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Reyserhove L, Samaey G, Muylaert K, Coppé V, Van Colen W, Decaestecker E. A historical perspective of nutrient change impact on an infectious disease in Daphnia. Ecology 2018; 98:2784-2798. [PMID: 28845593 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in food quality can play a substantial role in the vulnerability of hosts to infectious diseases. In this study, we focused on the genetic differentiation of the water flea Daphnia magna towards food of different quality (by manipulating C:N:P ratios) and its impact on the interaction with a virulent infectious disease, "White Fat Cell Disease (WFCD)". Via a resurrection ecology approach, we isolated two Daphnia subpopulations from different depths in a sediment core, which were exposed to parasites and a nutrient ratio gradient in a common garden experiment. Our results showed a genetic basis for sensitivity towards food deprivation. Both fecundity and host survival was differently affected when fed with low-quality food. This strongly impacted the way both subpopulations interacted with this parasite. A historical reconstruction of nutrient changes in a sediment core reflected an increase in organic material and phosphorus concentration (more eutrophic conditions) over time in the studied pond. These results enable us to relate patterns of genetic differentiation in sensitivity towards food deprivation to an increasing level of eutrophication of the subpopulations, which ultimately impacts parasite virulence effects. This finding was confirmed via a dynamic energy budgets (DEB), in which energy was partitioned for the host and the parasite. The model was tailored to our study by integrating (1) increased growth and a fecundity shift in the host upon parasitism and (2) differences of food assimilation in the subpopulations showing that a reduced nutrient assimilation resulted in increased parasite virulence. The combination of our experiment with the DEB model shows that it is important to consider genetic diversity when studying the impact of nutritional stress on species interactions, especially in the context of changing environments and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Reyserhove
- KU Leuven, Interdisciplinary Research Facility Life Sciences, KULAK, Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Samaey
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- KU Leuven, Interdisciplinary Research Facility Life Sciences, KULAK, Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium
| | - Vincent Coppé
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Willem Van Colen
- KU Leuven, Interdisciplinary Research Facility Life Sciences, KULAK, Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- KU Leuven, Interdisciplinary Research Facility Life Sciences, KULAK, Campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium
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Frantz A, Perga M, Guillard J. Parasitic versus nutritional regulation of natural fish populations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8713-8725. [PMID: 30271539 PMCID: PMC6157692 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although parasites are expected to affect their host's fitness, quantitative proof for impacts of parasitism on wild populations is hampered by confounding environmental factors, including dietary resource. Herein, we evaluate whether the physiological conditions of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in three large peri-alpine lakes (Geneva, Annecy, and Bourget) depend on (a) the nutritional status of the juvenile fish, as revealed by stable isotope and fatty acid compositions, (b) the prevalence of the tapeworm Triaenophorus nodulosus, a parasite transmitted to perch through copepod preys, or (c) interactive effects of both factors. At the scale of lake populations, the deficit in growth and fat storage of juvenile perch during their first summer coincides with a high parasite prevalence and also a low quality of dietary resource. Yet, at the individual level, parasites had no evident effect on the growth of the juvenile perch, while impacts on fat storage appeared only at the highest prevalence of the most infected lake. Fatty acid and stable isotope analyses of fish tissue do not reveal any impact of T. nodulosus on diet, physiology, and feeding behaviour of fish within lakes. Overall, we found a low impact of parasitism on the physiological condition and trophic status of juvenile perch at the end of their first summer. We find instead that juvenile perch growth and fat storage, both factors tied to their winter survival, are under strong nutritional constraints. However, the coinciding nutritional constraints and parasite prevalence of perch juveniles in these three lakes may result from the indirect effect of lake nutrient concentrations, which, as a major control of zooplankton communities, simultaneously regulate both the dietary quality of fish prey and the host-parasite encounter rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Frantz
- UMR 042 CARRTELINRA – University Savoie Mont BlancThonon‐les‐BainsFrance
| | - Marie‐Elodie Perga
- UMR 042 CARRTELINRA – University Savoie Mont BlancThonon‐les‐BainsFrance
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jean Guillard
- UMR 042 CARRTELINRA – University Savoie Mont BlancThonon‐les‐BainsFrance
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Sanders AJ, Taylor BW. Using ecological stoichiometry to understand and predict infectious diseases. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Sanders
- Dept of Applied Ecology; North Carolina State Univ.; Raleigh NC 27695 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
| | - Brad W. Taylor
- Dept of Applied Ecology; North Carolina State Univ.; Raleigh NC 27695 USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
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Frainer A, McKie BG, Amundsen PA, Knudsen R, Lafferty KD. Parasitism and the Biodiversity-Functioning Relationship. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:260-268. [PMID: 29456188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions can influence ecosystem functioning by enhancing or suppressing the activities of species that drive ecosystem processes, or by causing changes in biodiversity. However, one important class of species interactions - parasitism - has been little considered in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BD-EF) research. Parasites might increase or decrease ecosystem processes by reducing host abundance. Parasites could also increase trait diversity by suppressing dominant species or by increasing within-host trait diversity. These different mechanisms by which parasites might affect ecosystem function pose challenges in predicting their net effects. Nonetheless, given the ubiquity of parasites, we propose that parasite-host interactions should be incorporated into the BD-EF framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frainer
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037 Norway; Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037 Norway.
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037 Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037 Norway
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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5
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Tellenbach C, Tardent N, Pomati F, Keller B, Hairston NG, Wolinska J, Spaak P. Cyanobacteria facilitate parasite epidemics in Daphnia. Ecology 2017; 97:3422-3432. [PMID: 27912017 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton community of lake ecosystems can have severe implications for higher trophic levels. For herbivorous zooplankton such as Daphnia, cyanobacteria have poor nutritional value and some species can produce toxins affecting zooplankton survival and reproduction. Here we present another, hitherto largely unexplored aspect of cyanobacteria, namely that they can increase Daphnia susceptibility to parasites. In a 12-yr monthly time-series analysis of the Daphnia community in Greifensee (Switzerland), we observed that cyanobacteria density correlated significantly with the epidemics of a common gut parasite of Daphnia, Caullerya mesnili, regardless of what cyanobacteria species was present or whether it was colonial or filamentous. The temperature from the previous month also affected the occurrence of Caullerya epidemics, either directly or indirectly by the promotion of cyanobacterial growth. A laboratory experiment confirmed that cyanobacteria increase the susceptibility of Daphnia to Caullerya, and suggested a possible involvement of cyanotoxins or other chemical traits of cyanobacteria in this process. These findings expand our understanding of the consequences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms for lake ecosystems and might be relevant for epidemics experienced by other aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tellenbach
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - N Tardent
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - F Pomati
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - B Keller
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - N G Hairston
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, Berlin, 12587, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - P Spaak
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Aalto SL, Decaestecker E, Pulkkinen K. A three-way perspective of stoichiometric changes on host-parasite interactions. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:333-40. [PMID: 25978937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in environmental nutrients play a crucial role in driving disease dynamics, but global patterns in nutrient-driven changes in disease are difficult to predict. In this paper we use ecological stoichiometry as a framework to review host-parasite interactions under changing nutrient ratios, focusing on three pathways: (i) altered host resistance and parasite virulence through host stoichiometry (ii) changed encounter or contact rates at population level, and (iii) changed host community structure. We predict that the outcome of nutrient changes on host-parasite interactions depends on which pathways are modified, and suggest that the outcome of infection could depend on the overlap in stoichiometric requirements of the host and the parasite. We hypothesize that environmental nutrient enrichment alters infectivity dynamics leading to fluctuating selection dynamics in host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Pulkkinen K, Wojewodzic MW, Hessen DO. Phosphorus limitation enhances parasite impact: feedback effects at the population level. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:29. [PMID: 25366521 PMCID: PMC4223164 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-014-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient deficiency affects the growth and population dynamics of consumers. Endoparasites can be seen as consumers that drain carbon (C) or energy from their host while simultaneously competing for limiting resources such as phosphorus (P). Depending on the relative demands of the host and the parasite for the limiting nutrient, intensified resource competition under nutrient limitation can either reduce the parasite’s effect on the host or further reduce the fitness of the nutrient-limited host. So far, knowledge of how nutrient limitation affects parasite performance at the host population level and how this affects the host populations is limited. Results We followed the population growth of Daphnia magna that were uninfected or experimentally infected with a microsporidian, Glugoides intestinalis. The Daphnia were fed either P-sufficient or P-limited algae. The P-limited diet decreased the population density and biomass compared with the populations fed with the P-sufficient algae. In the P-sufficient populations, infection with the parasite reduced the population density but not the biomass of Daphnia, while in the P-limited populations, both the density and biomass of Daphnia decreased toward the end of the 32 day experiment compared with the uninfected controls. The infected animals from the P-limited populations had higher parasite spore cluster counts, while, in a separate experiment, host diet quality did not affect the number of parasites in individually kept Daphnia. Conclusions Because host diet quality did not affect parasite numbers at the individual level, we suggest that the higher parasite load in the P-limited populations is a result of feedback effects arising at the population level. Because of the density-dependent transmission of the parasite and the time lag between exposure and transmission, the lower host population density in the P-limited populations led to a higher spore:host ratio. This effect may have been further reinforced by decreases in filtration rates caused by crowding in the P-sufficient populations and/or increases in filtration rates as a response to poor food quality in the P-limited populations. The increases in exposure led to a higher parasite load and aggravated the negative effects of parasite infection at the population level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-014-0029-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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