Next-generation des-r-carboxy prothrombin for immunohistochemical assessment of vascular invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma

Research progress of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common pathologic type of primary liver cancer. Liver transplantation (LT) is a radical strategy for treating patients with early-stage HCC, which may lead to a better prognosis compared to hepatectomy and ablation. However, survival of patients who develop HCC recurrence after LT is short, and early recurrence is the most common cause of death. Thus, efficient biomarkers are also needed in LT to guide precision therapy to improve patient prognosis and 5-year survival. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) is an abnormal prothrombin that cannot activate coagulation, and it is significantly increased in patients with HCC, obstructive jaundice, and those taking vitamin K antagonists. Over the past decades, substantial progress has been made in the study of PIVKA-II in diagnosing, surveilling, and treating HCC, but its role in LT still needs to be elaborated. In this review, we focused on the role of PIVKA-II as a biomarker in LT for HCC, especially its relationship with clinicopathologic features, early recurrence, long-term survival, and donor-recipient selection.

Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II: Experience to date and future directions

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer with high mortality. The realization of precision medicine in HCC relies upon efficient biomarkers. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II) is an immature prothrombin with insufficient coagulation activity, overexpressing in HCC cells. Previous evidence confirmed the role of PIVKA-II in screening and diagnosing HCC. However, the increased PIVKA-II was observed not only in HCC, but also in non-HCC individuals such as vitamin K deficiency. The joint detection of PIVKA-II and other biomarkers could significantly improve diagnostic accuracy in HCC. Furthermore, PIVKA-II serves as a valuable prognostic predictor, transplantation eligibility, resectability, tumor recurrence, therapeutic efficacy, and malignant tumor behaviors. Additionally, PIVKA-II represents a potential target for agent development to establish new therapeutic strategies. Besides HCC, PIVKA-II also serves as a biomarker of vitamin K status. In this review, we assess the role of PIVKA-II in diagnosis, prediction, and treatment. Over the past decades, substantial progress has been achieved in the application of PIVKA-II. Exploration and innovation are required for further advances in the field of PIVKA-II investigation.

Predictive biomarkers for systemic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the third cancer-related cause of death worldwide. In recent years, several systemic therapy drugs including sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucicurab, nivilumab, and pembrolizumab have been approved by FDA for advanced HCC. However, their insufficient efficacy, toxicity, and drug resistance require clinically applicable and validated predictive biomarkers.Areas covered: Our review covers the recent advancements in the identification of proteomic/genomic/epigenomic/transcriptomic biomarkers for predicting HCC treatment efficacy with the use of multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs), CDK4/6 inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Alpha-fetoprotein, des-carboxyprothrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and dysregulated MTOR, VEGFR2, c-KIT, RAF1, PDGFRβ have the potential of proteomic/genomic biomarkers for sorafenib treatment. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and albumin-bilirubin grade can predict the efficacy of other MKIs. Rb, p16, and Ki-67, and genes involved in cell cycle regulation, CDK1-4, CCND1, CDKN1A, and CDKN2A have been proposed for CD4/6 inhibitors, while dysregulated TERT, CTNNB1, TP53 FGF19, and TP53 are found to be predictors for ICI efficacy.Expert opinion: There are still limited clinically applicable and validated predictive biomarkers to identify HCC patients who benefit from systemic therapy. Further prospective biomarker validation studies for HCC personalized systemic therapy are required.

PROZ May Serve as a Prognostic Biomarker for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Objective

The occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate potential diagnostic or prognostic markers for early HCC by applying bioinformatic analysis.

Methods

The gene expression profiles of early HCC and normal tissues from a TCGA dataset were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and then analysed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The integrated genes were selected to construct the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and determine the hub genes. The prognostic impact of the hub genes was then analysed.

Results

A total of 508 integrated genes were selected from the 615 DEGs and 8956 genes in the turquoise module. A PPI network was constructed, and the top 20 hub genes, including apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4), fibrinogen gamma chain (FGG), vitamin K-dependent protein Z (PROZ), secreted phosphoprotein 24 (SPP2) and fetuin-B (FETUB), were identified. Only PROZ was significantly associated with the prognosis of early HCC.

Conclusion

In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of PROZ was decreased in early HCC compared with normal liver controls, and low PROZ expression might result in poor overall survival of early HCC.

Different Characteristics of Serum Alfa Fetoprotein and Serum Des-gamma-carboxy Prothrombin in Resected Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIM

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mainly develops in the damaged liver from hepatitis C virus (HCV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Japan. On the other hand, the occurrence of HCCs derived from the liver without viral infection has recently been increasing. Our aim was to identify characteristics specific to HCCs with virus-infected liver (HCC-BC) or those with non-B- and non-C-infected liver (HCC-NBNC), Patients and Methods: We collected preoperative serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) and Des-Gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin (DCP), also known as PIVKA-II values from surgically resected HCC cases during 1994-2017 in our department.

RESULTS

Preoperative serum AFP values of HCC-BC cases (n=284) were higher compared to HCC-NBNC cases (n=88) (p=0.016), whereas serum DCP values of HCC-NBNC cases were higher compared to HCC-BC cases (p<0.001). Multivariable analyses indicated that abnormal serum AFP [hazard ratio (HR)=1.46, 95% conficdence interval (CI)=1.03-2.07, p=0.035) was one of the significant recurrence-free survival predictors of HCC-BC cases, while abnormal serum DCP (HR=4.99, 95%CI=1.91-13.01, p=0.001) was one of the significant recurrence-free survival predictors of HCC-NBNC cases.

CONCLUSION

HCC-NBNC cases have a different tumor marker profile from HCC-BC cases. Elevated DCP could be both a diagnostic and prognostic marker of HCC-NBNC patients.