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Konar S, Leung S, Tay ML, Coleman B, Dalbeth N, Cornish J, Naot D, Musson DS. Novel In Vitro Platform for Studying the Cell Response to Healthy and Diseased Tendon Matrices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3293-3305. [PMID: 38666422 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Current in vitro models poorly represent the healthy or diseased tendon microenvironment, limiting the translation of the findings to clinics. The present work aims to establish a physiologically relevant in vitro tendon platform that mimics biophysical aspects of a healthy and tendinopathic tendon matrix using a decellularized bovine tendon and to characterize tendon cells cultured using this platform. Bovine tendons were subjected to various decellularization techniques, with the efficacy of decellularization determined histologically. The biomechanical and architectural properties of the decellularized tendons were characterized using an atomic force microscope. Tendinopathy-mimicking matrices were prepared by treating the decellularized tendons with collagenase for 3 h or collagenase-chondroitinase (CC) for 1 h. The tendon tissue collected from healthy and tendinopathic patients was characterized using an atomic force microscope and compared to that of decellularized matrices. Healthy human tendon-derived cells (hTDCs) from the hamstring tendon were cultured on the decellularized matrices for 24 or 48 h, with cell morphology characterized using f-actin staining and gene expression characterized using real-time PCR. Tendon matrices prepared by freeze-thawing and 48 h nuclease treatment were fully decellularized, and the aligned structure and tendon stiffness (1.46 MPa) were maintained. Collagenase treatment prepared matrices with a disorganized architecture and reduced stiffness (0.75 MPa), mimicking chronic tendinopathy. Treatment with CC prepared matrices with a disorganized architecture without altering stiffness, mimicking early tendinopathy (1.52 MPa). hTDCs on a healthy tendon matrix were elongated, and the scleraxis (SCX) expression was maintained. On tendinopathic matrices, hTDCs had altered morphological characteristics and lower SCX expression. The expression of genes related to actin polymerization, matrix degradation and remodeling, and immune cell invasion were higher in hTDCs on tendinopathic matrices. Overall, the present study developed a physiological in vitro system to mimic healthy tendons and early and late tendinopathy, and it can be used to better understand tendon cell characteristics in healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Konar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mei Lin Tay
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Brendan Coleman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland 1640, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dorit Naot
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David S Musson
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Lui PPY, Liang Z, Tan RM, Yung PSH. Establishment of a Mouse Degenerative Model of Patellar Tendinopathy with Upregulation of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3847. [PMID: 38612656 PMCID: PMC11011606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
There is no mouse model of patellar tendinopathy. This study aimed to establish a mouse inflammatory and degenerative patellar tendon injury model, which will facilitate research on patellar tendinopathy using advanced molecular tools including transgenic models. Collagenase at different doses (low dose (LD), medium dose (MD), high dose (HD)) or saline was injected over the mouse patellar tendon. At weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 post-injection, the tendons were harvested for histology and further examined by micro-computed tomography (microCT) imaging at week 8. The optimal dose group and the saline group were further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining, gait pattern, and biomechanical properties. The histopathological score increased dose-dependently post-collagenase injection. Ectopic mineralization was observed and increased with collagenase dose. The LD group was selected for further analysis. The expression of IL-10, TNF-α, and MMP-1 significantly increased post-injection. The changes of limb idleness index (ΔLII) compared to preinjury state were significantly higher, while the ultimate load, stiffness, ultimate stress, and maximum Young's modulus were significantly lower in the LD group compared to the saline group. A mouse inflammatory degenerative model of patellar tendon injury resembling tendinopathy was established as indicated by the dose-dependent increase in tendon histopathology, ectopic calcification, decrease in biomechanical properties, and pain-associated gait changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Vidal L, Lopez-Garzon M, Venegas V, Vila I, Domínguez D, Rodas G, Marotta M. A Novel Tendon Injury Model, Induced by Collagenase Administration Combined with a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel in Rats, Reproduces the Pathogenesis of Human Degenerative Tendinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1868. [PMID: 38339145 PMCID: PMC10855568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is a common clinical problem, but its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood, primarily due to the absence of a representative experimental model. The most widely used method to generate such a model is collagenase injection, although this method possesses limitations. We developed an optimized rat model of patellar tendinopathy via the ultrasound-guided injection of collagenase mixed with a thermo-responsive Pluronic hydrogel into the patellar tendon of sixty male Wistar rats. All analyses were carried out at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-injury. We confirmed that our rat model reproduced the pathophysiology observed in human patients through analyses of ultrasonography, histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical parameters. Tendons that were injured by the injection of the collagenase-Pluronic mixture exhibited a significant increase in the cross-sectional area (p < 0.01), a high degree of tissue disorganization and hypercellularity, significantly strong neovascularization (p < 0.01), important changes in the levels of types I and III collagen expression, and the organization and presence of intra-tendinous calcifications. Decreases in the maximum rupture force and stiffness were also observed. These results demonstrate that our model replicates the key features observed in human patellar tendinopathy. Collagenase is evenly distributed, as the Pluronic hydrogel prevents its leakage and thus, damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, this model is valuable for testing new treatments for patellar tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Vila
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Domínguez
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Yuan Z, Yu D, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang J, Ma C, Wu S. Early delivery of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improves healing in a rat model of Achilles tendinopathy. Regen Med 2024; 19:93-102. [PMID: 38415316 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the efficacy and optimal delivery time of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in treating collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: Achilles tendinopathy in rats at early or advanced stages was induced by injecting collagenase I into bilateral Achilles tendons. A total of 28 injured rats were injected with a hUC-MSC solution or normal saline into bilateral tendons twice and sampled after 4 weeks for histological staining, gene expression analysis, transmission electron microscope assay and biomechanical testing analysis. Results: The results revealed better histological performance and a larger collagen fiber diameter in the MSC group. mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-3 was lower after MSC transplantation. Early MSC delivery promoted collagen I and TIMP-3 synthesis, and strengthened tendon toughness. Conclusion: hUC-MSCs demonstrated a therapeutic effect in treating collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy, particularly in the early stage of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology
| | - Yanxue Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijiaqi Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Barber FA. Editorial Commentary: Dasatinib With Quercetin Shows Promise in Decreasing Age-Related Senescence in the Rotator Cuff Tendon-Can It Work Elsewhere? Arthroscopy 2024; 40:45-46. [PMID: 38123271 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a fundamental mechanism seen in all age-related diseases. Human supraspinatus tendon and adjacent bursal specimens evaluated for cellular senescence by immunohistochemistry and gene expression show more senescent cells in older patients. This confirms the observation that older patients are more likely to have rotator cuff pathology, and older age is associated with lower rates of rotator cuff healing and more frequent tendon retears. Senolytic drugs can selectively eliminate senescent cells without a localized or systemic impact. Tendon and bursal specimens co-cultured and then incubated with dasatinib and quercetin for 48 hours show a significant decrease in senescent cells. This suggests that these drugs may slow biological aging in rotator cuff tendons and offer the possibility of a clinically effective treatment for the aging rotator cuff tendon. Moreover, this concept is promising for the development of future effective therapies addressing tissue senescence.
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Altmann N, Bowlby C, Coughlin H, Belacic Z, Sullivan S, Durgam S. Interleukin-6 upregulates extracellular matrix gene expression and transforming growth factor β1 activity of tendon progenitor cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:907. [PMID: 37993850 PMCID: PMC10664499 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged inflammation during tendon healing and poor intrinsic healing capacity of tendon are causal factors associated with tendon structural and functional degeneration. Tendon cells, consisting of mature tenocytes and tendon progenitor cells (TPC) function to maintain tendon structure via extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Tendon cells can succumb to tissue cytokine/chemokine alterations during healing and consequently contribute to tendon degeneration. Interleukin-(IL-)1β, IL-6 and TNFα are key cytokines upregulated in injured tendons; the specific effects of IL-6 on flexor tendon-derived TPC have not been discerned. METHODS Passage 3 equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)-derived TPC were isolated from 6 horses. IL-6 impact on the viability (MMT assay with 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/mL concentrations), migration (scratch motility assay at 0, 10ng/mL concentration) of TPC in monolayer culture were assessed. IL-6 effect on tendon ECM and chondrogenic gene expression (qRT-PCR), TGFβ1 gene expression and activity (ELISA), and MMP-1, -3 and - 13 gene expression of TPC was evaluated. RESULTS IL-6 decreased TPC viability and migration. IL-6 treatment at 10 ng/mL significantly up-regulated TGFβ1 gene expression (6.3-fold; p = 0.01) in TPC, and significantly increased the TGFβ1 concentration in cell culture supernates. IL-6 (at 10 ng/mL) significantly up-regulated both tendon ECM (COL1A1:5.3-fold, COL3A1:5.4-fold, COMP 5.5-fold) and chondrogenic (COL2A1:3.9-fold, ACAN:6.2-fold, SOX9:4.8-fold) mRNA expression in TPC. Addition of SB431542, a TGFβ1 receptor inhibitor, to TPC in the presence of IL-6, attenuated the up-regulated tendon ECM and chondrogenic genes. CONCLUSION IL-6 alters TPC phenotype during in vitro monolayer culture. Pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of IL-6 have been implicated on tendon healing. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 induces TGFβ1 activity in TPC and affects the basal TPC phenotype (as evidenced via increased tendon ECM and chondrogenic gene expressions). Further investigation of this biological link may serve as a foundation for therapeutic strategies that modulate IL-6 to enhance tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Altmann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Charles Bowlby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haley Coughlin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zarah Belacic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stasia Sullivan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sushmitha Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Liang W, Zhou C, Meng Y, Fu L, Zeng B, Liu Z, Ming W, Long H. An overview of the material science and knowledge of nanomedicine, bioscaffolds, and tissue engineering for tendon restoration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1199220. [PMID: 37388772 PMCID: PMC10306281 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1199220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon wounds are a worldwide health issue affecting millions of people annually. Due to the characteristics of tendons, their natural restoration is a complicated and lengthy process. With the advancement of bioengineering, biomaterials, and cell biology, a new science, tissue engineering, has developed. In this field, numerous ways have been offered. As increasingly intricate and natural structures resembling tendons are produced, the results are encouraging. This study highlights the nature of the tendon and the standard cures that have thus far been utilized. Then, a comparison is made between the many tendon tissue engineering methodologies proposed to date, concentrating on the ingredients required to gain the structures that enable appropriate tendon renewal: cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and scaffold formation methods. The analysis of all these factors enables a global understanding of the impact of each component employed in tendon restoration, thereby shedding light on potential future approaches involving the creation of novel combinations of materials, cells, designs, and bioactive molecules for the restoration of a functional tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Guanghua Hospital, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfeng Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing City Keqiao District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyi Ming
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengguo Long
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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Peserico A, Barboni B, Russo V, Bernabò N, El Khatib M, Prencipe G, Cerveró-Varona A, Haidar-Montes AA, Faydaver M, Citeroni MR, Berardinelli P, Mauro A. Mammal comparative tendon biology: advances in regulatory mechanisms through a computational modeling. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175346. [PMID: 37180059 PMCID: PMC10174257 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is high clinical demand for the resolution of tendinopathies, which affect mainly adult individuals and animals. Tendon damage resolution during the adult lifetime is not as effective as in earlier stages where complete restoration of tendon structure and property occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tendon regeneration remain unknown, limiting the development of targeted therapies. The research aim was to draw a comparative map of molecules that control tenogenesis and to exploit systems biology to model their signaling cascades and physiological paths. Using current literature data on molecular interactions in early tendon development, species-specific data collections were created. Then, computational analysis was used to construct Tendon NETworks in which information flow and molecular links were traced, prioritized, and enriched. Species-specific Tendon NETworks generated a data-driven computational framework based on three operative levels and a stage-dependent set of molecules and interactions (embryo-fetal or prepubertal) responsible, respectively, for signaling differentiation and morphogenesis, shaping tendon transcriptional program and downstream modeling of its fibrillogenesis toward a mature tissue. The computational network enrichment unveiled a more complex hierarchical organization of molecule interactions assigning a central role to neuro and endocrine axes which are novel and only partially explored systems for tenogenesis. Overall, this study emphasizes the value of system biology in linking the currently available disjointed molecular data, by establishing the direction and priority of signaling flows. Simultaneously, computational enrichment was critical in revealing new nodes and pathways to watch out for in promoting biomedical advances in tendon healing and developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve current clinical interventions.
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Chai Y, Pu X, Wu Y, Tian X, Li Q, Zeng F, Wang J, Gao J, Gong H, Chen Y. Inhibitory effect of Astragalus Membranaceus on osteoporosis in SAMP6 mice by regulating vitaminD/FGF23/Klotho signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4464-4474. [PMID: 34304712 PMCID: PMC8806665 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1946633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous senile osteoporosis severely threatens the health of the senior population which has emerged as a severe issue for society. A SAMP6 mouse model was utilized to estimate the impact of intragastrically administered Astragalus Membranaceus (AR) on spontaneous senile osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microstructure were measured using Micro-CT; contents of calcium and phosphorus were determined with the colorimetric method; and gene and protein expressions of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), Klotho, Vitamin D receptor (VDR), CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were detected using qPCR, Western blot and ELISA assays, respectively. The findings indicated that AR could improve the femoral BMD and bone microstructure, elevate the contents of calcium and phosphorus, and increase the expression of Klotho, VDR, and CYP27B1 whereas decreasing the expression of FGF23 and CYP24A1 in SAMP6 mice in a dose independent manner. The present study has demonstrated that AR can promote osteogenesis and alleviate osteoporosis. It is also expected to provide a new insight for the treatment of spontaneous senile osteoporosis and to serve as a research basis for AR application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chai
- Resource Institute for Chinese Ethnic Materia Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Pu
- College of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- College of graduate, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xingzhong Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou No.5 Hospital, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of graduate, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fanyong Zeng
- Department of Urology Surgery, Dejiang Nation Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongren, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of graduate, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Huaqian Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Arvind V, Huang AH. Reparative and Maladaptive Inflammation in Tendon Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:719047. [PMID: 34350166 PMCID: PMC8327090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.719047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and debilitating, with non-regenerative healing often resulting in chronic disease. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular and molecular regulators of tendon healing, the role of inflammation in tendon healing is less well understood. While inflammation underlies chronic tendinopathy, it also aids debris clearance and signals tissue repair. Here, we highlight recent findings in this area, focusing on the cells and cytokines involved in reparative inflammation. We also discuss findings from other model systems when research in tendon is minimal, and explore recent studies in the treatment of human tendinopathy to glean further insights into the immunobiology of tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Arvind
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Siadat SM, Zamboulis DE, Thorpe CT, Ruberti JW, Connizzo BK. Tendon Extracellular Matrix Assembly, Maintenance and Dysregulation Throughout Life. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:45-103. [PMID: 34807415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In his Lissner Award medal lecture in 2000, Stephen Cowin asked the question: "How is a tissue built?" It is not a new question, but it remains as relevant today as it did when it was asked 20 years ago. In fact, research on the organization and development of tissue structure has been a primary focus of tendon and ligament research for over two centuries. The tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to overall tissue function; it gives the tissue its unique mechanical properties, exhibiting complex non-linear responses, viscoelasticity and flow mechanisms, excellent energy storage and fatigue resistance. This matrix also creates a unique microenvironment for resident cells, allowing cells to maintain their phenotype and translate mechanical and chemical signals into biological responses. Importantly, this architecture is constantly remodeled by local cell populations in response to changing biochemical (systemic and local disease or injury) and mechanical (exercise, disuse, and overuse) stimuli. Here, we review the current understanding of matrix remodeling throughout life, focusing on formation and assembly during the postnatal period, maintenance and homeostasis during adulthood, and changes to homeostasis in natural aging. We also discuss advances in model systems and novel tools for studying collagen and non-collagenous matrix remodeling throughout life, and finally conclude by identifying key questions that have yet to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danae E Zamboulis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Ruberti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brianne K Connizzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Citeroni MR, Ciardulli MC, Russo V, Della Porta G, Mauro A, El Khatib M, Di Mattia M, Galesso D, Barbera C, Forsyth NR, Maffulli N, Barboni B. In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6726. [PMID: 32937830 PMCID: PMC7555358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is the term used to refer to tendon disorders. Spontaneous adult tendon healing results in scar tissue formation and fibrosis with suboptimal biomechanical properties, often resulting in poor and painful mobility. The biomechanical properties of the tissue are negatively affected. Adult tendons have a limited natural healing capacity, and often respond poorly to current treatments that frequently are focused on exercise, drug delivery, and surgical procedures. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify key molecular and cellular processes involved in the progression of tendinopathies to develop effective therapeutic strategies and drive the tissue toward regeneration. To treat tendon diseases and support tendon regeneration, cell-based therapy as well as tissue engineering approaches are considered options, though none can yet be considered conclusive in their reproduction of a safe and successful long-term solution for full microarchitecture and biomechanical tissue recovery. In vitro differentiation techniques are not yet fully validated. This review aims to compare different available tendon in vitro differentiation strategies to clarify the state of art regarding the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Citeroni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Miriam Di Mattia
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Devis Galesso
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Barbera
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
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Gupta A, El-Amin SF, Levy HJ, Sze-Tu R, Ibim SE, Maffulli N. Umbilical cord-derived Wharton's jelly for regenerative medicine applications. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:49. [PMID: 32054483 PMCID: PMC7017504 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-1553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The last decade has seen an explosion in the interest in using biologics for regenerative medicine applications, including umbilical cord-derived Wharton’s Jelly. There is insufficient literature assessing the amount of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles including exosomes in these products. The present study reports the development of a novel Wharton’s jelly formulation and evaluates the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles including exosomes. Methods Human umbilical cords were obtained from consenting caesarian section donors. The Wharton’s jelly was then isolated from the procured umbilical cord and formulated into an injectable form. Randomly selected samples from different batches were analyzed for sterility testing and to quantify the presence of growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles. Results All samples passed the sterility test. Growth factors including IGFBP 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, TGF-α, and PDGF-AA were detected. Several immunomodulatory cytokines, such as RANTES, IL-6R, and IL-16, were also detected. Pro-inflammatory cytokines MCSFR, MIP-1a; anti-inflammatory cytokines TNF-RI, TNF-RII, and IL-1RA; and homeostatic cytokines TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were observed. Cytokines associated with wound healing, ICAM-1, G-CSF, GDF-15, and regenerative properties, GH, were also expressed. High concentrations of hyaluronic acid were observed. Particles in the extracellular vesicle size range were also detected and were enclosed by the membrane, indicative of true extracellular vesicles. Conclusion There are numerous growth factors, cytokines, hyaluronic acid, and extracellular vesicles present in the Wharton’s jelly formulation analyzed. The amount of these factors in Wharton’s jelly is higher compared with other biologics and may play a role in reducing inflammation and pain and augment healing of musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Gupta
- BioIntegrate, New York, NY, USA.,South Texas Orthopaedic Research Institute, Laredo, TX, USA.,Department of Psychology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL, USA.,Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA, USA
| | - Saadiq F El-Amin
- BioIntegrate, New York, NY, USA.,El-Amin Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Institute, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Howard J Levy
- BioIntegrate, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Sze-Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy. .,Queen Mary University of London Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, London, England. .,Keele University Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Stoke on Trent, England.
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Abstract
Tendons link muscle to bone and transfer forces necessary for normal movement. Tendon injuries can be debilitating and their intrinsic healing potential is limited. These challenges have motivated the development of model systems to study the factors that regulate tendon formation and tendon injury. Recent advances in understanding of embryonic and postnatal tendon formation have inspired approaches that aimed to mimic key aspects of tendon development. Model systems have also been developed to explore factors that regulate tendon injury and healing. We highlight current model systems that explore developmentally inspired cellular, mechanical, and biochemical factors in tendon formation and tenogenic stem cell differentiation. Next, we discuss in vivo, in vitro, ex vivo, and computational models of tendon injury that examine how mechanical loading and biochemical factors contribute to tendon pathologies and healing. These tendon development and injury models show promise for identifying the factors guiding tendon formation and tendon pathologies, and will ultimately improve regenerative tissue engineering strategies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K Theodossiou
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Nathan R Schiele
- Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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