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Mansour MM, Moussa SM, Meheissen MA, Aboelseoud MR. Bacterial sealing ability of calcium silicate-based sealer for endodontic surgery: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:584. [PMID: 38773504 PMCID: PMC11107006 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apical surgery with standard retrograde maneuvers may be challenging in certain cases. Simplifying apical surgery to reduce operating time and streamline retrograde manipulation is an emerging need in clinical endodontics. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to compare the bacterial sealing ability of a calcium silicate-based sealer with the single cone technique combined with root end resection only, and calcium silicate-based sealer as a retrograde filling versus MTA retrofilling, and to analyze bacterial viability using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro experimental study, 50 extracted human maxillary incisor teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into five groups: three experimental groups, a positive control group, and a negative control group (n = 10/group). In the experimental groups, the roots were obturated using the single cone technique (SCT) and a calcium silicate-based sealer. In group 1, the roots were resected 3 mm from the apex with no further retrograde preparation or filling. In groups 2 and 3, the roots were resected, retroprepared, and retrofilled with either a calcium silicate-based sealer or MTA, respectively. Group 4 (positive control) was filled with a single gutta-percha cone without any sealer. In group 5 (negative control), the canals were left empty, and the roots were sealed with wax and nail varnish. A bacterial leakage model using Enterococcus faecalis was employed to assess the sealing ability over a 30-day period, checking for turbidity and analyzing colony forming units (CFUs) per milliliter. Five specimens from each group were examined using CLSM for bacterial viability. Data for the bacterial sealing ability were statistically analyzed using chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS The three experimental groups did not show significant differences in terms of bacterial leakage, or bacterial counts (CFUs) (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed when comparing the experimental groups to the positive control group. Notably, the calcium silicate-based sealer, when used as a retrofilling, yielded the best sealing ability. CLSM imaging revealed viable bacterial penetration in all the positive control group specimens while for the experimental groups, dead bacteria was the prominent feature seen. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that the bacterial sealing ability of calcium silicate-based sealer with the single cone technique combined with root end resection only and calcium silicate-based sealer as a retrograde filling were comparable with MTA retrofilling during endodontic surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Mansour
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21527, Egypt.
| | - Sybel M Moussa
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21527, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Meheissen
- DMedical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21527, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud R Aboelseoud
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21527, Egypt
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Mokhtari F, Modaresi J, Bagheri A. Effect of blood contamination on marginal adaptation of cold ceramic and MTA angelus: a scanning electron microscopic study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:706. [PMID: 37777724 PMCID: PMC10543877 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03437-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the effect of blood contamination on marginal adaptation of cold ceramic (CC) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 24 extracted single-rooted human teeth. After cleaning and shaping, the root canals were filled with lateral compaction technique. The apical 3 mm of the roots was cut, and cavities with 3 mm depth were created at the apex. The teeth were randomly assigned to two group (n = 12) for the application of CC and MTA Angelus as retrograde filling materials. CC and MTA Angelus were prepared by mixing the powder with blood, and applied in the cavities. After 24 h, their marginal adaptation to the canal walls was assessed by SEM. Data were statistically analyzed by t-test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS The mean marginal gap was 8.98 μm in the CC, and 16.26 μm in the MTA Angelus group; this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present in vitro study revealed that following complete blood contamination of powder, CC showed significantly superior marginal adaptation than MTA Angelus as shown by SEM assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mokhtari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- School of Dentistry, Imam Reza Street, Yazd, 8914815667 Iran
| | - Jalil Modaresi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- School of Dentistry, Imam Reza Street, Yazd, 8914815667 Iran
| | - Abbas Bagheri
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- School of Dentistry, Imam Reza Street, Yazd, 8914815667 Iran
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S A, Azhar S, Manan R, Bansal N, Singh D, Chauhan B. Comparison of the Microleakages of Four Root-End Filling Materials: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e40461. [PMID: 37456461 PMCID: PMC10349657 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When a nonsurgical endodontic treatment is ineffective, surgery is necessary. This entails putting a retrofilling to seal the tooth's apex. Exposing the lesion, performing a curettage, exposing the root apex, resecting it, preparing the root end, and lastly filling the cavity with the proper material are all steps in endodontic surgery. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the apical microleakage of four root-end filling materials in cavities prepared using ultrasonic retro tip in in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro study was conducted on 60 extracted single-rooted teeth and was cut at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). They were biomechanically prepared and obturated. Apical 3 mm root-end resection was done using a diamond disc. Root-end cavities were made using an ultrasonic retro tip. Teeth were separated into four groups and filled with SuperEBA®️ ethoxy-benzoic acid (EBA; Keystone Industries, New Jersey), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (Septodont, France), and TotalFill Bioceramic Root Repair Material (BC RRM; FKG Dentaire Sàrl, Switzerland). The samples were kept in methylene blue dye and split longitudinally. The degree of dye penetration was observed under a stereomicroscope and scored. Finally, the results were analyzed. RESULTS TotalFill BC RRM and Biodentine showed the least apical microleakage (p <0.05). Group 1 samples had the highest mean microleakage, followed by Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4 samples. CONCLUSION All of the sample groups showed some evidence of microleakage, but not all of the samples showed leaking. SuperEBA (Group 1) demonstrated the highest microleakage when compared to the other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angitha S
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Saleem Azhar
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Rishi Manan
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Neetu Bansal
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Digvijay Singh
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
| | - Bharat Chauhan
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies & Technologies, Ghaziabad, IND
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Irzooqee AF, Al Haidar AHMJ, Abdul-Kareem M. The Effect of Different Obturation Techniques in Primary Teeth on the Apical Microleakage using Endoflas: A Comparative In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:4982980. [PMID: 37033128 PMCID: PMC10081900 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4982980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was carried out to quantitatively evaluate and compare the sealing ability of Endoflas by using different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods After 42 extracted primary maxillary incisors and canines were decoronated, their canals were instrumented with K files of size ranging from #15 to #50. In accordance with the obturation technique, the samples were divided into three experimental groups, namely, group I: endodontic pressure syringe, group II: modified disposable syringe, and group III: reamer technique, and two control groups. Dye extraction method was used for leakage evaluation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 post hoc tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Endodontic pressure syringe had significantly less leakage than the modified disposable syringe and reamer techniques (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the mean leakage between the modified disposable syringe and the reamer techniques. Conclusion Amongst all the techniques used in this study, endodontic pressure syringe could be preferred as an obturation technique in primary teeth when used with Endoflas obturation material because of its potential to provide good apical seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Fadhil Irzooqee
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Maha Abdul-Kareem
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Mehta S, Ramugade M, Abrar S, Sapkale K, Giuliani V, Burbano Balseca MJ. Evaluation of coronal microleakage of intra-orifice barrier materials in endodontically treated teeth: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:588-595. [PMID: 36591578 PMCID: PMC9795687 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_377_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endodontic success depends on complete sealing of the root canal orifice to prevent re-infection and re-Contamination of the treated teeth through microleakage. Intra-orifice barrier material provides a seal against micro-organisms, its by-products thus, preventing microleakage and subsequent endodontic failure. Several studies have been done to evaluate microleakage after placing various materials as IOB, but still there is no standardization for the same. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to evaluate the microleakage associated with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), composite, and glass ionomer cement (GIC) when used as IOB material. Materials and Methods Protocol was formulated in accordance with PRISMA checklist 2020 and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021226225). Electronic search from databases such as Medline/PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were performed from the year 2000-2020. In vitro and ex vivo studies evaluating coronal microleakage after placing IOB material using methylene blue dye penetration test under a stereomicroscope were included. A total of 5 studies were included in the systematic review. After assessing the risk of bias using customized criteria referred from JBI critical appraisal tool, characteristics of the included studies, reason for exclusion of the studies, and data extraction sheet were prepared. Results All studies included in this systematic review reported that placement of an IOB material significantly reduces microleakage as compared to control groups. MTA used as an IOB showed less microleakage than composite and GIC. Conclusion MTA as IOB material demonstrated the least microleakage in vitro studies. However, in this systematic review, only in vitro studies were included. Thus, more studies in the form of randomized control trials are required to give a conclusive and definitive result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Mehta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Ramugade
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sayed Abrar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishor Sapkale
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Valentina Giuliani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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An Updated Review on Properties and Indications of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements in Endodontic Therapy. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:6858088. [PMID: 36349079 PMCID: PMC9637478 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6858088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the common use of calcium silicate cements (CSCs) in root canal therapy, their position in the context of past and present dentistry agents can provide a better understanding of these materials for their further improvement. In this context, the present review article addresses a wide range of recent investigations in the field of CSC-based products and describes details of their composition, properties, and clinical applications. The need for maintaining or reconstructing tooth structure has increased in contemporary endodontic treatment approaches. This research thus discusses the attempts to create comprehensive data collection regarding calcium ion release, bond strength, alkalinizing activity and bioactivity, and the ability to stimulate the formation of hydroxyapatite as a bioactive feature of CSCs. Sealing ability is also highlighted as a predictor for apical and coronal microleakage which is crucial for the long-term prognosis of root canal treatment integrity. Other claimed properties such as radiopacity, porosity, and solubility are also investigated. Extended setting time is also mentioned as a well-known drawback of CSCs. Then, clinical applications of CSCs in vital pulp therapies such as pulpotomy, apexification, and direct pulp capping are reviewed. CSCs have shown their benefits in root perforation treatments and also as root canal sealers and end-filling materials. Nowadays, conventional endodontic treatments are replaced by regenerative therapies to save more dynamic and reliable hard and soft tissues. CSCs play a crucial role in this modern approach. This review article is an attempt to summarize the latest studies on the clinical properties of CSCs to shed light on the future generation of treatments.
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ALTUNBAŞ D, AKPINAR KE, KAYA F. Kök Uçları Farklı Açılarda Rezeke Edilmiş Dişlerin Cerrahi Olmayan Yeniden Tedavilerinde 3 Elektronik Apeks Bulucunun Doğruluğu: In-Vitro Çalışma. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.1103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) during retreatment of root-end resected teeth with different resection bevel angles were evaluated in the present study.
Materials and Methods: Forty mandibular premolar teeth were divided into two groups regarding resection bevel angle after root canal filling. In the first group, the apical 3 mm of each specimen was resected at a 0-degree bevel angle using a diamond bur. The resection bevel angle was approximately 45-degree in the second group. Electronic length measurements were obtained with a size 15 K-file advanced apically in dissolved gutta percha using Dentaport ZX, Propex Pixi, and Apit 15. The filling materials were then completely removed from the root canals, and the actual lengths up to the resection region were determined. The actual length was subtracted from the electronic length measurements for each specimen. Measurements were analyzed statistically using independent sample t-test, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni tests. The level of statistical significance was defined as P
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatma KAYA
- Kayseri Private Uzmandent Dental Hospital
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Evaluation of a Novel Tool for Apical Plug Formation during Apexification of Immature Teeth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095304. [PMID: 35564699 PMCID: PMC9102688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability and time required for the formation of Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregation (MTA) apical plugs, using three different delivery methods: an amalgam carrier (AC), the Micro Apical Placement (MAP) System or a novel tool using a modified cannula (MC). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 uniformed molar roots were divided into three main groups, according to the technique of apical plug formation: AC, MAP, and MC. Each group was divided into two subgroups, according to the filling material used: MTA and Biodentine. A timer was used to calculate the required time for apical plug formation. After setting the filling materials, the apical microleakage of the formed plugs was quantified using the dye extraction method and spectrophotometry. The differences between the groups were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: No significant differences were reported in the time required to form the apical plugs in all groups (p > 0.05). However, the apical plugs formed by the AC method had significantly higher microleakage than those formed using the MAP and MC methods (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the sealing ability of the apical plugs formed by the MC method is comparable to the MAP method and better than the AC method.
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Comparison of MTA versus Biodentine in Apexification Procedure for Nonvital Immature First Permanent Molars: A Randomized Clinical Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030410. [PMID: 35327782 PMCID: PMC8946907 DOI: 10.3390/children9030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical outcomes of Biodentine apical plugs compared to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in treating immature molars with apical lesions in children. Materials and Methods: Thirty immature roots of 24 permanent lower first molars with apical lesions were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 (15 roots) treated with MTA apical plugs and group 2 (15 roots) treated with Biodentine apical plugs. Treatment radiological outcomes were assessed using the periapical index (PAI) scale after 6 and 12 months of treatment. The presence or absence of apical calcified barrier (ACB) was assessed after 12 months of treatment. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to compare the postoperative pain between the two groups after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment. PAI scores between the two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, the presence or absence of the ACB was compared using the chi-square test, and the VAS scores were compared using the t-test. The statistical significance threshold was set at 0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the PAI between the two groups at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. After 12 months, four cases in the Biodentine group showed ACB formation, whereas ACB was not found in any case treated with MTA. The VAS scores were statistically lower in the MTA group on the first day after treatment. Nevertheless, these scores were not statistically significantly different after 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment between the two groups. Conclusions: Biodentine can be used as an apical plug to treat immature permanent molars with apical lesions in a single visit in children. Biodentine showed favorable outcomes in apical lesions healing, which was comparable to MTA but with a decreased treatment time associated with its use.
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Kumar P, Gowri S, Jayasheelan N, Kutty S, Shetty D, Banu K. An in vitro investigation of the sealing ability of biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate as retrofilling materials after the use of various irrigating solutions. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S563-S567. [PMID: 36110671 PMCID: PMC9469458 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_687_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Materials and Methods: Statistical Analysis: Results: Conclusion:
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Gupta R, Kewalramani R. In-vitro evaluation of microleakage of bioceramic root-end filling materials: A spectrophotometric study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:330-333. [PMID: 33786296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the microleakage of newer bioceramic root-end filling materials. Material and method Sixty freshly extracted human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were selected for the study. Teeth with fractured root, cracks, anddilacerations were rejected. All teeth were cleaned with ultrasonic scalers. Standard access opening was done and root canal treatment was performed with rotary files followed by obturation. After storing in saline for a week apical 3 mm of the root was resected at 900 angles to the long axis of the root. Retro cavity preparation was done with ultrasonic tips. The teeth were divided into four groups of 15 specimens each. Group I - Biodentin, GroupII-Bioaggregate, Group III - MTA Plus, and Group IV - MTA. After the restoration of retro cavities of all the teeth as per manufacture instructions, two coats of nail varnish were applied to leave apical 3 mm. All teeth were stored in 2% methylene blue for 72 h followed by emersion in 65% nitric acid for the next 72 h for Dye extraction. The obtained supernatant solution was then centrifuged and optical density or absorbance was measured with a UV spectrophotometer. Result Microleakage was found to be increasing in this order: Biodentin < Bioaggregate < MTA Plus < MTA. No significant difference was found in the microleakage of Biodentin compared to that of Bioaggregate(p > 0.01). Conclusion All materials exhibit some amount of microleakage. Biodentin shows the least microleakage among all the bioceramic material groups. Hence, Biodentin and bioaggregate are better material of choice for the retrograde filling to prevent microleakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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The Invasion of Bacterial Biofilms into the Dentinal Tubules of Extracted Teeth Retrofilled with Fluorescently Labeled Retrograde Filling Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the invasion of bacteria into the dentinal tubules of retrofilled extracted human teeth, and the influence of different fluorescently labeled retrograde filling materials on the bacterial invasion and viability, by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The root apices of extracted teeth were cut, prepared, and filled retrogradely using either intermediate restorative material (IRM), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), or Biodentine. The roots were filled with Enterococcus faecalis bacteria from their coronal part for 21 days. Then, 3-mm-long apical segments were cut to get root axial slices, and the bacteria were fluorescently stained and evaluated by CLSM. Bacterial penetration into the dentinal tubules favored the bucco-lingual directions. The filling materials penetrated up to 957 µm into the tubuli, and the bacteria, up to 1480 µm (means: 130 and 167 μm, respectively). Biodentine fillings penetrated less and the associated bacteria penetrated deeper into the tubuli compared to MTA or IRM (p = 0.004). Deeper filling penetration was associated with shallower penetration of both dead and live, or live alone, bacteria (p = 0.015). In conclusion, the current study enables better understanding of the microbiological–pathological course after endodontic surgical procedures. It was found that even with retrograde fillings, bacteria invade deep into the dental tubules, where deeper filling penetration prevents deeper penetration of the bacteria and adversely affects the viability of the bacteria.
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