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Pamungkas SA, Effendy C, Hartami E, Istifiani LA, Ulhaq ZS. The impact of animated video cartoons as a distraction technique on anticipatory anxiety levels among children during class I GIC restoration procedures. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2024; 25:685-693. [PMID: 39278892 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-024-00927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigating the effect of visual distraction using animated video cartoons (AVCs) on anxiety of children during class I class I glass-ionomer cement (GIC) restoration procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS This randomized clinical trial, 42 children between the ages of 5-6 years were enrolled. These participants were divided into two groups: Group 1, consisting of 21 individuals (AVCs), who were exposed to a cartoon as a visual distraction tool, and Group 2, a control group with 21 participants who did not receive any form of distraction during their first visit. Both groups underwent class I GIC restoration procedures that were conducted in a consistent manner. To evaluate the anxiety levels of the children, measurements of their pulse rate (PR) were taken at the beginning and end of the treatment. Additionally, patient behavior was assessed using the Frankl behavior rating scale (FBRS) as well as validated self-reported dental anxiety scale, the Visual Analog Scale - Anxiety (VAS-A) score. RESULTS In the control group, postoperative PR increased significantly, while the AVC group experienced a decrease compared to their preoperative PR levels. Additionally, audio-visual distraction had a notable impact on FBRS scores compared to the standard approach. Similarly, the VAS-A score displayed a significant reduction when patients received audio-visual distraction compared to the control condition. Subgroup analysis by gender showed that girls tended to be more responsive to AVCs than boys when evaluated by PR and FBRS, but such findings were not observed using VAS-A. Patients with deeper caries had higher VAS-A scores than those with shallower ones. Despite the caries depth, those who received AVC seemed to be calmer, especially to those with deeper lesions, as indicated lower postoperative VAS-A scores compared to their preoperative levels, unlike the control group. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the use of AVCs can be an effective method for reducing anxiety in children undergoing class I GIC restoration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pamungkas
- Faculty of Dentistry, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
- YDSF Clinic, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - C Effendy
- Faculty of Dentistry, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - E Hartami
- Faculty of Dentistry, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - L A Istifiani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Z S Ulhaq
- Research Center for Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong, Indonesia.
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Atta L, Mushtaq M, Siddiqui AR, Khalid A, Ul-Haq Z. Targeting glucosyltransferases to combat dental caries: Current perspectives and future prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134645. [PMID: 39128764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance within bacterial communities poses formidable challenges to existing therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating biofilm-mediated infections. Recent advancements in this domain have spurred the development of targeted antimicrobial agents, designed to selectively eradicate the primary etiological agents while preserving the beneficial microbial diversity of the oral cavity. Targeting glucosyltransferases (GTFs), which play crucial roles in dental biofilm formation, offers a precise strategy to inhibit extracellular polysaccharide synthesis without compromising oral microbiota. This review article delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying dental caries, with a specific focus on the role of GTFs, enzymes produced by S. mutans. It further provides an overview of current research on GTF inhibitors, exploring their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and potential applications in clinical practice. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in the development of novel GTF inhibitors, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches to combat biofilm-mediated oral diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Atta
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mamona Mushtaq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Siddiqui
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Assad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Al-Arwali SAM, AL-Haddad K, Zabara AQMQ, Al Ghwainem A, Alqarni AS, AlGomaiah MA, Alshamrani KK, Al Moaleem MM, Al-Deen HS, Al-Nomair JH. Knowledge, Awareness, and Use of Stainless-Steel Crowns Among Dental Professionals in Sana'a City, Yemen. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e945948. [PMID: 39308013 PMCID: PMC11429049 DOI: 10.12659/msm.945948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) have been the most effective and efficient methods of tooth restoration in pediatric dentistry, and they have shown consistently high success rates. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and practice of SSCs among dental professionals in Sana'a City, Yemen. MATERIAL AND METHODS A modified questionnaire was prepared from previous similar studies and distributed to 700 participants. It consisted of 3 parts: the first was related to participant characteristics; the second consisted of questions related to knowledge and awareness of SSCs such as indications, advantages, challenges, and parent's rejection to SSCs; and the third part was correlated to questions related to the use and practice of SSCs, number of children treated, and SSCs cemented per week. Statistical significance was determined using a chi-square test, and the P value was set at <0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 604 dental professionals answered the questionnaire, 159 (26.3%) had used SSC restoration, and 12 (80.0%) of them had a degree in pediatric dentistry, with significant differences among participants (P<0.000). Respondents with higher academic qualifications recorded higher percentages in using SSCs during their clinics, with significant differences (P<0.005). A significant difference was detected between general practitioners and pedodontists in practice questions (P=0.000). Most of the respondents (78.8%) indicated a desire for more practice and hands-on training in use of SSCs. CONCLUSIONS General dentists in Sana'a City, Yemen, do not frequently use SSCs. Most of the respondents stated that they lacked practical training and expressed a need for further knowledge and continuing education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled AL-Haddad
- Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Prevention Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | | | - Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S. Alqarni
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muadh A. AlGomaiah
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid K. Alshamrani
- Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Al Moaleem
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Shoga Al-Deen
- Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Prevention Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Jamal H. Al-Nomair
- Orthodontics, Pedodontics and Prevention Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
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Ahmed SZ, Khan AS, Aljeshi NM, Md Sabri BA, Akhtar S, Abu Hassan MI. A Comparative In Vitro Physicochemical Analysis of Resin Infiltrants Doped With Bioactive Glasses. Cureus 2024; 16:e64500. [PMID: 39007016 PMCID: PMC11246546 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the longevity and effectiveness of bioactive glass (BAG)-based dental resin infiltrants. Materials and methods The three types of BAG - 45S5 bioglass (RIS), boron-substituted (RIB), and fluoride-substituted (RIF) - were incorporated with photoinitiated dimethacrylate monomers to create experimental resin infiltrants. ICON® (CN; DMG-America, Ridgefield Park, NJ) and pure resin (PR) were used as control groups in this study. Disc-shaped samples were prepared for the experimental and control groups. The samples were challenged with the pH cycle and immersed in the artificial saliva for 30 days. On Day 0 and Day 30, the pH cycle and artificial saliva immersion, Vicker's microhardness, surface roughness, and surface morphology were investigated. Results The RIF group's disc samples showed the highest Vicker's microhardness values (78.20 ±0.06) on Day 30 of artificial saliva immersion, whereas the CN group's values were the lowest (55.99 ±0.24). Following the pH cycling, the RIF displayed the highest hardness (64.15 ±1.89) whereas the CN group's values were the lowest (33.47 ±1.28). Regarding surface roughness, on Day 30, the RIB resin group exhibited the highest (1.14 ±0.001 µm). In contrast, the CN resin showed the lowest (1.07 ±0.06 µm) values, while immersed in the artificial saliva solution. In the same duration of time, in the pH cycling solution, PR showed the least (0.85 ±0.89 µm), while RIF showed the highest roughness value (0.94 ±0.54 µm). Morphological analysis revealed that following the artificial saliva immersion, the RIB, CN, and PR exhibited smoother surfaces compared to the RIS and RIF groups. However, when immersed in the pH cycling solution, RIB and RIF showed more resistance against acid attack. Conclusions Our results revealed that the experimental resin groups performed much better than the commercial resin infiltrants following artificial saliva and pH cycling challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zubairuddin Ahmed
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU
| | - Abdul S Khan
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU
| | - Naemah M Aljeshi
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU
| | - Budi A Md Sabri
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University Teknologi Mara, Sungai Buloh, MYS
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, SAU
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Lingam AS, Al Hussein SA, Alghunaim MK, Abdelrahim RK, Koppolu P, Done V, Habib SFK, Samran H, Alghawazi AM. Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Occlusion, and Dental Caries among School Children in Riyadh. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S2208-S2211. [PMID: 39346346 PMCID: PMC11426695 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_153_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malocclusion and lifestyle diseases like obesity can lead to poor oral hygiene and food stagnation, resulting in increased caries incidence. Objectives To evaluate the interrelationship of age, body mass index (BMI), occlusion, and dental decay in children aged between 5 and 14. Methodology Our study included 423 school students aged 5-14 visiting dental clinics. Correlation between BMI and DMFT index using Spearman's correlation coefficient and the association of BMI with gender, age group, and occlusion using the Chi-square test were assessed. Results The study comprised a larger sample of students aged above 10 years (n = 217) and between 6 and 10 years (n = 183), with Angle's Class I and II malocclusion being predominant. A weak positive correlation was found between BMI and the missing component of the DMFT index, while significant statistical associations were observed between underweight students below 5 years (8.5%) and obesity in those between 6 and 8 years (53.3%) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dental practitioners must pay attention to the BMI of children and consider diet as a major intervention for dental caries prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amara S. Lingam
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dar al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A. Al Hussein
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Dar al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha K. Alghunaim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Dar al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawa Kamal Abdelrahim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Dar al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Koppolu
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Vasanthi Done
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Shaimaa F K Habib
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hagar Samran
- Dental Student, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Alghawazi
- Department of Dental Speciality, Prosthodontics, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Breban-Schwarzkopf D, Chioibas R, Macasoi I, Bolintineanu S, Marcovici I, Draghici G, Dinu S, Buzatu R, Dehelean C, Szuhanek C. Comprehensive in vitro and in ovo assessment of cytotoxicity: Unraveling the impact of sodium fluoride, xylitol, and their synergistic associations in dental products. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2024; 24:923-938. [PMID: 38431834 PMCID: PMC11293222 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2024.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, dental health products containing fluoride have been widely employed to mitigate tooth decay and promote oral hygiene. However, concerns regarding the potential toxicological repercussions of fluoride exposure have incited continuous scientific inquiry. The current study investigated the cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) and xylitol (Xyl), both individually and in combination, utilizing human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and osteosarcoma (SAOS-2) cell lines. In HaCaT cells, NaF decreased proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and induced apoptosis-related morphological changes at low concentrations, whereas Xyl exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl reduced cell viability, particularly at higher concentrations, accompanied by apoptosis-like morphological alterations. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations (0.2%) significantly affected caspase activity and the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Conversely, Xyl demonstrated no discernible effect on these biological parameters. In SAOS-2 cells, NaF increased proliferation at high concentrations, contrasting with Xyl's concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl had a minimal impact on cell viability. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations did not influence caspase activity or gene expression, while Xyl induced dose-dependent morphological alterations, increased caspase activity, and upregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression. In ovo experiments on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) revealed that only NaF induced irritant effects, suggesting potential vascular adverse outcomes. This study advocates for the combined use of NaF and Xyl, highlighting their cytotoxicity benefits in healthy cells while maintaining safety considerations for tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Breban-Schwarzkopf
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raul Chioibas
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Bolintineanu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - George Draghici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Szuhanek
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
- Orthodontic Research Center (ORTHO-CENTER), “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
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Min SN, Duangthip D, Gao SS, Detsomboonrat P. Early childhood caries and its associated factors among 5-years-old Myanmar children. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1278972. [PMID: 38333563 PMCID: PMC10850244 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1278972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children's oral health plays a crucial role in their overall well-being and there is a significant gap in our understanding of early childhood caries (ECC) in Myanmar. This study aims to bridge this knowledge deficit by investigating the prevalence, causes, and potential interventions for ECC in the Myanmar population, providing crucial insights for future dental health policies and practices. Methods Generally healthy 5-year-old kindergarten children from 7 districts in city were recruited. ECC was assessed through clinical examinations using decayed, missed, filled teeth (dmft). Additionally, demographic data of the children and their caregivers, along with information about the children's oral health-related behaviors, were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Results Out of the 496 children, the overall prevalence of dental caries was 87.1% (mean dmft score: 5.57, SD: 4.6). Caries experience was categorized as severe (45.8%) and non-severe (41.3%). Decayed teeth constituted the major component of the dmft index (97.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed two significant factors associated with ECC prevalence: late toothbrushing initiation (OR: 2.54, p = 0.001) and dental visit experience (OR: 2.46, p = 0.010). Discussion The study highlights the alarming ECC prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mandalay, Myanmar, with mostly untreated decayed teeth. The findings emphasize early preventive oral health measures for young children to reduce ECC burden in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Nay Min
- Postdoctoral Researcher Program in Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sherry Shiqian Gao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Palinee Detsomboonrat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chang WJ, Chang PC, Chang YH. The gamification and development of a chatbot to promote oral self-care by adopting behavior change wheel for Taiwanese children. Digit Health 2024; 10:20552076241256750. [PMID: 38798886 PMCID: PMC11119524 DOI: 10.1177/20552076241256750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oral health is closely related to general health and quality of life. School-aged children are at a critical stage for developing their self-care ability in oral health. Digital interventions can encourage and facilitate oral self-care in children. Objective This study aims to present the development of an educational chatbot for school-aged children to address their oral self-care and evaluate its usability. Methods The development and evaluation of the chatbot for oral self-care consisted of four stages: target behavior analysis, intervention design, system development, and the chatbot evaluation. The target behavior analysis identified barriers to children's engagement in oral self-care based on dentists' clinical observations; hence, the requirements for achieving the desired behavior were categorized according to the capability-opportunity-motivation behavior model. Interventional functions were created following the behavior change wheel. A menu-driven chatbot was created and evaluated for usability as well as likeability. Results The barriers and requirements for achieving good behavior in school-aged children's oral self-care were identified by the dental professionals. Intervention strategy incorporated specific functions enriched with gamification features to support school-aged children in developing their abilities for engaging in oral self-care. The intervention functions consist of capability establishment, motivation enhancement, and opportunity creation, which were designed to support children in their oral self-care practices. The designed chatbot was piloted with a convenient sample of 30 school-aged children and their accompanying parents at the pediatric dental clinic. The results indicated good usability, with a mean usability score of 79.91, and high likeability with a mean score of 4.32 out of 5 for the designed chatbot. Conclusions The educational chatbot incorporated a combination of clinical dentistry practice and guidelines, aiming to promote oral self-care behavior in school-aged children. The designed chatbot achieved high scores for its usability and user likability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Chang
- Department of Information Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Linko Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Alhudaithi AS, Alsughier Z, Alzaidan H, Aldhelai TA. Children's Oral Health Status Among Urban and Rural Areas of Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e47947. [PMID: 38034196 PMCID: PMC10685175 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is a disease that is quite common in children and has a negative impact on their oral health, mental health, and quality of life. This study aimed to collect and correlate information about oral health awareness, oral health status, and oral hygiene practices in the urban and rural areas of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out among three dental clusters of Qassim from November 2022 to April 2023 in 12 schools on seven- to 12-year-old children. Data collection was done using the WHO Oral Health Questionnaire for Children. RESULTS The current investigation included 700 children, 360 males and 340 females. Both urban and rural parents were more educated. Most children in rural areas reported excellent gum health than in urban areas (48.2% and 41.3%, respectively). Pain was the most common cause of visiting the dentist in rural more than in urban areas (55.7% and 54.5%, respectively). A significantly higher frequency of sugar consumption was reported for rural children. CONCLUSION Most rural and urban children take care of their teeth. The vast majority of them use a toothbrush and toothpaste to clean their teeth. However, the dental visit was not regular and only related to the toothache. They need more oral health education and promotion programs to improve the knowledge of oral health behavior in the Qassim region and the rest of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeyad Alsughier
- Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
| | | | - Thiyezen A Aldhelai
- Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
- Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibb University, Ibb, YEM
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Khan AS, AlDahlan BG, Maghrabi NH, Albilali HW, Ahmed SZ, Shah AT, Haridy R, Akhtar S, Talal A. Application of laser on enamel surface with three types of bioactive glasses-based resin infiltrants: An in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105792. [PMID: 37001247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate and compare the surface micro-hardness, roughness, color, and morphology of enamel after Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation, followed by application of three types of bioactive glasses-based resin infiltrants, and the samples groups were challenged with the pH cycle. METHODOLOGY Experimental photoactivated resin infiltrants were synthesized using dimethacrylate resins, whereby three different types of bioactive glasses (BGs), i.e., 45S5, fluoridated-BG (F-BG), and borosilicate-BG (B-BG), were incorporated into the resin system. Initially, white spot lesions were created artificially on the toosth enamel surface, then irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Then, the resin-only and BG-based resins were infiltrated on the enamel surface. All samples were pH challenged for 14 days, and the micro-hardness, surface roughness, surface morphology, and color stability (ΔE) analyses were conducted before and after the 14 days pH challenge. RESULTS After laser irradiation, the micro-hardness was significantly high with 45S5 group compared to resin-only (p = 0.021), F-BG (p = 0.042), and B-BG (p = 0.001) groups. After the pH challenge, the micro-hardness values for all groups were reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.05). The surface roughness was least with the resin-only group and showed a non-significant difference with F-BG (p = 0.34) and significant differences with both B-BG (p = 0.005), and 45S5 (p = 0.010) groups. After the pH cycle, the roughness of all groups was increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05), except B-BG group showed a non-significant difference (p = 0.528). The B-BG group showed significantly high ΔE between day 0 and baseline compared to resin-only (p = 0.0008), F-BG (p = 0.017), and 45S5 (p = 0.029), whereas between day 14 and baseline, the lowest ΔE value was observed for B-BG (14.2 ± 2.10) and maximum for the resin-only (20.57 ± 2.47) group. The SEM images showed pitting on the surface of all resin infiltrant groups after 14 days of pH challenge. CONCLUSION The morphological difference was observed after the laser irradiation on the enamel surface. The differences in micro-hardness, surface roughness, and color were observed after the application of experimental resin infiltrants and significant differences were observed after the pH challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad Khan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Hind Waleed Albilali
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Zubairuddin Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Tufail Shah
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rasha Haridy
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Talal
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N, Canada
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11
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Alkarad L, Alkhouli M, Dashash M. Remineralization of teeth with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: analysis of salivary pH and the rate of salivary flow. BDJ Open 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 37041136 PMCID: PMC10090128 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-023-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of salivary flow rate and salivary pH of Syrian children with mixed dentition following application of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP). METHODS This study is part of a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. It included 50 children aged 6-8 who were randomly divided into two treatment groups to receive either CPP-ACP GC Tooth Mousse™ (Group A) or placebo (Group B) with 25 participants per group. After the application of the product in the mouth for 3 min, saliva samples were collected four times (T0, T1, T2, and T3) to measure salivary pH and the rate of salivary flow. RESULTS There was no significant difference between group A and B in the mean value of salivary flow rate (t = 1.08, P = 0.28, 0.57 ± 0.28 versus 0.56 ± 0.38 respectively) and salivary pH (t = 0.61, P = 0.54, 7.28 ± 0.44 versus 7.25 ± 0.36 respectively). However, there was a significant difference between different time points (T0, T1, T2, and T3) in the mean value of salivary flow rate (0.41 ± 0.30, 0.65 ± 0.36, 0.53 ± 0.28, and 0.56 ± 0.34 respectively) and salivary pH (6.99 ± 0.44, 7.46 ± 0.36, 7.36 ± 0.32, and 7.26 ± 0.32 respectively). CONCLUSION The application of the GC Tooth Mouse (CPP-ACP) was similar to placebo in increasing the salivary pH and salivary flow rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17509082, Registration date 22/11/2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Alkarad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Muaaz Alkhouli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Mayssoon Dashash
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
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12
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Zaazou MH, Zaki DY, Abdelnabi A, Hamdy TM, Saleh RS, Hassan SN, Zaki ZM, Moharam LM. Comparative evaluation of caries prevalence among group of Egyptian adolescents using DMFS and ICDASII methods: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:39. [PMID: 36694167 PMCID: PMC9873213 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data is available regarding the prevalence of dental caries as a chronic disease among adolescents using different caries assessment indices. The aim of this study was to compare and describe the prevalence of dental caries among group of Egyptian students using two caries assessment indices; DMFS and ICDAS II. METHODS This descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study included 2760 public secondary school students with age range from 15 to 18 years with permanent dentition and good general health. Presence of; retained teeth, congenital or developmental anomalies in the permanent dentition, orthodontic treatments, systematic conditions, smoking and general health problems were considered the exclusion criteria in this study. Participants were selected randomly from 8 public secondary schools in the Great Cairo, Egypt. The examination was achieved by 6 trained and previously calibrated examiners using sets of diagnostic mirrors, compressed air, a WHO probe and cotton rolls. DMFS index and ICDAS II system were used as caries detection methods. In DMFS index; the number of decayed (D), missing (M) and filled (F) surfaces was recorded, while in the ICDAS II index, the assessment of both cavitated and non-cavitated carious, missed and filled teeth with restorations /sealants was recorded. The examiners performed the oral examination using both scoring systems in an alternating manner. The collected data were explored for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Chi square test was used to analyze the frequencies. RESULTS There was a statistical significant difference between the DMFS and ICDAS II methods results regarding the recorded number of caries affected teeth and cavitated teeth surfaces. The prevalence of dental caries among the investigated secondary school students was (69.56%) and (78.29%) for DMFS and ICDAS II, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adolescent is high. ICDAS scoring system revealed higher caries prevalence values than DMFS method. ICDAS method is the best choice for the preventive goals, while DMFS is sufficient for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed. H. Zaazou
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Dalia Y. Zaki
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Ali Abdelnabi
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Tamer M. Hamdy
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Reham S. Saleh
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Shahinaz N. Hassan
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Zeinab M. Zaki
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M. Moharam
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Restorative and Dental Materials Department, Oral and Dental Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, 12622 Egypt
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13
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Ria N, Simaremare SA, Manurung NK. Education of Dental Health Maintenance Using Paint Application. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Education of dental health maintenance is important for children, because the lack of knowledge of children in maintaining dental health will affect the development of dental health in adulthood. The success of education is influenced, among others, by the media or tools used.
AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of education using paint application media on the risk factors for caries.
METHODOLOGY: This type of research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test designs. To find out changes in knowledge, a questionnaire was administered. The sample was elementary school students, aged 8-10 years and the number of samples were 60 people. Data analysis using paired t test.
RESULTS: This study showed that there was a significant effect on the average value obtained from students' knowledge before and after the intervention using the paint application. The results of this study can be used as a basis for the use of paint applications as a medium for education media of dental health maintenance
CONCLUSION: Education using paint application media has increased students' knowledge. It was stated that education using paint applications had an effect on increasing students' knowledge in maintaining dental health. It is hoped that the use of the Paint Application media will be an alternative in the selection of dental health maintenance educational aids.
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14
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Morales-Valenzuela AA, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Lara-Carrillo E, Garcia-Contreras R, Hegazy-Hassan W, Toral-Rizo VH, Salmerón-Valdés EN. Enhancement of fluoride release in glass ionomer cements modified with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31434. [PMID: 36343033 PMCID: PMC9646495 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several efforts have been made to improve the glass ionomer cements (GICs) properties with nanotechnology. Fluoride release in once of most beneficial properties of GICs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2N). OBJECTIVE Evaluate the fluoride release, recharge, and cytotoxicity in GICs reinforced with TiO2N. METHODS Four GICs, FUJI IX EXTRA (G1c), KETAC MOLAR (G2c), IONOFILL MOLAR (G3c), and FUJI IX (G4c) were combined with TiO2N (G1e, G2e, G3e, and G4e) and divided into blocks of 5-mm width and 1-mm thickness 10 each. A total of 80 samples were arranged as follows: GICs alone as negative control (n = 40) and GICs + TiO2N as experimental groups (n = 40). The fluoride release was determined for periods of 1, 2, 6, 10, 31, 90, 180, 240, and 300 days. On days 30 and 179, samples were recharged by submerging in 1 mL of 20,000 ppm sodium fluoride gel. Cytotoxic activity was carried out with gingival fibroblasts, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assay. RESULTS The experimental groups obtained the highest and more constant fluoride released when compared to control groups. After the first recharge, experimental groups (G1e, G3e, and G4e) showed statistically significant results (P = .001, 0.010, and 0.001 respectively) enhancing their recharge ability regarding control groups. The second recharge showed better results in G1e concerning the rest of the groups. No cytotoxic activity was observed in all experimental groups, although significant differences were observed in G3e and G4e regarding control group. CONCLUSION The incorporation of TiO2N enhance the fluoride release in glass ionomers with a noncytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alejandra Morales-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Rogelio José Scougall-Vilchis
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Edith Lara-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Rene Garcia-Contreras
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Blv. UNAM 2011, Col. Predio del Saucillo y el Potrero, Comunidad de los Tepetates, Leon CP 37684, Guanajuato, México
| | - Wael Hegazy-Hassan
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Víctor Hugo Toral-Rizo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Elias Nahum Salmerón-Valdés
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología “Dr. Keisaburo Miyata,” Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Universidad, CP 50130. Toluca, Estado de México, México
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15
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Sabbagh HJ, Aljehani SA, Abdulaziz BM, Alshehri NZ, Bajkhaif MO, Alrosini SK, Al-Amoudi RM, Elkhodary HM. Oral Health Needs and Barriers among Children in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13584. [PMID: 36294162 PMCID: PMC9603417 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Understanding oral health needs and barriers is important to overcome the oral disease burden, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess oral health needs and barriers among Saudi children after the COVID-19 pandemic wave started. (2) Methods: Parents of healthy children aged 3-11 years from five regions of Saudi Arabia were surveyed using an electronically administered validated questionnaire from Febuary-2021 to July-2021. Oral lesions/manifestations during the last 12 months reported by parents included tooth discoloration, ulcers, abscess, swelling of the gingiva, halitosis, gingival bleeding, dry mouth, pain while eating, difficulty in speaking or eating, burning sensation, and white spots. Barriers were assessed according to the WHO Oral Health Questionnaire. (3) Results: Children experiencing toothaches were reported by 1098 (72.4%) respondents. When reported, oral manifestations and lesions were associated with a higher inability to visit a dentist (p < 0.001). Barriers to dental care were more frequent among parents with lower education (p < 0.001; adjusted-odds ratio (AOR), 1.815) and a greater number of children (p < 0.001; AOR, 1.197). (4) Conclusion: Parents reported a high frequency of unmet oral health needs. Education could play an important role in improving oral health care in children and as a predictor of public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Jafar Sabbagh
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reham Mohammed Al-Amoudi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Taif Dental Specialty Center, Ministry of Health, Taif 26514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Mohamed Elkhodary
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
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16
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Lam PPY, Chua H, Ekambaram M, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Does Early Childhood Caries Increase Caries Development among School Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013459. [PMID: 36294037 PMCID: PMC9603429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to determine whether early childhood caries (ECC) is significantly associated with caries development in permanent teeth among school children and adolescents, and to identify the association of other risk factors over 24 months. A systematic literature search was performed in four electronic databases and via a manual search from inception to 28 July 2022. Independent study selection and screening, data extraction, evaluation of risk of bias using ROBINS-I tool and certainty of evidence with GRADE were performed. Ten cohort studies were included, all of which identified that ECC significantly increased the risk of caries in permanent teeth. Meta-analysis suggested children with ECC were three times more likely to develop caries in their permanent teeth (OR, 3.22; 95% CI 2.80, 3.71; p < 0.001), especially when the lesions were in primary molars and progressed to dentine. However, the certainty of evidence was substantially compromised by serious risk of bias and inconsistency between studies. There were inconsistent findings between socioeconomic or behavioural factors on caries development, which could not be pooled for meta-analyses. ECC significantly increases the likelihood of caries development in permanent teeth. Evidence on the association of socioeconomic and oral health behavioural factors is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Pui Ying Lam
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Helene Chua
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
| | - Manikandan Ekambaram
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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