1
|
Wu D, Yin R, Chen G, Ribeiro-Filho HV, Cheung M, Robbins PF, Mariuzza RA, Pierce BG. Structural characterization and AlphaFold modeling of human T cell receptor recognition of NRAS cancer neoantigens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595215. [PMID: 38826362 PMCID: PMC11142219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize cancer neoantigens are important for anti-cancer immune responses and immunotherapy. Understanding the structural basis of TCR recognition of neoantigens provides insights into their exquisite specificity and can enable design of optimized TCRs. We determined crystal structures of a human TCR in complex with NRAS Q61K and Q61R neoantigen peptides and HLA-A1 MHC, revealing the molecular underpinnings for dual recognition and specificity versus wild-type NRAS peptide. We then used multiple versions of AlphaFold to model the corresponding complex structures, given the challenge of immune recognition for such methods. Interestingly, one implementation of AlphaFold2 (TCRmodel2) was able to generate accurate models of the complexes, while AlphaFold3 also showed strong performance, although success was lower for other complexes. This study provides insights into TCR recognition of a shared cancer neoantigen, as well as the utility and practical considerations for using AlphaFold to model TCR-peptide-MHC complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichao Wu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rui Yin
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Guodong Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Helder V. Ribeiro-Filho
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Cheung
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Paul F. Robbins
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brian G. Pierce
- W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McShan AC, Flores-Solis D, Sun Y, Garfinkle SE, Toor JS, Young MC, Sgourakis NG. Conformational plasticity of RAS Q61 family of neoepitopes results in distinct features for targeted recognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8204. [PMID: 38081856 PMCID: PMC10713829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The conformational landscapes of peptide/human leucocyte antigen (pHLA) protein complexes encompassing tumor neoantigens provide a rationale for target selection towards autologous T cell, vaccine, and antibody-based therapeutic modalities. Here, using complementary biophysical and computational methods, we characterize recurrent RAS55-64 Q61 neoepitopes presented by the common HLA-A*01:01 allotype. We integrate sparse NMR restraints with Rosetta docking to determine the solution structure of NRASQ61K/HLA-A*01:01, which enables modeling of other common RAS55-64 neoepitopes. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry experiments alongside molecular dynamics simulations reveal differences in solvent accessibility and conformational plasticity across a panel of common Q61 neoepitopes that are relevant for recognition by immunoreceptors. Finally, we predict binding and provide structural models of NRASQ61K antigens spanning the entire HLA allelic landscape, together with in vitro validation for HLA-A*01:191, HLA-B*15:01, and HLA-C*08:02. Our work provides a basis to delineate the solution surface features and immunogenicity of clinically relevant neoepitope/HLA targets for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C McShan
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr NW, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - David Flores-Solis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi Sun
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samuel E Garfinkle
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jugmohit S Toor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael C Young
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Sgourakis
- Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Timis T, Bergthorsson JT, Greiff V, Cenariu M, Cenariu D. Pathology and Molecular Biology of Melanoma. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5575-5597. [PMID: 37504268 PMCID: PMC10377842 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost every death in young patients with an advanced skin tumor is caused by melanoma. Today, with the help of modern treatments, these patients survive longer or can even achieve a cure. Advanced stage melanoma is frequently related with poor prognosis and physicians still find this disease difficult to manage due to the absence of a lasting response to initial treatment regimens and the lack of randomized clinical trials in post immunotherapy/targeted molecular therapy settings. New therapeutic targets are emerging from preclinical data on the genetic profile of melanocytes and from the identification of molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of malignant transformation. In the current paper, we present the diagnostic challenges, molecular biology and genetics of malignant melanoma, as well as the current therapeutic options for patients with this diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanase Timis
- Department of Oncology, Bistrita Emergency Hospital, 420094 Bistrita, Romania;
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagotu 53, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland;
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Cenariu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saiag P, Molinier R, Roger A, Boru B, Otmezguine Y, Otz J, Valery CA, Blom A, Longvert C, Beauchet A, Funck-Brentano E. Efficacy of Large Use of Combined Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in a Cohort of Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy-Treated Melanoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174069. [PMID: 36077606 PMCID: PMC9454723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the role of radiotherapy in anti-PD-1-treated melanoma patients, we studied retrospectively a cohort of 206 consecutive anti-PD-1 monotherapy-treated advanced melanoma patients (59% M1c/d, 50% ≥ 3 metastasis sites, 33% ECOG PS ≥ 1, 33% > 1st line, 32% elevated serum LDH) having widely (49%) received concurrent radiotherapy, with RECIST 1.1 evaluation of radiated and non-radiated lesions. Overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survivals were calculated using Kaplan−Meier. Radiotherapy was performed early (39 patients) or after 3 months (61 patients with confirmed anti-PD-1 failure). The first radiotherapy was hypofractionated extracranial radiotherapy to 1−2 targets (26 Gy-4 weekly sessions, 68 patients), intracranial radiosurgery (25 patients), or palliative. Globally, 67 (32.5% [95% CI: 26.1−38.9]) patients achieved complete response (CR), with 25 CR patients having been radiated. In patients failing anti-PD-1, PFS and OS from anti-PD-1 initiation were 16.8 [13.4−26.6] and 37.0 months [24.6−NA], respectively, in radiated patients, and 2.2 [1.5−2.6] and 4.3 months [2.6−7.1], respectively, in non-radiated patients (p < 0.001). Abscopal response was observed in 31.5% of evaluable patients who radiated late. No factors associated with response in radiated patients were found. No unusual adverse event was seen. High-dose radiotherapy may enhance CR rate above the 6−25% reported in anti-PD-1 monotherapy or ipilimumab + nivolumab combo studies in melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saiag
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-09-56-73; Fax: +33-(0)1-49-09-56-85
| | - Rafaele Molinier
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Anissa Roger
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Blandine Boru
- Department of Radiology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Yves Otmezguine
- Oncology Centre, Porte de Saint-Cloud Clinic, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Joelle Otz
- Department of Radiotherapy, Curie Hospital, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | | | - Astrid Blom
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Christine Longvert
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alain Beauchet
- Department of Public Health, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP & UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Elisa Funck-Brentano
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 “Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology”, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schuler M, Zimmer L, Kim KB, Sosman JA, Ascierto PA, Postow MA, De Vos FY, van Herpen CM, Carlino MS, Johnson DB, Berking C, Reddy MB, Harney AS, Berlin JD, Amaria RN. Phase Ib/II Trial of Ribociclib in Combination with Binimetinib in Patients with NRAS-mutant Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3002-3010. [PMID: 35294522 PMCID: PMC9365377 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhanced MAPK pathway signaling and cell-cycle checkpoint dysregulation are frequent in NRAS-mutant melanoma and, as such, the regimen of the MEK inhibitor binimetinib and the selective CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib is a rational combination. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a phase Ib/II, open-label study of ribociclib + binimetinib in patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma (NCT01781572). Primary objectives were to estimate the MTD/recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of the combination (phase Ib) and to characterize combination antitumor activity at the RP2D (phase II). Tumor genomic characterization and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics were also evaluated. RESULTS Ten patients (16.4%) experienced dose-limiting toxicities in cycle 1 of phase Ib. Overall response rate in the phase II cohort (n = 41) for the selected RP2D (binimetinib 45 mg twice daily + ribociclib 200 mg once daily, 21 days on/7 days off) was 19.5% [8/41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.8-34.9]. The response rate was 32.5% (13/40; 95% CI, 20.1-48.0) in patients with NRAS mutation with concurrent alterations of CDKN2A, CDK4, or CCND1. Median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI, 3.5-5.6) and median overall survival was 11.3 months (95% CI, 9.3-14.2) for all patients. Common treatment-related toxicities included creatine phosphokinase elevation, rash, edema, anemia, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Pharmacokinetics and safety were consistent with single-agent data, supporting a lack of drug-drug interaction. CONCLUSIONS Ribociclib + binimetinib can be safely administered and is clinically active in patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma. Co-mutations of cell-cycle genes may define a population with greater likelihood of treatment benefit. See related commentary by Moschos, p. 2977.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schuler
- West German Cancer Center Essen, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Zimmer
- West German Cancer Center Essen, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin B. Kim
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern Medical Group, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paolo A. Ascierto
- Melanoma Unit, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael A. Postow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Filip Y.F.L. De Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matteo S. Carlino
- Westmead Hospital, Crown Princess, Mary Cancer Centre, Corner of Hawkesbury and Darcy Roads, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Australia Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Vanderbilt Clinic, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jordan D. Berlin
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, The Vanderbilt Clinic, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rodabe N. Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Author: Rodabe N. Amaria, Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-745-5530; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheung K, Bossler AD, Mott SL, Zeisler M, McKillip J, Zakharia Y, Swick BL, Powers JG. The Genetics of Early-Stage Melanoma in a Veteran Population. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887768. [PMID: 35712493 PMCID: PMC9196270 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve understanding of the genetic signature of early-stage melanomas in Veterans, hotspot mutation profiling using next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on melanoma tissue samples from patients at the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Genetic analysis identified BRAF (36.3%), TP53 (25.9%), NRAS (19.3%), CDKN2A (11.1%), KIT (8.1%), and BAP1 (7.4%) mutations with the highest prevalence. Although common variants in BRAF were detected at lower rates than what is reported for the general population, 55.6% of cases showed activating mutations in the RAS/RAF pathways. Variants in TP53 and KIT were detected at higher rates than in the general population. Veterans with prior history of melanoma were at significantly higher odds of having TP53 mutation (OR = 2.67, p = 0.04). This suggests that TP53 may be a marker for recurrent melanoma and possibly alternative exposures in the military population. This study provides new information regarding the genetics of melanoma in a Veteran population and early-stage melanomas, highlighting risk factors unique to this population and contributing to the conversation about preventing melanoma deaths in US Military personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cheung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Bossler
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah L Mott
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Megan Zeisler
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Julie McKillip
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brian L Swick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jennifer G Powers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murphy BM, Terrell EM, Chirasani VR, Weiss TJ, Lew RE, Holderbaum AM, Dhakal A, Posada V, Fort M, Bodnar MS, Carey LM, Chen M, Burd CJ, Coppola V, Morrison DK, Campbell SL, Burd CE. Enhanced BRAF engagement by NRAS mutants capable of promoting melanoma initiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3153. [PMID: 35672316 PMCID: PMC9174180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct profile of NRAS mutants is observed in each tumor type. It is unclear whether these profiles are determined by mutagenic events or functional differences between NRAS oncoproteins. Here, we establish functional hallmarks of NRAS mutants enriched in human melanoma. We generate eight conditional, knock-in mouse models and show that rare melanoma mutants (NRAS G12D, G13D, G13R, Q61H, and Q61P) are poor drivers of spontaneous melanoma formation, whereas common melanoma mutants (NRAS Q61R, Q61K, or Q61L) induce rapid tumor onset with high penetrance. Molecular dynamics simulations, combined with cell-based protein-protein interaction studies, reveal that melanomagenic NRAS mutants form intramolecular contacts that enhance BRAF binding affinity, BRAF-CRAF heterodimer formation, and MAPK > ERK signaling. Along with the allelic series of conditional mouse models we describe, these results establish a mechanistic basis for the enrichment of specific NRAS mutants in human melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Terrell
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Lew
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrea M Holderbaum
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aastha Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Valentina Posada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marie Fort
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael S Bodnar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Leiah M Carey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Melixetian M, Pelicci PG, Lanfrancone L. Regulation of LncRNAs in Melanoma and Their Functional Roles in the Metastatic Process. Cells 2022; 11:577. [PMID: 35159386 PMCID: PMC8834033 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of numerous intracellular processes leading to tumorigenesis. They are frequently deregulated in cancer, functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. As they act through multiple mechanisms, it is not surprising that they may exert dual functions in the same tumor. In melanoma, a highly invasive and metastatic tumor with the propensity to rapidly develop drug resistance, lncRNAs play different roles in: (i) guiding the phenotype switch and leading to metastasis formation; (ii) predicting the response of melanoma patients to immunotherapy; (iii) triggering adaptive responses to therapy and acquisition of drug resistance phenotypes. In this review we summarize the most recent findings on the lncRNAs involved in melanoma growth and spreading to distant sites, focusing on their role as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and patient prognosis, or targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Melixetian
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.G.P.)
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.G.P.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (P.G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang C, Radi RH, Arbiser JL. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Melanoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113197. [PMID: 34831420 PMCID: PMC8618235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and its associated alterations in cellular pathways have been growing areas of interest in research, especially as specific biological pathways are being elucidated. Some of these alterations include changes in the mitochondrial metabolism in melanoma. Many mitochondrial metabolic changes lead to differences in the survivability of cancer cells and confer resistance to targeted therapies. While extensive work has gone into characterizing mechanisms of resistance, the role of mitochondrial adaptation as a mode of resistance is not completely understood. In this review, we wish to explore mitochondrial metabolism in melanoma and how it impacts modes of resistance. There are several genes that play a major role in melanoma mitochondrial metabolism which require a full understanding to optimally target melanoma. These include BRAF, CRAF, SOX2, MCL1, TRAP1, RHOA, SRF, SIRT3, PTEN, and AKT1. We will be discussing the role of these genes in melanoma in greater detail. An enhanced understanding of mitochondrial metabolism and these modes of resistance may result in novel combinatorial and sequential therapies that may lead to greater therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Huang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.H.); (R.H.R.)
| | - Rakan H. Radi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.H.); (R.H.R.)
| | - Jack L. Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.H.); (R.H.R.)
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(404)-727-5063; Fax: +1-(404)-727-0923
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wertheim-Tysarowska K, Szczygielski O, Seliga K, Tysarowski A, Bal J, Michalak E, Rygiel AM, Sawicka E. The retrospective molecular analysis of large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi in a group of Polish children. JOURNAL OF MOTHER AND CHILD 2021; 25:19-24. [PMID: 34643354 PMCID: PMC8603851 DOI: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20212501.d-21-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Large and giant congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), benign naevomelanocytic proliferations derived from neural crests, with a projected adult size (PAS) ≥ 20 cm, are connected to a high risk of melanoma and neurocutaneous melanosis. Among several factors, genetic alterations seem to be involved in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to analyse the mutation status of NRAS and BRAF genes in resection specimens from large or giant CMN in a group of Polish patients. Material and methods The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resection specimens from 18 patients, fixed in the years of 2006 to 2017, were included in the study. The regions containing the highest load of melanocytes were macrodissected prior to DNA isolation. The NRAS and BRAF mutation status was evaluated using qPCR. Results We detected activating mutations in NRAS gene (codons: 12 and 61) in 7 out of the 18 (38.9%) patients. No BRAF mutations were found. Conclusion Our study, the first molecular analysis of large/giant CMN in Polish patients, supports the hypothesis that NRAS mutation in codon 61 are frequent, recurrent mutations in large/giant CMN. Moreover, we show, for the first time, that NRAS mutations in codon 12 (p.Gly12Asp) can be also detected in giant CMN. The exact role of these genetic alterations in CMN formation remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Orest Szczygielski
- Clinic of Surgery of Children and Adolescents, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Seliga
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Translational and Molecular Oncology Department, W. K. Roentgena 5, PL 02-781, Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Tysarowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Translational and Molecular Oncology Department, W. K. Roentgena 5, PL 02-781, Warsaw Poland
| | - Jerzy Bal
- Institute of Mother and Child, Medical Genetics Department, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Michalak
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Pathology, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Sawicka
- Clinic of Surgery of Children and Adolescents, Kasprzaka 17a, PL 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sheffels E, Kortum RL. The Role of Wild-Type RAS in Oncogenic RAS Transformation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050662. [PMID: 33924994 PMCID: PMC8146411 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS family of oncogenes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are among the most frequently mutated protein families in cancers. RAS-mutated tumors were originally thought to proliferate independently of upstream signaling inputs, but we now know that non-mutated wild-type (WT) RAS proteins play an important role in modulating downstream effector signaling and driving therapeutic resistance in RAS-mutated cancers. This modulation is complex as different WT RAS family members have opposing functions. The protein product of the WT RAS allele of the same isoform as mutated RAS is often tumor-suppressive and lost during tumor progression. In contrast, RTK-dependent activation of the WT RAS proteins from the two non-mutated WT RAS family members is tumor-promoting. Further, rebound activation of RTK–WT RAS signaling underlies therapeutic resistance to targeted therapeutics in RAS-mutated cancers. The contributions of WT RAS to proliferation and transformation in RAS-mutated cancer cells places renewed interest in upstream signaling molecules, including the phosphatase/adaptor SHP2 and the RasGEFs SOS1 and SOS2, as potential therapeutic targets in RAS-mutated cancers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Identification of robust reference genes for studies of gene expression in FFPE melanoma samples and melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:26-38. [PMID: 31567589 PMCID: PMC6940030 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. There is an urgent need for novel diagnostic melanoma biomarkers that can predict increased risk of metastasis at an early stage. Relative quantification of gene expression is the preferred method for quantitative validation of potential biomarkers. However, this approach relies on robust tissue-specific reference genes. In the melanoma field, this has been an obstacle due to lack of validated reference genes. Accordingly, we aimed to identify robust reference genes for normalization of gene expression in melanoma. The robustness of 24 candidate reference genes was evaluated across 80 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded melanomas of different thickness, −/+ ulceration, −/+ reported cases of metastases and of different BRAF mutation status using quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of the same genes and their robustness as normalizers was furthermore evaluated across a number of melanoma cell lines. We show that housekeeping genes like GAPDH do not qualify as stand-alone normalizers of genes expression in melanoma. Instead, we have as the first identified a panel of robust reference genes for normalization of gene expression in melanoma tumors and cultured melanoma cells. We recommend using a geometric mean of the expression of CLTA, MRPL19 and ACTB for normalization of gene expression in melanomas and a geometric mean of the expression of CASC3 and RPS2 for normalization of gene expression in melanoma cell lines. Normalization, according to our recommendation will allow for quantitative validation of potential novel melanoma biomarkers by quantitative real-time PCR.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tran KB, Gimenez G, Tsai P, Kolekar S, Rodger EJ, Chatterjee A, Jabed A, Shih JH, Joseph WR, Marshall ES, Wang Q, Print CG, Eccles MR, Baguley BC, Shepherd PR. Genomic and signalling pathway characterization of the NZM panel of melanoma cell lines: A valuable model for studying the impact of genetic diversity in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:136-143. [PMID: 32567790 PMCID: PMC7818249 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a disease associated with a very high mutation burden and thus the possibility of a diverse range of oncogenic mechanisms that allow it to evade therapeutic interventions and the immune system. Here, we describe the characterization of a panel of 102 cell lines from metastatic melanomas (the NZM lines), including using whole‐exome and RNA sequencing to analyse genetic variants and gene expression changes in a subset of this panel. Lines possessing all major melanoma genotypes were identified, and hierarchical clustering of gene expression profiles revealed four broad subgroups of cell lines. Immunogenotyping identified a range of HLA haplotypes as well as expression of neoantigens and cancer–testis antigens in the lines. Together, these characteristics make the NZM panel a valuable resource for cell‐based, immunological and xenograft studies to better understand the diversity of melanoma biology and the responses of melanoma to therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh B Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory Gimenez
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sharada Kolekar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euan J Rodger
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anower Jabed
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jen-Hsing Shih
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne R Joseph
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elaine S Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Funck-Brentano E, Baghad B, Fort M, Aouidad I, Roger A, Beauchet A, Otmezguine Y, Blom A, Longvert C, Boru B, Saiag P. Efficacy of late concurrent hypofractionated radiotherapy in advanced melanoma patients failing anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1707-1714. [PMID: 32083739 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Advanced melanoma patients who failed anti-PD-1 therapy have limited options. We analyzed a cohort of 133 advanced melanoma patients receiving anti-PD-1 monotherapy in a referral center between April 2015 and December 2017, and included the 26 patients with confirmed progressive (PD) or stable disease who received additional radiotherapy with an unmodified anti-PD-1 mAb regimen. Tumor evaluations were done on radiated and nonradiated (RECIST 1.1) lesions, with abscopal effect defined as a partial (PR) or complete response (CR) outside radiated fields. Primary endpoint was the CR + PR rate in radiated + nonradiated lesions. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), melanoma-specific survival (MSS) and safety. First late radiotherapy, consisting of hypofractionated radiotherapy (3-5 sessions, 20-26 Gy), standard palliative radiotherapy or brain radiosurgery was begun after a median of 6.3 months of anti-PD-1 in 23, 2 and 1 patient(s), respectively. Best response was 8 (31%) CR, 2 (8%) profound PR allowing surgical resection of remaining metastases and 16 (62%) PD. Abscopal effect was seen in 35% of patients. Median PFS and MSS since anti-PD-1 initiation was 15.2 [95% CI: 8.0 not achieved (na)] and 35.3 [95% CI: 18.5 na] months, respectively. PFS curves seemed to achieve a plateau. We discontinued anti-PD-1 therapy in 9/10 of patients with no residual evaluable disease and observed one relapse after a median of 10 months off anti-PD1-therapy. No unusual adverse event was recorded. Limitations of the study include its retrospective nature and limited size. Hypofractionated radiotherapy may enhance anti-PD1 monotherapy efficacy in patients who previously failed anti-PD-1 therapy. Controlled studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Funck-Brentano
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Bouchra Baghad
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Magali Fort
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Iman Aouidad
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Anissa Roger
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Alain Beauchet
- Department of Public Health, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Astrid Blom
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Christine Longvert
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Boru
- Department of Radiology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, APHP & EA 4340 Biomarkers in Cancerology and Hemato-Oncology, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oliveira KC, Ramos IB, Silva JM, Barra WF, Riggins GJ, Palande V, Pinho CT, Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Santos SE, Assumpcao PP, Burbano RR, Calcagno DQ. Current Perspectives on Circulating Tumor DNA, Precision Medicine, and Personalized Clinical Management of Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:517-528. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Zeng H, Judson-Torres RL, Shain AH. The Evolution of Melanoma - Moving beyond Binary Models of Genetic Progression. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:291-297. [PMID: 31623932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, over 1000 melanocytic neoplasms, spanning all stages of tumorigenesis, have been sequenced, offering detailed views into their -omic landscapes. This has coincided with advances in genetic engineering technologies that allow molecular biologists to edit the human genome with extreme precision and new mouse models to simulate disease progression. In this review, we describe how these technologies are being harnessed to provide insights into the evolution of melanoma at an unprecedented resolution, revealing that prior models of melanoma evolution, in which pathways are turned 'on' or 'off' in a binary fashion during the run-up to melanoma, are oversimplified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zeng
- University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert L Judson-Torres
- University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - A Hunter Shain
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doma V, Kárpáti S, Rásó E, Barbai T, Tímár J. Dynamic and unpredictable changes in mutant allele fractions of BRAF and NRAS during visceral progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:786. [PMID: 31391014 PMCID: PMC6686548 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data indicate that primary cutaneous melanomas are characterized by clonal heterogeneity associated with oncogenic drivers. Less data are available on the clonal changes occurring during melanoma progression. We therefore wished to analyse these changes in skin melanomas in common sites of visceral metastases as compared to the primary tumor. Methods An autopsy cohort of 50 patients with BRAF- and NRAS-mutant cutaneous metastatic melanomas including 139 visceral metastases was analysed for mutant allele fractions (MAF), determined by pyrosequencing and corrected for tumor/normal ratio. MAF levels were also classified as high (> 40%), medium (15–40%) or low (< 15%). Results Contrary to NRAS mutant cases, in BRAF-mutant melanomas MAFs were found to be significantly increased in visceral metastases compared to the primary due to the significantly higher levels in lung-, adrenal gland-, intestinal- and kidney metastases. The incidence of the three MAF variants in BRAF-mutant primaries was similar, whereas the high MAF cases were found to be increased in metastases. On the other hand, medium MAF levels were more common in case of NRAS-mutant tumors. Only 31.3% of BRAF mutant- and 50% of NRAS mutant cases maintained the MAF profile of the primary in metastasis. In the majority of multiple metastatic tumors, (BRAF:71.8%, NRAS:75%) metastases were relatively homogeneous regarding MAF. However, in 6/32(18.7%) of BRAF mutant cases low MAF primaries switched to high MAF in metastases. In heterogeneous BRAF mutant metastatic cases low to high or high to low MAF conversions occurred in a further 4/32(12.5%) cases in individual metastases as compared to the primary tumors. At lower frequency, in NRAS mutant tumor such changes also observed (2/12,16.7%). Conclusion We provided evidence for the selection of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells during metastatic progression to the lung, intestine, adrenal gland and kidney. Our findings suggest that in visceral metastases of malignant melanoma BRAF- or NRAS-MAFs are rather heterogeneous and cannot be predicted from data of the primary tumor. These data may have clinical significance when using targeted therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5990-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Doma
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllői, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Rásó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllői, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - T Barbai
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllői, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - J Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllői, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roger A, Finet A, Boru B, Beauchet A, Mazeron JJ, Otzmeguine Y, Blom A, Longvert C, de Maleissye MF, Fort M, Funck-Brentano E, Saiag P. Efficacy of combined hypo-fractionated radiotherapy and anti-PD-1 monotherapy in difficult-to-treat advanced melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1442166. [PMID: 30034949 PMCID: PMC6053300 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1442166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the role of radiotherapy in anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody-treated melanoma patients is limited. We report on a prospective cohort of advanced melanoma patients treated simultaneously with radiotherapy and anti-PD-1 therapy between 01/01/15 and 30/06/16. Tumor evaluations (RECIST 1.1) were performed every 3 months on radiated and non-radiated lesions. Twenty-five advanced melanoma patients (64% AJCC stage IV M1c, 64% on second-line treatment or more, 60% with elevated LDH serum levels) were included. Radiotherapy was performed early (median: 24 days) after the first anti-PD-1 dose in 15 patients with rapidly progressing symptomatic lesion(s) or later (median: 5.4 months) in 10 patients with progressive disease (PD) despite PD-1 blockade. Radiotherapy was limited to one organ in 24 patients and consisted mainly of hypo-fractioned radiotherapy (median dose 26 Gy in 3–5 fractions, 17 patients) or brain radiosurgery (5 patients). Median follow-up after first anti-PD-1 dose was 16.9 m (range 2.7-27.4), with 44% of patients alive at last follow-up. For radiated lesions, rates of complete (CR), partial (PR) responses, stable disease (SD) or PD were 24%, 12%, 24%, and 32%, respectively. For non-radiated lesions, rates of CR, PR, SD, and PD were 20%, 19%, 12%, and 40%, respectively. Responses achieved after radiotherapy for radiated and non-radiated areas were correlated (Pearson correlation r: 0.89, P<0.0001) suggesting an abscopal effect. Five patients with CR remained disease-free after discontinuation of anti-PD-1 for a median of 9.5 months. No unusual adverse event was recorded. Hypo-fractionated radiotherapy may enhance efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in difficult-to-treat patients. Controlled studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Roger
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Adeline Finet
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Blandine Boru
- Department of Radiology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alain Beauchet
- Department of Public Health, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP & UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Mazeron
- Department of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Pitié-Salpetrière hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yves Otzmeguine
- Oncology centre, Porte de Saint-Cloud Clinic, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Astrid Blom
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Christine Longvert
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Marie-Florence de Maleissye
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Magali Fort
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Elisa Funck-Brentano
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Department of General and Oncologic Dermatology, Ambroise-Paré hospital, APHP, & EA 4340 "Biomarkers in cancerology and hemato-oncology", UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| |
Collapse
|