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Mahardawi B, Damrongsirirat N, Dhanesuan K, Subbalekha K, Mattheos N, Pimkhaokham A. Radiographic changes after alveolar ridge preservation using autogenous raw tooth particles versus xenograft: A prospective controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024. [PMID: 39132806 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of extracted teeth has been introduced as an option for bone grafting. However, the current method requires special machines and solutions, posing significant time and cost. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of autogenous raw tooth particles (RTP), a grafting material made from a ground tooth using basic equipment, for alveolar ridge preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three patients (12 study/11 control), having 14 and 13 sites were included for the study and control groups (commercially available xenograft), respectively. Radiographic measurements were taken at the baseline and the 4-month follow-up appointment. Furthermore, a questionnaire survey concerning the general preference of the type of graft to receive (if needed), before and after knowing the price, was distributed at the completion of the procedure for patients to answer. RESULTS Alveolar ridge width change was -1.03 ± 0.64 and -0.84 ± 0.35 for the study and the control groups, respectively. Regarding the height, the study group showed a buccal and lingual change of -0.66 ± 0.48 and -0.78 ± 0.81, respectively, while this was -0.78 ± 0.56 and -0.9 ± 0.41 for the xenograft group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Patients preferred the raw tooth particles over other grafting materials (p = .01). CONCLUSION No core biopsies were taken to evaluate bone formation, which should be done in future studies. Within its limitations, the current study demonstrated that RTP graft could be an alternative graft for bone augmentation, offering a new cost-effective option for clinicians when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basel Mahardawi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napat Damrongsirirat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanit Dhanesuan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Keskanya Subbalekha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nikos Mattheos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atiphan Pimkhaokham
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Implant Surgery Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Refahi P, Shaikh S. Utilizing partially demineralized dentin plate for horizontal ridge augmentation: A case report. Clin Adv Periodontics 2024. [PMID: 38696543 DOI: 10.1002/cap.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article intends to showcase a case of guided bone regeneration (GBR) utilizing a partially demineralized dentin plate processed from an extracted second molar for horizontal augmentation of the posterior ridge for implant placement. METHODS AND RESULTS A 60-year-old patient presented with horizontal ridge deficiency at site #30 and an endodontically treated tooth #31 with recurrent decay. A treatment plan was proposed to extract tooth #31 and utilize a dentin graft from the tooth for ridge augmentation at site #30. Following the atraumatic extraction of tooth #31, it was sectioned into a 1 mm thick dentin plate, sterilized, and processed to obtain a demineralized dentin graft. Following a mid-crestal incision and full-thickness flap elevation, the dentin plate was adapted on the buccal defect of site #30 with 10 mm fixation screws, and the gap between the plate and the buccal bone was filled with 0.5 cc of 50/50 cortico-cancellous bone allograft hydrated with saline, covered with collagen membrane followed by primary closure. At 6 months, a postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was obtained to evaluate the ridge width revealing sufficient ridge width for optimal implant placement. The radio-opaque dentin plate was visible on the CBCT depicting integration with the alveolar ridge. Following surgical implant preparation protocol, a 4 mm diameter and 8.5 mm length implant was placed in a restoratively driven position. CONCLUSION This case reports favorable outcomes for GBR using a partially demineralized dentin plate as an alternative to an autogenous bone block graft for horizontal ridge augmentation for future implant placement. KEY POINTS This case introduces a novel method utilizing partially demineralized dentin plates derived from extracted teeth for guided bone regeneration, showcasing its potential efficacy in addressing ridge deficiencies. Success, in this case, relies on meticulous sectioning of the tooth and processing of the dentin graft, precise adaptation and fixation of the graft to the residual ridge, and achieving primary closure for undisturbed healing. Limitations to success include the availability of teeth for extraction coinciding with the need for ridge augmentation and unstable graft fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Refahi
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Private Practice, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samar Shaikh
- Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Issa DR, Nassar M, Elamrousy W. Immediately placed implants using simvastatin and autogenous tooth graft combination in periodontally compromised sites: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:210. [PMID: 38467945 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess clinically and radiographically the usage of autogenous tooth bone graft (ATBG) combined with and without Simvastatin (SMV) around immediately placed dental implants in periodontally compromised sites. METHODS Thirty-nine patients required a single extraction of periodontally compromised tooth were divided into three groups (13 patients each). Group I received immediate implant placement (IIP) without grafting. Group II received IIP with ATBG filling the gap around IIP. Group III received SMV gel mixed with ATBG around IIP. Radiographic changes were reported at the baseline, 6-, and 12-months post-surgery. RESULTS All implants achieved the success criteria with no complications. At 6- and 12-months post-surgery, group III showed a statistically lower mean ridge width loss compared to Group I and Group II (P < .001). Group II revealed less reduction in the mean alveolar ridge width compared to group I (P < .001). Group III showed a statistically significantly less MBL loss than group I and group II (P < .001). All groups showed a statistically significant increase in BD gain compared to baseline (P < .001). Group III showed statistically significant high BD compared to group II (P < .001). Group II showed statistically significantly higher mean BD gain than that of group I (P < .001). CONCLUSION SMV combined with ATBG boosts the hard tissue parameters around dental implants over ATBG alone. Clinical trial registration was on August 1, 2021 (NCT04992416). CLINICAL RELEVANCE ATBG with SMV in periodontally compromised sites could improve implant osseointegration and promote favorable changes in peri-implant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Rasheed Issa
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Nassar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis, and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walid Elamrousy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
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Kučera J, Lofaj F, Nagyová-Krchova Z, Šurín Hudáková N, Vojtko M, Březina V. Stimulation of Osteogenic Activity of Autologous Teeth Hard Tissues as Bone Augmentation Material. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:40. [PMID: 38248471 PMCID: PMC10813725 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The issue of bone volume loss is playing an increasing role in bone tissue engineering. Research has focused on studying the preparation and use of different types of human or xenogenic materials and their osteogenic properties. An alternative source for this purpose could be autologous extracted teeth. The simple preparation protocol, minimal immune response, and rapid organizing of the newly formed bone with optimal mechanical properties predispose autologous hard teeth tissues (HTTs) as a promising material suitable in the indication of augmentation of maxillary and mandible defects, comparable to other high-end augmentation materials. The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the osteogenic potential of ground native autologous HTTs prepared by different demineralization procedures, aimed at potentiating the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of their organic components. The results indicate that the most effective preparation process for HTT stimulation is the application of Cleanser for 10 min followed by exposure to 0.6 N HCl for 5 min with a wash in phosphate-buffered saline solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kučera
- Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - František Lofaj
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, ÚMV SAV Košice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (F.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Zuzana Nagyová-Krchova
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Natália Šurín Hudáková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Marek Vojtko
- Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, ÚMV SAV Košice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (F.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Vitěslav Březina
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Wushou A, Luo Y, Cheng QT, Yang ZC. Using autogenous tooth sticky bone graft repair mandibular third molar dentigerous cyst osseous defects. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:39. [PMID: 38185621 PMCID: PMC10771700 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dentigerous cyst are most common odontogenic cyst and they frequently occur at the mandibular third molar. Their asymptomatic long medical history always resulted in severe bone resorption at the distal aspect of the adjacent second molar. BonMaker® ATB demonstrate an excellent autogenous bone graft candidacy. The aim of this study is to share a single team's experience of dentigerous cyst osseous defect repairing by applying autogenous tooth sticky bone graft. METHOD In total, 18 patients with dentigerous cyst, which was arised from mandibular third molar unilaterally, were enrolled in this study. Enucleation of dentigerous cyst was performed extracting with involving teeth under general anesthesia. Autogenous tooth sticky bone graft was prepared using extracted tooth and autogenous fibrin glue. Subsequently, grafting was performed above covering with concentrate growth factors. Patients were followed up at sixth months. RESULTS They were eleven male and seven female patients. Their ages ranged from 20 to 40 years, with a mean of 31 years. Primary wound healing of all sites was achieved in all the patients. Sixth months postoperative radiographic assessment show that dentigerous cysts osseous defects of seventeen patients were good bone filling and ossification. One patient occurred slight bone resorption at the distal aspect of the adjacent second molar. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of sample size and retrospective nature of the present study, autogenous tooth sticky bone graft demonstrates one of the best alternative alveolar bones repairing graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimujiang Wushou
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Tao Cheng
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Hussain AA, Al-Quisi AF, Abdulkareem AA. Efficacy of Autogenous Dentin Biomaterial on Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7932432. [PMID: 38179035 PMCID: PMC10764647 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7932432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Background After tooth extraction, alveolar bone resorption is inevitable. This clinical phenomenon challenges dental surgeons aiming to restore esthetic and function. Alveolar ridge preservation can be applied to minimize dimensional changes with a new socket grafting material, an autogenous dentin graft, produced by mechanically and chemically processing natural teeth. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of using autogenous dentin biomaterial in alveolar ridge preservation. Materials and Methods Patients with nonrestorable maxillary anterior teeth bounded by natural sound teeth were included in this study. After a detailed clinical and tomographic examination, eligible participants were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group had spontaneous healing of extraction sockets. The study group had their extraction sockets filled with autogenous dentin biomaterial after processing their extracted retained roots with the KometaBio device. Standardized cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were repeated four months later. A full-thickness mucoperiosteal flap reflection was achieved under local anesthesia to get core biopsies for histomorphometric analysis, and dental implants were placed at the same session. Results A total of 32 eligible patients were included in this study (n = 16 in each group). Both groups had significantly higher facial soft tissue thickness after four months than baseline (p < 0.05). However, the study group showed statistically significant lesser dimensional changes than the control group according to the standardized CBCT scans. Furthermore, core biopsies confirmed an excellent remodeling of the autogenous dentin biomaterial in the study group. In comparison, only new thin bone trabeculae-filled sockets were in the control group. Conclusion Autogenous dentin graft can be safely and successfully used for alveolar ridge preservation. Optimal graft remodeling histologically, better ridge dimensional stability, and uneventful wound healing support its clinical application. This trial is registered with TCTR20220615002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Fadhel Al-Quisi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali A. Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Yang F, Ruan Y, Bai X, Li Q, Tang X, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang L. Alveolar ridge preservation in sockets with severe periodontal destruction using autogenous partially demineralized dentin matrix: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2023; 25:1019-1032. [PMID: 37455372 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preservation and reconstruction of alveolar ridge volume in extraction sockets of molars affected by severe periodontitis is a critical challenge that requires clinical attention. PURPOSE This randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficiency of autogenous partially demineralized dentin matrix (APDDM) for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) in severely periodontally compromised sockets compared to spontaneous healing (SH) on radiographic and histomorphometric outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients with 32 periodontally compromised molars were randomized into either the test group, which received ARP using APDDM covered with a collagen sponge, or the control group, which underwent SH. Linear and volumetric changes were assessed using superimposed cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquired pre-extraction and after a 4-month healing time. Histomorphometric evaluation was performed on trephine cores harvested during implant placement. RESULTS All sites healed uneventfully. The ridge width at 1 mm apical to the bone crest increased by 5.03, 4.50, and 5.20 mm in the mesial, middle, distal area in the APDDM group, while decreasing by -1.98, -2.19, and -1.98 mm in the SH group, respectively (p < 0.05). The height increase of the central bone was significantly higher in the APDDM group than in the SH group (p < 0.05). The height decrease of the buccal (mesial, middle, distal) bone plate was lower in the APDDM group than in the SH group (p < 0.05). After a 4-month healing time, bone volume increased by 37.07% in the APDDM group and by only 2.33% in the SH group (p < 0.05). Histomorphometric analysis revealed that APDDM particles were surrounded by newly formed bone, with partially absorbed residual APDDM materials observed. New bone, APDDM remnants, and connective tissue occupied 39.67 ± 8.28%, 23.66 ± 9.22%, and 36.67 ± 17.05% of the areas in the APDDM group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS ARP using APDDM was effective, resulting in a significant increase in both linear and volumetric changes in severely periodontally compromised extraction sockets compared to SH. These findings suggest that APDDM may serve as a promising new clinical option for the reconstruction of alveolar ridge dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Ruan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Science (AMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiaolei Bai
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Tiantai Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfang Chen
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linhong Wang
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Udeabor SE, Heselich A, Al-Maawi S, Alqahtani AF, Sader R, Ghanaati S. Current Knowledge on the Healing of the Extraction Socket: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1145. [PMID: 37892875 PMCID: PMC10604628 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of extraction socket healing has been severally researched and reported over the years, since tooth extraction remains one of the most common procedures performed in the dental clinic. Understanding this healing process is of utmost importance because the outcome has a direct bearing on future prosthetic rehabilitation and, by extension, on patients' esthetics and masticatory function, among others. This mini review, therefore, summarized the current knowledge on the different stages of socket healing, including the biologic and clinical events that occur following tooth extraction up until the complete closure of the socket. Additionally, the modeling of the alveolar bone/process post extraction, and the resultant dimensional changes that, altogether, shape the bone, were reviewed and documented. The effects of various socket preservation interventions to mitigate these dimensional changes, and therefore preserve the alveolar process in a condition suitable for future prosthetic rehabilitation, were highlighted. Finally, a review of some of the factors that influence the entire process was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E. Udeabor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery & Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.A.-M.); (R.S.)
| | - Anja Heselich
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery & Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.A.-M.); (R.S.)
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery & Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.A.-M.); (R.S.)
| | - Ali F. Alqahtani
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Robert Sader
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery & Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.A.-M.); (R.S.)
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- Department of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery & Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.H.); (S.A.-M.); (R.S.)
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