1
|
Piccirillo M, Pucinischi V, Mennini M, Strisciuglio C, Iannicelli E, Giallorenzi MA, Furio S, Ferretti A, Parisi P, Di Nardo G. Gastrointestinal bleeding in children: diagnostic approach. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:13. [PMID: 38263189 PMCID: PMC10807079 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different conditions may underlie gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in children. The estimated prevalence of GIB in children is 6.4%, with spontaneous resolution in approximately 80% of cases. Nonetheless, the initial approach plays a pivotal role in determining the prognosis. The priority is the stabilization of hemodynamic status, followed by a systematic diagnostic approach. GIB can originate from either upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, leading to a broad differential diagnosis in infants and children. This includes benign and self-limiting disorders, alongside serious conditions necessitating immediate treatment. We performed a nonsystematic review of the literature, in order to describe the variety of conditions responsible for GIB in pediatric patients and to outline diagnostic pathways according to patients' age, suspected site of bleeding and type of bleeding which can help pediatricians in clinical practice. Diagnostic modalities may include esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography and, when necessary, magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we critically assess these procedures, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations concerning specific clinical scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Piccirillo
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucinischi
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mennini
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Elsa Iannicelli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Radiology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Agostina Giallorenzi
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Radiology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Furio
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferretti
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Nardo
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shah S, Tseng M, Durojaiye A. A Rare Case of Acquired Factor VIII Deficiency in an Elderly Male With a History of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cureus 2023; 15:e44169. [PMID: 37753049 PMCID: PMC10519439 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) or factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency is caused by autoantibodies targeting FVIII in the blood coagulation pathway; it is a rare condition making it challenging to diagnose. A timely diagnosis is crucial, without which there is a risk of catastrophic bleeding. We report a case of a patient with a history of duodenal arteriovenous malformations, previously on apixaban, who presented with four days of melena. On admission he was found to have a hemoglobin of 5.7 and elevated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), promoting further workup showing FVIII levels of <1%, with a mixing study that failed to correct suggesting the presence of inhibitors against FVIII. Other characteristics of this patient's cases included controlled rheumatoid arthritis without detectable rheumatoid factor or increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The patient was initially treated with prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulins, but an insufficient response prompted the initiation of recombinant factor VII, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide during hospitalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Shah
- Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Michael Tseng
- Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Ashimiyu Durojaiye
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Wang N, Mei Z, Gao X, Shi Z. Repeated bleeding caused by acquired hemophilia A after endoscopic submucosal dissection: A case report and literature review. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:129. [PMID: 36845961 PMCID: PMC9947572 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract lesions, and hemorrhage is one of the most common complications. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of hemorrhage after ESD in patients with acquired hemophilia A (AHA). Firstly, a case of AHA with multiple bleeding events after ESD is reported. Colonoscopy was used to perform ESD treatment of the submucosal tumor, and immunohistochemical analysis was used to analyze the tumor properties. Secondly, literature relevant to postoperative hemorrhage caused by AHA was researched and analyzed, with the changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) before and after operation, coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) activity, FVIII inhibitor value and treatment plan noted. The majority of patients with AHA had no history of coagulation disorder or genetic disease and showed a normal APTT. However, it was found that the APTT value gradually increased after bleeding. In addition, the APTT correction test did not correct for prolonged APTT and FVIII antibody positivity in AHA. There was no bleeding or bleeding tendency prior to surgery in patients with AHA. The study concludes that when repeated bleeding and a poor hemostatic effect occurs, it is necessary to be alerted to the possibility of AHA, as an early diagnosis is essential for effective hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimou Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohong Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Professor Zhaohong Shi, Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, 215 Zhongshan Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matsuoka A, Sasaki Y, Kubodera A, Hayashi K, Shimizu R, Toriihara A, Nakamura A, Furukawa K, Tanaka H. Acquired Hemophilia A Presenting with Infectious Aortic Aneurysms Due to an Underlying Helicobacter cinaedi Infection. Intern Med 2021; 60:3947-3952. [PMID: 34121015 PMCID: PMC8758458 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7517-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a bleeding disorder caused by the acquired appearance of inhibitor for factor VIII. Approximately half of all patients with AHA have some type of underlying disease. We herein report the case of a 72-year-old Japanese man with AHA who presented with infectious aortic aneurysms due to an underlying Helicobacter cinaedi infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AHA triggered by a bacterial infection; however, there may be similar cases that remain undiagnosed because this pathogen is difficult to identify. Clinicians should consider the possibility of H. cinaedi as a causative pathogen in patients presenting with a fever of unknown origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Matsuoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuya Sasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Japan
| | - Ai Kubodera
- Department of Hematology, Asahi General Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Shimizu
- Department of Hematology, Asahi General Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Infectious Disease, Asahi General Hospital, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Unexplained hemorrhagic syndrome? Consider acquired hemophilia A or B. Blood Rev 2021; 53:100907. [PMID: 34776294 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There is a dire need to develop an algorithm to improve the recognition of acquired hemophilia A and B (AHA and AHB) in clinical practice. Initial and intensive care unit (ICU) management of the disorder is particular and represents a challenge for the internist/hematologist and the ICU physician. A delay in the proper treatment of bleeding episodes can lead to a life-threatening event. Expert advice should be sought as soon as possible. Succesful resolution involves accurate diagnosis, bleeding control with hemostatic and immunotherapy, and eradication of the autoantibodies to improve overall survival. Current treatment guidelines are based on the literature in the form of cases and observational studies due to a lack of randomized controlled trials. AH can be triggered by many pathologies, presenting as a paraneoplastic syndrome in case of malignancies or as surgical associated acquired hemophilia (SAHA). We have reviewed the literature from 2015 to 2021 regarding the new case reports to further assess if there is an improvement in the clinical approach.
Collapse
|