures, 52 on activities and participation, and 47 on environmental factors. Patient-reported ICF categories on activities and participation were translated into a patient-centred ICF-based 65-item questionnaire.

CONCLUSION

The present study proposes an ICF core set that offers a conceptual framework for SSc patients' care and health policy. Using a patient-centred approach, a patient-centred ICF-based questionnaire, the Cochin Scleroderma ICF-65 questionnaire, assessing activities and participation in patients with SSc, was conceived.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01848418.

Patient and Physician Perspectives on Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease is challenging to diagnose and treat. Patients and physicians can perceive the disease differently and have different views on its management. Communication issues between them can lead to suboptimal disease management. Despite a clear need for improvement in the speed and accuracy of the diagnostic workup, the heterogeneity of clinical symptoms renders the process long and challenging. When considering treatment options, physicians may be more focused on the evidence supporting a particular treatment or on a patient's pulmonary function test results, as opposed to the realities of the patient's difficulties with symptoms or the psychosocial effects of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Disease management plans should be determined by the patient's own preferences and goals as well as the objective clinical situation. Health care providers must consider their patients as partners on a journey in which treatment decisions are reached jointly. This review will focus on the perspectives of physicians and patients in relation to the diagnosis and management of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Similarities and differences in these perspectives will be identified, and strategies for achieving optimal disease management will be proposed.

Developing a rare disease chronic care model: Management of systemic sclerosis (MANOSS) study protocol

AIM

The aim of the management of systemic sclerosis (MANOSS) study described in this protocol is to develop a chronic care model, based on a contextual analysis and stakeholder involvement, for patients living with the rare disease systemic sclerosis (SSc) in Switzerland.

DESIGN

Applying an implementation science approach, this study starts with an explanatory sequential mixed method study for contextual analysis, followed by broad stakeholder involvement for model development and a Delphi study to reach consensus.

METHODS

First, a quantitative cross-sectional survey with patients and healthcare professionals (HPs) will be conducted to identify current practice patterns of chronic illness management and technology readiness. Second, qualitative interviews with patients, family members and HPs will be performed to gain a deeper understanding of care needs identified in the quantitative survey. Third, a model of care will be co-created with input from patients, HPs and other experts. The eHealth enhanced Chronic Care Model will serve as a guiding framework. The new model and corresponding outcome parameters will be refined using a Delphi-study approach to reach consensus on a testable model of care for persons living with SSc. The protocol has received research ethics committee approval in September 2018 by the Swiss Ethics Committee.

DISCUSSION

The MANOSS study's participatory approach is essential for contextual fit of the model for patients with SSc in this setting. Subsequent feasibility testing and implementation are planned to evaluate the model's value in relation to health disparities faced by this patient population.

IMPACT

Patients living with this rare disease lack access to coordinated, specialized care and self-management support from qualified HPs. Reengineering of current care, with consideration for technological opportunities, is warranted to meet patients' and families' needs.

Patient perception of disease burden in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis

Purpose:

Systemic sclerosis is a rare multi-organ autoimmune rheumatic disease, resulting in progressive fibrosis of the skin/internal organs. This study aimed to understand the impact of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis symptoms and disease burden from the patient’s perspective.

Methods:

This was a mixed methodology, market research study involving ethnography, structured interviews, video diaries, and patient tasks. Patients had been diagnosed with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis for ⩾ 6 months and were recruited via healthcare professionals or patient associations (France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Patients filmed short (~15 min) daily video diaries about their lives over 7 days and participated in ethnographic sessions, patient tasks, and structured video interviews. In Germany and Spain, patients participated in 60-min telephone interviews.

Results:

Twenty-three patients (mean age: 54 years; 83% women; minimum disease duration: 6 months) participated in the study. Time to diagnosis was prolonged, as patients overlooked their symptoms and some healthcare professionals attributed symptoms to other causes. Patients rarely received additional information or support services at diagnosis. Importantly, although patients were aware of the seriousness of organ involvement, they reported that skin changes, pain, and fatigue impaired their ability to perform routine tasks. Patients had a high prescription treatment burden (mean: 10 tablets/day; up to >25 tablets/day) with additional non-prescription medication taken for other comorbidities. Treatment discontinuation was common due to side effects. Patients experienced diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis as a loss of independence and self-esteem. Moreover, patients tended to have small support networks, and emotional support services were not offered as standard care.

Conclusion:

Patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis had high treatment and disease burdens, with skin changes, pain, and fatigue profoundly affecting their lives. There is an unmet need for patient information at the time of diagnosis and emotional support services throughout the patient’s journey with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Based on the results of this study, we provide recommendations for improving diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis care.

Scleroderma patient perspectives on social support from close social relationships

Purpose: People with rare diseases must cope with many physical and psychological challenges; an endeavor that can be difficult to carry out without external support. The purpose of this study was to understand how patients with scleroderma perceive the social support they need and receive from close relationships to better manage their disease.Method: Four focus groups with patients (N = 19) were conducted. A semi-structured topic guide was used. Discussions were recorded and transcribed, and thematic analysis was performed.Results: Patients reported receiving emotional, informational, and instrumental support, with emotional support being a priority for them. Patients also referred to relational factors (i.e., communication style, active engagement, complementarity) that affected the social support received. More specifically, engaging in honest communication, carefully choosing sources of support, and having close relationships motivated to learn and get involved enhanced support. In contrast, patients who avoided interacting with others or speaking about scleroderma and close relationships with a lack understanding or involvement hindered support.Conclusions: Patients might benefit more from interventions aiming at coping with scleroderma as a collective. Findings from this study help better understand the unique experiences of scleroderma patients while receiving support from close relationships.Implications for RehabilitationPeople with scleroderma may benefit from receiving different types of support from their close social relationships, including emotional, informational, and instrumental support.Professionals working in the area of rehabilitation should encourage patients to identify close social relationships who have specialized knowledge and skills (e.g., comfort looking for resources and information on the Internet) to help them cope better with the challenges associated with scleroderma.As part of the proposed treatment, rehabilitation professionals should encourage patients to actively communicate their social support needs to close social relationships, as well as maintain an open and honest line of communication with them, which will improve their capacity to understand the patient and provide appropriate support.Rehabilitation professionals may support people with scleroderma by encouraging them to seek support from their close social relationships, but also by providing these close relationship with information and supportive services to learn new skills and better cope with their own distress.

Unmet Needs in Systemic Sclerosis Understanding and Treatment: the Knowledge Gaps from a Scientist's, Clinician's, and Patient's Perspective

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a highly heterogeneous disease caused by a complex molecular circuitry. For decades, clinical and molecular research focused on understanding the primary process of fibrosis. More recently, the inflammatory, immunological and vascular components that precede the actual onset of fibrosis, have become a matter of increasing scientific scrutiny. As a consequence, the field has started to realize that the early identification of this syndrome is crucial for optimal clinical care as well as for understanding its pathology. The cause of SSc cannot be appointed to a single molecular pathway but to a multitude of molecular aberrances in a spatial and temporal matter and on the backbone of the patient's genetic predisposition. These alterations underlie the plethora of signs and symptoms which patients experience and clinicians look for, ultimately culminating in fibrotic features. To solve this complexity, a close interaction among the patient throughout its "journey," the clinician through its clinical assessments and the researcher with its experimental design, seems to be required. In this review, we aimed to highlight the features of SSc through the eyes of these three professionals, all with their own expertise and opinions. With this unique setup, we underscore the importance of investigating the role of environmental factors in the onset and perpetuation of SSc, of focusing on the earliest signs and symptoms preceding fibrosis and on the application of holistic research approaches that include a multitude of potential molecular alterations in time in an unbiased fashion, in the search for a patient-tailored cure.

Challenges and strategies for coping with scleroderma: implications for a scleroderma-specific self-management program

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore challenges faced by patients with systemic sclerosis, also called scleroderma, in coping with their disease and the strategies they used to face those challenges. Method: Five focus groups were held with scleroderma patients (4 groups, n = 34) and health care professionals who have experience treating scleroderma (1 group, n = 8). Participants' discussions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants reported challenges accessing information (e.g., knowledgeable specialists), dealing with negative emotions (e.g., stress due to misunderstandings with loved ones), and accessing resources (e.g., helpful products or devices). Strategies for overcoming challenges were also discussed (e.g., advocating for own needs). Conclusion: When faced with significant challenges while coping with scleroderma, patients develop strategies to manage better and improve their quality of life. To help them cope, patients would benefit from easier access to supportive interventions, including tailored scleroderma self-management programs. Although the challenges experienced by patients with scleroderma are unique, findings from this study might help better understand patients' perspectives regarding coping and disease management for other chronic diseases as well. Implications for Rehabilitation People living with rare diseases, including the rare autoimmune disease scleroderma, face unique challenges and often do not have access to disease-specific educational or other support resources. People with scleroderma report that they face challenges in accessing information, including knowledgeable healthcare providers; managing difficult social interactions and negative emotions; and accessing resources. Strategies employed by scleroderma patients to overcome these challenges include seeking connections to other people with scleroderma or scleroderma patient organizations, actively seeking out local resources, and learning to communicate and advocate more effectively. Rehabilitation professionals can support people with scleroderma by providing them with information on connecting with scleroderma patient organizations or by facilitating local patient support networks.

Prospective associations between illness perceptions and health outcomes in patients with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-lagged analysis

Objective

Perceptions of patients with SLE and SSc are strongly associated with physical and psychological outcomes. This interplay is not yet fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prospective associations between illness perceptions and depressive symptoms, anxiety, perceived health status and disease activity in SLE and SSc patients.

Methods

Patients with SLE and SSc from a single-centre university hospital participated in a longitudinal study spanning 1 year. At both time points, participants completed the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for measuring depressive symptoms and anxiety; The EuroQol five-dimensions with 5 response levels for perceived health status; and disease activity was recorded. The directionality of the associations was investigated using cross-lagged path analysis.

Results

A total of 128 SLE and 113 SSc patients with a mean (s.d.) age of 46.28 (14.97) and 60.17 (10.82) years, respectively, and mean (S.D.) disease duration of 13.90 (9.31) and 8.48 (9.14) years, respectively, participated. In SLE, more depressive symptoms, more anxiety and worse perceived health status predicted a relative decrease in illness coherence 1 year later. More severe perceived consequences predicted a relative decrease in perceived health status. The perception of a more chronic time course predicted an increase in depressive symptoms. In SSc, reporting more depressive symptoms and more anxiety predicted a relative decrease in illness coherence. A good perceived health status and less reporting of depressive symptoms predicted a relative decrease in perceived consequences.

Conclusion

Evidence was obtained for reciprocal pathways between health outcomes and illness perceptions, although the predominant direction of effects was found to be from health outcomes to illness perceptions.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02655640.

Home-based cycling program tailored to older people with lumbar spinal stenosis: Barriers and facilitators

BACKGROUND

Lumbar-flexion-based endurance training, namely cycling, could be effective in reducing pain and improving function and health-related quality of life in older people with chronic low back pain.

OBJECTIVES

To assess barriers and facilitators to home-based cycling in older patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective mixed-method study. Patients≥50 years old followed up for LSS from November 2015 to June 2016 in a French tertiary care center were screened. The intervention consisted of a single supervised session followed by home-based sessions of cycling, with dose (number of sessions and duration, distance and power per session) self-determined by patient preference. The primary outcome was assessed by a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews at baseline and 3 months and was the identification of barriers and facilitators to the intervention. Secondary outcomes were assessed by a quantitative approach and were adherence monitored by a USB stick connected to the bicycle, burden of treatment assessed by the Exercise Therapy Burden Questionnaire (ETBQ) and clinical efficacy assessed by change in lumbar pain, radicular pain, disability, spine-specific activity limitation and maximum walking distance at 3 months.

RESULTS

Overall, 15 patients were included and data for 12 were analyzed at 3 months. At baseline, the mean age was 70.9 years (95% CI: 64.9-76.8) and 9/15 patients (60.0%) were women. Barriers to cycling were fear of pain and fatigue, a too large bicycle, burden of hospital follow-up and lack of time and motivation. Facilitators were clinical improvement, surveillance and ease-of-use of the bicycle. Adherence remained stable overtime. The burden of treatment was low [mean ETBQ score: 21.0 (95% confidence interval: 11.5-30.5)]. At 3 months, 7/12 patients (58.3%) self-reported clinical improvement, with reduced radicular pain and disability [mean absolute differences: -27.5 (-43.3 to -11.7), P<0.01 and -17.5 (-32.1 to -2.9), P=0.01, respectively].

CONCLUSIONS

For people with LSS, home-based cycling is a feasible intervention.