1
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Yang J, Yu B, Zheng J. Natural herbal extract roles and mechanisms in treating cerebral ischemia: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1424146. [PMID: 39156109 PMCID: PMC11327066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1424146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke has been the focus of medical research due to its serious consequences and sequelae. Among the tens of millions of new stroke patients every year, cerebral ischemia patients account for the vast majority. While cerebral ischemia drug research and development is still ongoing, most drugs are terminated at preclinical stages due to their unacceptable toxic side effects. In recent years, natural herbs have received considerable attention in the pharmaceutical research and development field due to their low toxicity levels. Numerous studies have shown that natural herbs exert actions that cannot be ignored when treating cerebral ischemia. Methods We reviewed and summarized the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of different natural herbal extracts on cerebral ischemia to promote their application in this field. We used keywords such as "natural herbal extract," "herbal medicine," "Chinese herbal medicine" and "cerebral ischemia" to comprehensively search PubMed, ScienceDirect, ScienceNet, CNKI, and Wanfang databases, after which we conducted a detailed screening and review strategy. Results We included 120 high-quality studies up to 10 January 2024. Natural herbal extracts had significant roles in cerebral ischemia treatments via several molecular mechanisms, such as improving regional blood flow disorders, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Conclusion Natural herbal extracts are represented by low toxicity and high curative effects, and will become indispensable therapeutic options in the cerebral ischemia treatment field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang X, Ma Y, Zuo C, Zhao Z, Ma R, Wang L, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wu X. Discovery and Characterization of Panaxatriol as a Novel Thrombin Inhibitor from Panax notoginseng Using a Combination of Computational and Experimental Approaches. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:801-809. [PMID: 38838717 DOI: 10.1055/a-2339-2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Thrombin is a crucial enzyme in the coagulation cascade, and inhibitors of thrombin have been extensively studied as potential antithrombotic agents. The objective of this study was to identify natural inhibitors of thrombin from Panax notoginseng and evaluate their biological activity in vitro and binding characteristics. A combined approach involving molecular docking, thrombin inhibition assays, surface plasmon resonance, and molecular dynamics simulation was utilized to identify natural thrombin inhibitors. The results demonstrated that panaxatriol directly inhibits thrombin, with an IC50 of 10.3 µM. Binding studies using surface plasmon resonance revealed that panaxatriol interacts with thrombin, with a KD value of 7.8 µM. Molecular dynamics analysis indicated that the thrombin-panaxatriol system reached equilibrium rapidly with minimal fluctuations, and the calculated binding free energy was - 23.8 kcal/mol. The interaction between panaxatriol and thrombin involves the amino acid residues Glu146, Glu192, Gly216, Gly219, Tyr60A, and Trp60D. This interaction provides a mechanistic basis for further optimizing panaxatriol as a thrombin inhibitor. Our study has shown that panaxatriol serves as a direct thrombin inhibitor, laying the groundwork for further research and development of novel thrombin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunfang Zuo
- Pharmacy Department, The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, China
| | - Zixi Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9096774. [PMID: 38957183 PMCID: PMC11217582 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol-type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol-type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in-depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancao Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Tuina DepartmentThe Third Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Dongsong Guan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Quality Testing Laboratory, Haerbin Customs District 150008, Foshan, China
| | - Tongyi Yuan
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haisi Dong
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - He Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
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4
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Tang J, Song T, Kuang M, Liu H. Analysis of online prescription patterns in Chinese patients with sequelae of cerebral infarction: a real-world study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11962. [PMID: 38796623 PMCID: PMC11127947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI) is a common cerebrovascular disease worldwide, and the burden caused by the sequelae of CI has increased significantly. However, current treatment guidelines lack standardized recommendations for pharmacotherapy of sequelae of CI. This retrospective study collected and analyzed 1.98 million prescriptions concerning sequelae of CI from patients admitted to Zhiyun Health Internet Hospital in 2022. The mean age of patients was 66.2 ± 11.4 years, and 52.40% were male. 79.73% had one or more comorbidities. For treatment, the prescriptions of 1-, 2- and ≥ 3-drug accounted for 64.55%, 23.77% and 11.68% respectively. Chinese patent medicine (CPM) prescriptions, western medicine (WM) prescriptions, and CPM and WM combined (CPM + WM) prescriptions accounted for 53.81%, 27.33%, and 18.86% respectively. In CPM prescriptions, the most frequently prescribed medications were Salvia miltiorrhiza (34.81%), Ginkgo biloba (24.96%), Panax notoginseng (20.67%), Gastrodia (7.15%) and Ligusticum Wallichii (4.90%). For WM prescriptions, the most commonly prescribed agents were anti-hypertensive (32.82%), anti-thrombotic (16.06%), vasodilator (15.70%), anti-dementia (10.88%), and lipid-lowering (9.58%) drugs. Among CPM + WM prescriptions, 72.61% had CPM/WM = 1, 21.20% had CPM/WM < 1, and 6.19% had CPM/WM > 1. This research utilized real-world data extracted from internet hospitals in China to present valuable evidence of online prescription patterns among patients experiencing sequelae of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, 401 Building 4, Haichuang Park 998 Wenyi West Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, 401 Building 4, Haichuang Park 998 Wenyi West Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, 401 Building 4, Haichuang Park 998 Wenyi West Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Liu
- Hangzhou Kang Ming Information Technology Co., Ltd, 401 Building 4, Haichuang Park 998 Wenyi West Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Chen S, Niu Z, Shen Y, Lu W, Zhao J, Yang H, Guo M, Zhang L, Zheng R, Du G, Li L. Naodesheng decoction regulating vascular function via G-protein-coupled receptors: network analysis and experimental investigations. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1355169. [PMID: 38533257 PMCID: PMC10963398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1355169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ischemic stroke (IS) is a detrimental neurological disease with limited treatment options. Recanalization of blocked blood vessels and restoring blood supply to ischemic brain tissue are crucial for post-stroke rehabilitation. The decoction Naodesheng (NDS) composed of five Chinese botanical drugs, including Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Carthamus tinctorius L., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, and Crataegus pinnatifida Bge., is a blood-activating and stasis-removing herbal medicine commonly used for the clinical treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, the material basis of NDS on the effects of blood circulation improvement and vascular tone regulation remains unclear. Methods: A database comprising 777 chemical metabolites of NDS was constructed. Then, the interactions between various herbal metabolites of NDS and five vascular tone modulation G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including 5-HT1AR, 5-HT1BR, β2-AR, AT1R, and ETBR, were assessed by molecular docking. Using network analysis and vasomotor experiment of the cerebral basilar artery, the potential material basis underlying the vascular regulatory effects of NDS was further explored. Results: The Naodesheng Effective Component Group (NECG) was found to induce relaxation of rat basilar artery rings precontracted using Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and KCl in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Several metabolites of NDS, including C. tinctorius, C. pinnatifida, and P. notoginseng, were found to be the main plant resources of metabolites with high docking scores. Furthermore, several metabolites in NDS, including formononetin-7-glucoside, hydroxybenzoyl-coumaric anhydride, methoxymecambridine, puerarol, and pyrethrin II, were found to target multiple vascular GPCRs. Metabolites with moderate-to-high binding energy were verified to have good rat basilar artery-relaxing effects, and the maximum artery relaxation effects of all three metabolites, namely, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and daidzein, were found to exceed 90%. Moreover, metabolites of NDS were found to exert a synergistic effect by interacting with vascular GPCR targets, and these metabolites may contribute to the cerebrovascular regulatory function of NDS. Discussion: The study reports that various metabolites of NDS contribute to its vascular tone regulating effects and demonstrates the multi-component and multi-target characteristics of NDS. Among them, metabolites with moderate-to-high binding scores in NDS may play an important role in regulating vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziran Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjia Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wendan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Zheng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol‐Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol‐Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024. [DOI: org/10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol‐type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol‐type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in‐depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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7
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Cui D, Chen Y, Ye B, Guo W, Wang D, He J. Natural products for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 121:155101. [PMID: 37778246 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most common diseases in older adults worldwide. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and are accompanied by cerebral cortical atrophy, neuronal loss, protein accumulation, and excessive accumulation of metal ions. Natural products exhibit outstanding performance in improving cerebral circulatory disorders, promoting cerebral haematoma absorption, repairing damaged nerve tissue, and improving damaged nerve function. In recent years, studies have shown that neuroinflammatory mechanisms and signalling pathways closely related to the occurrence and development of neurological diseases include microglial activation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, reactive oxygen pathway, nucleotide binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, and intestinal flora. Therefore, this study considered the mechanism of neurological diseases as the starting point to review the mechanism of action of natural products in the prevention and treatment of AD and PD in recent years to provide a theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment. AIM Natural products are a promising source of novel lead structures that have long been used to treat various nervous system diseases. METHODOLOGY This review collected literature on neurological diseases and natural products from 2012 to 2022, which were mainly searched through databases such as ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, SciFinder, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Google Scholar, and Baidu Academic. The following keywords were searched: neurological disorders, natural products, signalling pathway, mechanism of action. RESULTS This review summarises the pathogenesis of degenerative neurological diseases, recent findings on natural products used in neurodegenerative diseases, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Cui
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Bengui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Medical College of Tibet University, Lasa 850002, China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, HSC 4N71, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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8
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Prajapati A, Mehan S, Khan Z. The role of Smo-Shh/Gli signaling activation in the prevention of neurological and ageing disorders. Biogerontology 2023:10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1. [PMID: 37097427 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is an essential central nervous system (CNS) pathway involved during embryonic development and later life stages. Further, it regulates cell division, cellular differentiation, and neuronal integrity. During CNS development, Smo-Shh signaling is significant in the proliferation of neuronal cells such as oligodendrocytes and glial cells. The initiation of the downstream signalling cascade through the 7-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo) promotes neuroprotection and restoration during neurological disorders. The dysregulation of Smo-Shh is linked to the proteolytic cleavage of GLI (glioma-associated homolog) into GLI3 (repressor), which suppresses target gene expression, leading to the disruption of cell growth processes. Smo-Shh aberrant signalling is responsible for several neurological complications contributing to physiological alterations like increased oxidative stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, activating Shh receptors in the brain promotes axonal elongation and increases neurotransmitters released from presynaptic terminals, thereby exerting neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy responses. Smo-Shh activators have been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to help prevent various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Redox signalling has been found to play a critical role in regulating the activity of the Smo-Shh pathway and influencing downstream signalling events. In the current study ROS, a signalling molecule, was also essential in modulating the SMO-SHH gli signaling pathway in neurodegeneration. As a result of this investigation, dysregulation of the pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD).Thus, Smo-Shh signalling activators could be a potential therapeutic intervention to treat neurocomplications of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Prajapati
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Gao L, Xia X, Shuai Y, Zhang H, Jin W, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Gut microbiota, a hidden protagonist of traditional Chinese medicine for acute ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1164150. [PMID: 37124192 PMCID: PMC10133705 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1164150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the leading diseases causing death and disability worldwide, and treatment options remain very limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used for thousands of years to treat ischemic stroke and has been proven to have significant efficacy, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. As research related to the brain-gut-microbe axis progresses, there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota plays an important role during AIS. The interaction between TCM and the gut microbiota has been suggested as a possible key link to the therapeutic effects of TCM. We have compiled and reviewed recent studies on the relationship between AIS, TCM, and gut microbiota, with the expectation of providing more ideas to elucidate the mechanism of action of TCM in the treatment of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuwen Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinqi Shuai
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Emergency Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Geriatric Department, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang, ; Xiaoyun Zhang,
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10
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Dai L, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Chen K. Panax notoginseng preparation plus aspirin versus aspirin alone on platelet aggregation and coagulation in patients with coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015048. [PMID: 36569332 PMCID: PMC9768032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of Panax notoginseng preparations (PNP) containing Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) or Panaxatriol Saponin (PTS) on platelet aggregation and coagulation in the adjuvant treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke (IS). Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the combination of PNP and aspirin (ASA) versus ASA alone for CHD or IS were searched in eight databases. Subgroup analysis was performed according to saponin category. When statistical heterogeneity was significant, sensitivity analysis was performed using the leave-one-out approach. Funnel plot, Egger' test, and Begg' test was adopted to detect publication bias. Results: Twenty RCTs involving 2216 patients were analyzed. Compared with ASA alone, PNP plus ASA had a stronger inhibitory effect on in PAgR [PNS, WMD = -6.10 (-7.25, -4.95), p < 0.00001; PTS, WMD = -3.53 (-4.68, -2.38), p < 0.00001]; PNS plus ASA better reduced FIB [WMD = -0.43 (-0.49, -0.36)] and DD [WMD = -0.59 (-0.67, -0.51), p < 0.00001], while PLT (p = 0.07) and PT (p = 0.34) were not significantly different; PTS plus ASA better prolonged PT [WMD = 1.90 (1.47, 2.32), p < 0.00001] and PT-INR [WMD = 0.22 (0.11, 0.32), p < 0.0001], whereas no significant difference in DD (p = 0.1) and bleeding-related events (positive fecal occult blood, p = 0.96; upper gastrointestinal bleeding, p = 0.67; subcutaneous hemorrhage, p = 0.51; bulbar conjunctival hemorrhage, p = 0.51; hematuria, p = 0.58). There was no significant difference between PNP plus ASA and ASA alone in terms of gastrointestinal side effect (PNS, p = 0.65; PTS, p = 0.56) and urticaria (PNS, p = 0.57; PTS, p = 0.55). Conclusion: PNP combined with ASA might produce stronger antiplatelet aggregation and anticoagulation effects without increasing bleeding risk, gastrointestinal side effects, and urticaria compared with ASA alone. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails, identifier CRD42022339234.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keji Chen
- *Correspondence: Keji Chen, ; Yuerong Jiang,
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Yao H, He Q, Huang C, Wei S, Gong Y, Li X, Liu W, Xu Z, Wu H, Zheng C, Gao Y. Panaxatriol saponin ameliorates myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting Keap1/Nrf2 to regulate oxidative stress and inhibit cardiac-fibroblast activation and proliferation. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:264-275. [PMID: 35977659 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common precursor of ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. We investigated the role of oxidative stress in myocardial fibrosis and the protective effect of panaxatriol saponin (PTS) against myocardial infarction (MI)-induced cardiac fibrosis and explored the underlying mechanisms. In vitro, cell viability was tested using a cell counting kit. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2•-) were determined. Antioxidant enzyme levels were determined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, echocardiography, histological analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and molecular analysis were performed. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation was evaluated by molecular docking and immunoprecipitation. Finally, the mechanism by which PTS inhibits cardiac fibrosis was investigated using the Nrf2 activator ML334 and a small interfering RNA for Nrf2. Ang II-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts was associated with oxidative stress, characterized by upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin, increased reactive oxygen species production, and inhibition of superoxide dismutase-1 and heme oxygenase expression. In addition, PTS improved cardiac function and ameliorated cardiac fibrosis in MI rats. It also reduced Ang II-induced fibroblast differentiation and proliferation, suppressed oxidative stress, and disrupted the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nrf2 interaction by directly blocking the Nrf2 binding site in Keap1. Overexpression of Nrf2 by ML334 enhanced the antifibrotic effect of PTS. However, genetic ablation of Nrf2 abrogated the antifibrotic effect of PTS in cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that Nrf2 has promise as a target and PTS as a therapeutic agent for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingman He
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Sichuan Police College, Chengdu, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gong
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyi Xu
- Chengdu Huasun Technology Group Inc., Ltd, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China; National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Chengdu Huasun Technology Group Inc., Ltd, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- International Education College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Ji ZJ, Shi Y, Li X, Hou R, Yang Y, Liu ZQ, Duan XC, Liu Q, Chen WD, Peng DY. Neuroprotective Effect of Taohong Siwu Decoction on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Mitophagy-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:910217. [PMID: 35754465 PMCID: PMC9213799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.910217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Globally, cerebral ischemia has been shown to be the second leading cause of death. Our previous studies have shown that Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) exhibits obvious neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (CIRI). In this study, we further explored the modulatory effect of THSWD on mitochondrial autophagy in CIRI and the relationship between modulatory effect and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation, so as to further explain the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of THSWD. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in rats was built to simulate I/R. Adult male SD rats (220–270 g) were randomly divided into the following four groups: the sham group, the MCAO/R group, the MCAO/R + THSWD group, and the MCAO/R + THSWD + Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) group. Neurological defect scores were used to evaluate neurological function. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was conducted to measure cerebral infarct volume. Nissl staining, H&E staining and TUNEL staining were executed to detect ischemic cortical neuronal cell viability and apoptosis. Electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of mitochondria. Total Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in tissue were measured by fluorescence spectrophotometry, and the activation status of microglia was evaluated by Iba-1/CD16 immunofluorescence staining. The levels of mitophagy-related proteins (LC3, Parkin, PINK1), NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, Pro-caspase-1, Cleaved-caspase-1), and inflammatory cytokines (Pro-IL-18, Pro-IL-1β, IL-18, IL-1β) were evaluated by western blotting. Results: The studies showed that THSWD treatment alleviated cerebral infarction and neurological deficiencies. THSWD upregulated the expressions of autophagy markers (LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1) mitochondrial autophagy markers (Parkin and PINK1) after CIRI. Furthermore, THSWD treatment attenuated microglia activation and damage to mitochondrial structures, thereby reducing ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In contrast, the mitochondrial autophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 inhibited the above beneficial effects of THSWD. Conclusions: THSWD exhibits neuroprotective effects against MCAO/R in rats by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy and reducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jie Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xian-Chun Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dai-Yin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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13
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Pretreatment with Panaxatriol Saponin Attenuates Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress to Facilitate Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the Regulation of Keap1/Nrf2 Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9626703. [PMID: 35669855 PMCID: PMC9166985 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9626703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a type of severe injury to the ischemic myocardium that can occur following recovery of blood flow, and for which, there is no effective treatment. Panaxatriol saponin (PTS), a major active component of P. notoginseng, has been used clinically to treat ischemia-related encephalopathy due to its antioxidant activity, but its effect on ischemic cardiomyopathy and underlying mechanism of action is still unclear. This study was performed to investigate the protective effect of PTS against MIRI and explore the potential underlying mechanisms. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to stimulate cardiomyocytes, to mimic MIRI in vitro. Cell viability was tested using the CCK-8 method. The antioxidant activity of PTS in the H9c2 rat cardiomyocyte cell line was examined using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), SOD2, and heme oxygenase (HO-1) were determined by Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence. The antiapoptotic effect of PTS was determined. In addition, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) changes were assessed. Changes in Keap1/Nrf2 activation were evaluated by Western blotting analysis, molecular docking, and immunoprecipitation. An in vivo MIRI model was established in rats, and the myocardial infarct size was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Myocardial enzyme activities were determined by ELISA or biochemical analyses. Furthermore, changes in Nrf2 activation were evaluated, and the regulatory effect of PTS on cardiomyocyte apoptosis was examined using the Nrf2 blocker, ML385. The results showed that PTS ameliorated the cardiomyocyte injury induced by H2O2, characterized by increased cell viability, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and promotion of SOD1, SOD2, and HO1 expression. PTS inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. PTS also reduced mPTP opening and stabilized ΔΨm in H9c2 cells. Molecular docking and immunoprecipitation study revealed that PTS can disrupt Keap1/Nrf2 interaction by directly blocking the binding site of Nrf2 in the Keap1 protein. In vivo, PTS decreased the area of myocardial infarction and attenuated pathological damage in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) rats. In addition, the activities of myocardial injury markers were decreased by PTS. Finally, PTS regulated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and ML385 blocked the therapeutic effect of PTS in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that PTS has therapeutic potential for MIRI by targeting Keap1/Nrf2 activity.
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14
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Salmina AB, Malinovskaya NA, Morgun AV, Khilazheva ED, Uspenskaya YA, Illarioshkin SN. Reproducibility of developmental neuroplasticity in in vitro brain tissue models. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:531-554. [PMID: 34983132 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current prevalence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and brain injury stimulates studies aimed to identify new molecular targets, to select the drug candidates, to complete the whole set of preclinical and clinical trials, and to implement new drugs into routine neurological practice. Establishment of protocols based on microfluidics, blood-brain barrier- or neurovascular unit-on-chip, and microphysiological systems allowed improving the barrier characteristics and analyzing the regulation of local microcirculation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. Reconstruction of key mechanisms of brain development and even some aspects of experience-driven brain plasticity would be helpful in the establishment of brain in vitro models with the highest degree of reliability. Activity, metabolic status and expression pattern of cells within the models can be effectively assessed with the protocols of system biology, cell imaging, and functional cell analysis. The next generation of in vitro models should demonstrate high scalability, 3D or 4D complexity, possibility to be combined with other tissues or cell types within the microphysiological systems, compatibility with bio-inks or extracellular matrix-like materials, achievement of adequate vascularization, patient-specific characteristics, and opportunity to provide high-content screening. In this review, we will focus on currently available and prospective brain tissue in vitro models suitable for experimental and preclinical studies with the special focus on models enabling 4D reconstruction of brain tissue for the assessment of brain development, brain plasticity, and drug kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Salmina
- Laboratory of Experimental Brain Cytology, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Highway 80, Moscow, 125367, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Natalia A Malinovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Andrey V Morgun
- Department of Ambulatory Pediatrics, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zheleznyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Elena D Khilazheva
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Yulia A Uspenskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, P. Zhelenzyaka str., 1, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Sergey N Illarioshkin
- Department of Brain Studies, Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Highway, 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
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15
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Yang F, Yang MY, Le JQ, Luo BY, Yin MD, Chao-Li, Jiang JL, Fang YF, Shao JW. Protective Effects and Therapeutics of Ginsenosides for Improving Endothelial Dysfunction: From Therapeutic Potentials, Pharmaceutical Developments to Clinical Trials. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:749-772. [PMID: 35450513 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium covers the internal lumen of the entire circulatory system and plays an important modulatory role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelium dysfunction, characterized by a vasoconstrictive, pro-inflammatory, and pro-coagulant state, usually manifests as a significant pathological process of vascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis (AS), stroke, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to seek promising therapeutic drugs or remedies to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction-induced vascular ailments and complications. Recently, much attention has been attached to ginsenosides, the most significant active components of ginseng, which have always been referred to as "all-healing" and widely used for its extensively medicinal value. Surprisingly, ginsenosides have diverse biological activity which might be related to inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. In this review, a brief introduction about endothelial dysfunction and ginsenosides was demonstrated, and the emphasis was put on summarizing multi-faceted pharmacological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides on the endothelium, including vasorelaxation, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and angio-modulation. Beyond that, nanotechnology to improve efficacy and the existing clinical trials of ginsenosides were concluded. Hopefully, our work will give suggestions for promoting clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine, e.g., hypertension, AS, diabetes, ischemic stroke, and cancer. This review provides a comprehensive base of knowledge for ginsenosides to prevention and treatment of vascular injury- related diseases with clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ming-Yue Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jing-Qing Le
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Bang-Yue Luo
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Meng-Die Yin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chao-Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jia-Li Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yi-Fan Fang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jing-Wei Shao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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16
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Lu D, Ma R, Xie Q, Xu Z, Yuan J, Ren M, Li J, Li Y, Wang J. Application and advantages of zebrafish model in the study of neurovascular unit. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174483. [PMID: 34481878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "Neurovascular Unit" (NVU) was put forward, so that the research goal of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases gradually transitioned from a single neuron to the structural and functional integrity of the NVU. Zebrafish has the advantages of high homology with human genes, strong reproductive capacity and visualization of neural circuits, so it has become an emerging model organism for NVU research and has been applied to a variety of CNS diseases. Based on CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) and PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/) databases, the author of this article sorted out the relevant literature, analyzed the construction of a zebrafish model of various CNS diseases,and the use of diagrams showed the application of zebrafish in the NVU, revealed its relationship, which would provide new methods and references for the treatment and research of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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17
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Zhang J, Guo F, Zhou R, Xiang C, Zhang Y, Gao J, Cao G, Yang H. Proteomics and transcriptome reveal the key transcription factors mediating the protection of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153613. [PMID: 34500302 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transcription factors (TFs) play a critical role in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are extensively used in the treatment of acute cerebral ischemia in China, but the mechanism of their effects, especially at the TF level, remains unclear. In this study, a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics and network pharmacology analysis was used to identify the key TFs involved in the protection of PNS against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced IRI. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprague-Dawley rats which were subjected to 1.5 hours of MCAO-induced occlusionand then followed by reperfusion, were treated with PNS at a concentration of 36 mg/kg or 72 mg/kg daily for 7 days. PNS significantly decreased neurological deficient scores and infarction rate; prevented cerebral tissue damage; and reduced CASP3 activity, levels of TNF, IL1B and CCL2 after IRI. Through a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics, 9 critical TFs were identified, including Excision repair cross-complementing group 2 (ERCC2), Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) and 7 other TFs. The targets of ERCC2 and NR4A3, such as Ubxn11, Ush2a, Numr2, Oxt, Ubxn11, Scrt2, Ttc34 and Lrrc23, were verified by using real-time PCR analysis. RNA-seq analyses indicated that PNS regulated nerve system development and inflammation, and the majority of the identified TFs were also involved in these processes. By using network pharmacology analysis, 73 chemical components in PNS were predicted to affect ERCC2, NR4A3 and 3 other identified TFs. CONCLUSION ERCC2, NR4A3 and 7 other TFs were of importance in the protection of PNS against IRI. This study promoted the understanding of protective mechanism of PNS against cerebral IRI and facilitated the identification of possible targets of PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Changpei Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinhuan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guangzhao Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Secondary Cerebellar Cortex Injury in Albino Male Rats after MCAO: A Histological and Biochemical Study. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091267. [PMID: 34572453 PMCID: PMC8468751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on secondary injury following the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats not linked to the MCA’s feeding zone. This entity has been very rarely studied. Additionally, this study investigated the rates of expression of five fundamental angiogenic biomarkers called endoglin, vascular endothelial growth factors-A (VEGF-A), endothelin-1 (ET-1), 2granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and angiopoietin-using the MCA occlusion (MCAO) model. The random allocation of twelve adult male albino rats was in two groups. As a sham control group, six rats were used. This group was subjected to a sham operation without MCAO. The MCAO group consisted of six rats that were subjected to MCAO operation. After three days, the rats were sacrificed. The cerebellar specimens were immediately processed for light microscopic examination. An angiogenic biomarkers multiplex assay from multiplex was used to assess endoglin levels, VEGF-A, ET-1, angiopoietin-2, and G-CSF in serum samples. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections showed that the cerebellar cortex of rats of the MCAO group was more affected than the sham control group. Furthermore, Nissl stain and immunohistochemical analysis revealed an apparent increase in the number of positive immunoreactive in the cerebellar cortex and an evident decrease in Nissl granules in Purkinje cells of the MCAO rats, in contrast to the control rats. In addition, there was a significant increase in angiogenic factors VEGF-A, ET-1, angiopoietin-2, and endoglin. Interestingly, there was an increase in the G-CSF but a non-significant in the MCAO rats compared to the control rats. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the angiopoietin-2 and ET-1, and between G-CSF and ET-1. VEGF-A also exhibited significant positive correlations with the G-CSF serum level parameter, Endoglin, and ET-1. Rats subjected to MCAO are a suitable model to study secondary injury away from MCA’s feeding zone. Additionally, valuable insights into the association and interaction between altered angiogenic factors and acute ischemic stroke induced by MCAO in rats.
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Xu J, Zhang P, Chen Y, Xu Y, Luan P, Zhu Y, Zhang J. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury through regulation of angiogenesis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1122. [PMID: 34504576 PMCID: PMC8383733 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling and neuroprotection are two major adaptable methods for treating ischemic stroke. Edaravone is a protective agent for the treatment of stroke and was used as a positive control in the present study. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) has demonstrated therapeutic clinical effects in cerebral infarction in China, while its mechanisms of action in ischemic stroke have remained elusive. The angiogenesis and neuroprotective effects of STS were evaluated in a rat model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and 3 days of reperfusion. When used at the same dose, the magnitude of the therapeutic effect of STS was similar to that of edaravone in terms of decreased blood-brain barrier damage as indicated by reduced Evans blue leakage, improved neurological deficits, alleviated cerebral edema and inhibition of histopathological changes caused by ischemia/reperfusion. The TUNEL assay demonstrated that the ability of STS to inhibit neuronal apoptosis was equivalent to that of edaravone. Immunofluorescence detection of CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin indicated that the vascular density was significantly reduced in the vehicle group compared with that in the sham operation group, STS increased the microvessel density in the ischemic area. Furthermore, in the vehicle group the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR) as determined by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry was significantly reduced compared with that in the sham group. However, STS promoted their expression compared to the vehicle group respectively, and increaed the mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGFR, CD31 and angiopoietin-1 as determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, but these changes were not significant or not present for edaravone apart from Ang-1. In conclusion, STS protected against ischemic brain injury by promoting angiogenesis in ischemic areas and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. These results provide a potential treatment for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Xu
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Luan
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Zhu
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Jin M, Kim KM, Lim C, Cho S, Kim YK. Neuroprotective effects of Korean White ginseng and Red ginseng in an ischemic stroke mouse model. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:275-282. [PMID: 35509825 PMCID: PMC9058837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungho Jin
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyeon Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Cho
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan Campus of Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, 47227, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou D, Cen K, Liu W, Liu F, Liu R, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Chang J, Zhu L. Xuesaitong exerts long-term neuroprotection for stroke recovery by inhibiting the ROCKII pathway, in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113943. [PMID: 33617967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xuesaitong (XST) is a traditional Chinese medicine injection with neuroprotective properties and has been extensively used to treat stroke for many years. The main component of XST is Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which is the main extract of the Chinese herbal medicine Panax notoginseng. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated whether XST provided long-term neuroprotection by inhibiting neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A (Nogo-A) and the ROCKII pathway in experimental rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with permanent MCAO were administered XST, Y27632, XST plus Y27632, and nimodipine for 14 and 28 days. Successful MCAO onset was confirmed by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Neurological deficit score (NDS) was used to assess neurological impairment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) were performed to evaluate cerebral ischemic injury and the neuroprotective capability of XST. Nogo-A levels and the ROCKII pathway were detected by IHC analysis, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to explore the protective mechanism of XST. OGD/R model was established in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) was applied to detect the optimum OGD time and XST concentration. The expression levels Nogo-A and ROCKII pathway were determined using western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that XST reduced neurological dysfunction and pathological damage, promoted weight gain and synaptic regeneration, reduced Nogo-A mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited the ROCKII pathway in MCAO rats. CCK8 assay displayed that the optimal OGD time and optimal XST concentration were 7 h and 20 μg/mL respectively in SH-SY5Y cells. XST could evidently inhibit OGD/R-induced Nogo-A protein expression and ROCKII pathway activation in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that XST exerted long-term neuroprotective effects that assisted in stroke recovery, possibly through inhibition of the ROCKII pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Kai Cen
- Department of Stomatology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100045, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Yizhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingling Chang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
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Liu J, Wang F, Sheng P, Xia Z, Jiang Y, Yan BC. A network-based method for mechanistic investigation and neuroprotective effect on treatment of tanshinone Ⅰ against ischemic stroke in mouse. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113923. [PMID: 33617968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tanshinone-Ⅰ (TSNⅠ), a member of the mainly active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Dan Shen), which is widely used for the treatment for modern clinical diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, has been reported to show the properties of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection and other pharmacological actions. However, whether TSNⅠ can improve neuron survival and neurological function against transient focal cerebral ischemia (tMCAO) in mice is still a blank field. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of TSNⅠ on ischemic stroke (IS) induced by tMCAO in mice and explore the potential mechanism of TSNⅠ against IS by combining network pharmacology approach and experimental verification. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the pivotal candidate targets of TSNⅠ against IS were screened by network pharmacology firstly. Enrichment analysis and molecular docking of those targets were performed to identify the possible mechanism of TSNⅠ against IS. Afterwards, experiments were carried out to further verify the mechanism of TSNⅠ against IS. The infarct volume and neurological deficit were evaluated by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Longa respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe neuronal death in the hippocampus and cortical regions by detecting the change of NeuN. The predicting pathways of signaling-related proteins were assessed by Western blot in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS In vivo, TSNⅠ was found to dose-dependently decrease mice's cerebral infarct volume induced by tMCAO. In vitro, pretreatment with TSNⅠ could increase cell viability of HT-22 cell following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD/R). Moreover, the results showed that 125 candidate targets were identified, Protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway was significantly enriched by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 (MAPK1) and AKT1 could be bound to TSNⅠ more firmly by molecular docking analysis, which implies that TSNⅠ may play a role in neuroprotection through activating AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Meanwhile, TSNⅠ was confirmed to significantly protect neurons from injury induced by IS through activating AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study clarifies that the mechanism of TSNⅠ against IS might be related to AKT and MAPK signaling pathways, which may provide the basic evidence for further development and utilization of TSNⅠ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Fuxing Wang
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Peng Sheng
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Chinese Materia Medica, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Medical College, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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Yildiz-Ozturk E, Saglam-Metiner P, Yesil-Celiktas O. Lung carcinoma spheroids embedded in a microfluidic platform. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:457-471. [PMID: 34149177 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cell cultures are excellent models used in cancer biology research and drug screening. The objective of this study was to develop a lung carcinoma spheroid based microfluidic platform with perfusion function to mimic lung cancer pathology and investigate the effect of a potential drug molecule, panaxatriol. Spheroids were successfully formed on agar microtissue molds at the end of 10 days, reaching an average diameter of about 317.18 ± 4.05 μm and subsequently transferred to 3D dynamic microfluidic system with perfusion function. While the size of the 3D spheroids embedded in the Matrigel matrix in the platform had gradually increased both in the static and dynamic control groups, the size of the spheroids were reduced and fragmented in the drug treated groups. Cell viability results showed that panaxatriol exhibited higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than healthy cells and the IC50 value was determined as 61.55 µM. Furthermore, panaxatriol has been more effective on single cells around the spheroid structure, whereas less in 3D spheroid tissues with a compact structure in static conditions compared to dynamic systems, where a flow rate of 2 µL/min leading to a shear stress of 0.002 dyne/cm2 was applied. Application of such dynamic systems will contribute to advancing basic research and increasing the predictive accuracy of potential drug molecules, which may accelerate the translation of novel therapeutics to the clinic, possibly decreasing the use of animal models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00470-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yildiz-Ozturk
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (Ege TPRC), 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pelin Saglam-Metiner
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas
- Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research Center (Ege TPRC), 35100 Izmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Liu R, Zheng Y, Han T, Lan J, He L, Shi J. Angiogenic Actions of Paeoniflorin on Endothelial Progenitor Cells and in Ischemic Stroke Rat Model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:863-881. [PMID: 33829966 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major diseases with high morbidity, mortality, and disability rate all over the world. Chinese herb-derived active components would provide valuable candidate compounds for ischemic stroke therapy. Paeoniflorin (PF) is an active ingredient from Paeoniae Radix which possesses neurovascular effect after ischemia. However, so far, few studies are reported on the efficacy and mechanism of PF from angiogenesis aspects. Results from our in vitro studies showed that the ability for proliferation, migration, and tube formation in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) was promoted by coculturing with PF (100 [Formula: see text]M). Furthermore, to investigate the angiogenic effects of PF in vivo, we constructed an ischemic stroke model in rats and found that PF could reduce cerebral infarction, alleviate pathological injury, and increase the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors and cerebral vascular density after intraperitonially administration of 40 mg ⋅ kg[Formula: see text] ⋅ day[Formula: see text] for 14 days. Up-regulating the expression of VEGF/VEGF-R2 might be the mechanism of PF's angiogenic action. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that PF is an active monomer of Traditional Chinese Medicine which shows angiogenic actions on endothelial progenitor cells and in ischemic stroke rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, P. R. China
| | - Tao Han
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, P. R. China
| | - Laixi He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, P. R. China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
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25
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Theasaponin E 1 Inhibits Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells through Activating Apoptosis and Suppressing Angiogenesis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061681. [PMID: 33802884 PMCID: PMC8002815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer treatment are in critical need due to the chemoresistance and adverse side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy. Theasaponin E1 (TSE1) is an oleanane-type saponin from Camellia sinensis seeds. Its apoptosis-inducing, cell cycle arresting and antiangiogenesis activities against platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells were elucidated in vitro and using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The results showed that TSE1 had more potent cell growth inhibitory effects on ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 and A2780/CP70 cells than cisplatin and was lower in cytotoxicity to normal ovarian IOSE-364 cells. TSE1 significantly induced OVCAR-3 cell apoptosis via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, slightly arresting cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and obviously inhibited OVCAR-3 cell migration and angiogenesis with reducing the protein secretion and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Western bolt assay showed that Serine/threonine Kinase (Akt) signaling related proteins including Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Akt, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Ribosome S6 protein kinase (p70S6K) and e IF4E-binding protein 1(4E-BP1) were regulated, and Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expression was decreased by TSE1 in OVCAR-3 cells. Moreover, TSE1 treatment potently downregulated protein expression of the Notch ligands including Delta-like protein 4 (Dll4) and Jagged1, and reduced the protein level of the intracellular domain (NICD) of Notch1. Combination treatment of TSE1 with the Notch1 signaling inhibitor tert-butyl (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-2-phenylacetate (DAPT), or the Akt signaling inhibitor wortmannin, showed a stronger inhibition toward HIF-1α activation compared with single compound treatment. Taken together, TSE1 might be a potential candidate compound for improving platinum-resistant ovarian cancer treatment via Dll4/Jagged1-Notch1-Akt-HIF-1α axis.
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Xu ZY, Xu Y, Xie XF, Tian Y, Sui JH, Sun Y, Lin DS, Gao X, Peng C, Fan YJ. Anti-platelet aggregation of Panax notoginseng triol saponins by regulating GP1BA for ischemic stroke therapy. Chin Med 2021; 16:12. [PMID: 33468191 PMCID: PMC7816336 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng triol saponins (PTS) has been used clinically for ischemic stroke therapy (IST) in China for more than 17 years due to its anti-platelet aggregation and neuro-protective effects, but its mechanism of action is not fully understand. In this study, anti-platelet aggregation-related protein analysis and computer simulations of drug-protein binding interactions were performed to explore the mechanism of the effects of PTS against ischemic stroke in an ischemia reperfusion model. Methods Three oral doses of PTS were administered in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Panax notoginseng total saponins (PNS) and a combination of PTS and aspirin were chosen for comparison. To evaluate therapeutic effects and explore possible mechanisms of anti-platelet aggregation, we measured cerebral infarct size and water content in brain tissue, histomorphological changes, expression of related factors (such as arachidonic acid metabolites) and platelet receptors in serum, as well as the binding affinity of PTS for platelet adhesion receptors. Results Compared with PNS, PTS showed a stronger and more potent anti-platelet aggregation effect in MCAO model rats. The combination of PTS and aspirin could reduce adverse gastrointestinal effects by regulating the TXA2/PGI2 ratio. We demonstrated for the first time that PTS was able to regulate Glycoprotein Ib-α (GP1BA) in a model animal. The binding of ginsenoside Rg1 and GP1BA could form a stable structure. Moreover, PTS could reduce von Willebrand factor (VWF)-mediated platelet adhesion to damaged vascular endothelium, and thus enhance the probability of anti-platelet aggregation and anti-thrombosis under pathological conditions. Conclusions Our results showed that GP1BA was closely related to the anti-platelet aggregation action of PTS, which provided new scientific and molecular evidence for its clinical application.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.,Chengdu Huasun Technology Group Inc., Ltd, Shuxin Avenue No.1168, Western Hi-tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liutai Avenue NO. 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liutai Avenue NO. 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-Hui Sui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Da-Sheng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liutai Avenue NO. 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.,Chengdu Huasun Technology Group Inc., Ltd, Shuxin Avenue No.1168, Western Hi-tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Chengdu Huasun Technology Group Inc., Ltd, Shuxin Avenue No.1168, Western Hi-tech Zone, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liutai Avenue NO. 1166, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu-Jiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China.
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Ginsenosides for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Pharmacology and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Genes Induced by Panax Notoginseng in a Rodent Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8873261. [PMID: 33294469 PMCID: PMC7714582 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8873261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease that results in decreased blood flow. Although Panax notoginseng (PN), a Chinese herbal medicine, has been proven to promote stroke recovery, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats with thrombi generated by thread and subsequently treated with PN. After that, staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride was employed to evaluate the infarcted area, and electron microscopy was used to assess ultrastructural changes of the neurovascular unit. RNA-Seq was performed to determine the differential expressed genes (DEGs) which were then verified by qPCR. In total, 817 DEGs were identified to be related to the therapeutic effect of PN on stroke recovery. Further analysis by Gene Oncology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that most of these genes were involved in the biological function of nerves and blood vessels through the regulation of neuroactive live receptor interactions of PI3K-Akt, Rap1, cAMP, and cGMP-PKG signaling, which included in the 18 pathways identified in our research, of which, 9 were reported firstly that related to PN's neuroprotective effect. This research sheds light on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PN on stroke recovery.
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Zhong J, Lu W, Zhang J, Huang M, Lyu W, Ye G, Deng L, Chen M, Yao N, Li Y, Liu G, Liang Y, Fu J, Zhang D, Ye W. Notoginsenoside R1 activates the Ang2/Tie2 pathway to promote angiogenesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153302. [PMID: 32823242 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic angiogenesis is a novel strategy for the treatment of ischemic diseases that involves promotion of angiogenesis in ischemic tissues via the use of proangiogenic agents. However, effective proangiogenic drugs that activate the Ang2/Tie2 signaling pathway remain scarce. PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the proangiogenic activity of notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) isolated from total saponins of Panax notoginseng with regard to activation of the Ang2/Tie2 signaling pathway. METHODS We examined the proangiogenic effects of NR1 by assessing the effects of NR1 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The aortic ring assay and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor (VRI)-induced vascular regression in the zebrafish model were used to confirm the proangiogenic effects of NR1 ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism was investigated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that NR1 promoted the proliferation, mobility and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro. NR1 also increased the number of sprouting vessels in rat aortic rings and rescued VRI-induced vascular regression in zebrafish. NR1-induced angiogenesis was dependent on Tie2 receptor activation mediated by increased autocrine Ang2 in HUVECs, and inhibition of the Ang2/Tie2 pathway abrogated the proangiogenic effects of NR1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NR1 promotes angiogenesis by activating the Ang2/Tie2 signaling pathway. Thus, NR1-induced activation of the Ang2/Tie2 pathway is an effective proangiogenic approach. NR1 may be useful agent for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weijin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Maohua Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyu Lyu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Geni Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Formula‑pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minfeng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nan Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guanping Liu
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Innovative Preparations for Natural Medicine, Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Yunfei Liang
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Innovative Preparations for Natural Medicine, Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Jingwen Fu
- The Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wencai Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Qu J, Xu N, Zhang J, Geng X, Zhang R. Panax notoginseng saponins and their applications in nervous system disorders: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1525. [PMID: 33313270 PMCID: PMC7729308 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), also called "sanqi" in Chinese, are the main active ingredients which are extracted from the root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen., and they have been traditionally used as a medicine in China for hundreds of years with magical medicinal value. PNS have varied biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory effects, anti-cancer effects, anti-neurotoxicity, and the prevention of diabetes. Nervous system disorders, a spectrum of diseases originating from the nervous system, have a significant impact on all aspects of patients' lives. Due to the dramatic gains in global life expectancy, the prevalence of nervous system disorders is growing gradually. Even if the mechanism of these diseases is still not clear, they are mainly characterized by neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. Consequently, it is essential to find measures to slow down or prevent the onset of these diseases. At present, traditional Chinese medicines, as well as their active components, have gained widespread popularity in preventing and treating these diseases because of their merits, especially PNS. In this review, we predominantly address the recent advances in PNS researches and their biological functions, and highlight their applications in nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repairing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Major Disorders-State Key Lab Incubation Base, Beijing Neuroscience Disciplines, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang F, Ma Q, Matsabisa MG, Chabalala H, Braga FC, Tang M. Panax notoginseng for Cerebral Ischemia: A Systematic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1331-1351. [PMID: 32907361 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is the most widely used Chinese medicinal herb for the prevention and treatment of ischemic diseases. Its main active ingredients are saponins, including ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1, among others. This review provides an up-to-date overview on the pharmacological roles of P. notoginseng constituents in cerebral ischemia. The saponins of P. notoginseng induce a variety of pharmacological effects in the multiscale mechanisms of cerebral ischemic pathophysiology, including anti-inflammatory activity, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, inhibition of amino acid excitotoxicity, reduction of intracellular calcium overload, protection of mitochondria, repairing the blood-brain barrier, and facilitation of cell regeneration. Regarding cell regeneration, P. notoginseng not only promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, but also protects neurons, endothelial cells and astrocytes in cerebral ischemia. In conclusion, P. notoginseng may treat cerebrovascular diseases through multiple pharmacological effects, and the most critical ones need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicines Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Hlupheka Chabalala
- IK-Based Technology Innovations Department of Science and Technology Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Minke Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
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Li R, Li Y, Li B, Sun H, Liu X, Ge X, Liu Y, Yang J. Effectiveness comparisons of different Chinese herbal injection therapies for acute cerebral infarction: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21584. [PMID: 32769909 PMCID: PMC7592989 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) has a high incidence, recurrence rate, and mortality. Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) are widely used in the substitution therapy of ACI. Due to the lack of randomized trials comparing the efficacy of various injections directly, it is still difficult to judge the relative efficacy. Therefore, we intend to conduct a network meta-analysis to evaluate the benefit among these CHIs. METHODS According to the retrieval strategies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CHI therapies for ACI will be obtained from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, regardless of publication date or language. Studies were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the Cochrane risk bias assessment tool will be used to evaluate the quality of the literature. The network meta-analysis will be performed in Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and carried out with Stata 14 and WinBUGS 1.4.3 software. Ultimately, the evidentiary grade for the results will be evaluated. RESULTS This study will compare the efficacy and safety of CHIs in the treatment of ACI, and give a more reasonable choice. CONCLUSION Our findings will provide references for future clinical decision and guidance developing.INPLASY registration number: INPLASY202060087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
| | - Ying Li
- Nanchang University, Jiangxi
| | - Bingchen Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Haiyang Sun
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xin Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jiguo Yang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Effect of Active Ingredients of Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Rejuvenation of Healthy Aging: Focus on Stem Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7307026. [PMID: 32724327 PMCID: PMC7366228 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7307026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are special types of cells with the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. As the organism ages, the ability to maintain homeostasis and regeneration deteriorates and the number and activity of stem cells decline. Theoretically, the restoration of stem cells might reverse aging. However, due to their own aging, donor-derived immune rejection, and difficulties in stem cell differentiation control, a series of problems need to be solved to realize the potential for clinical application of stem cells. Chinese herbal medicine is a nature drug library which is suitable for the long-term treatment of aging-related diseases. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that many active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines with the effect of promoting stem cells growth and differentiation mainly belong to “reinforcing herbs.” In recent years, exploration of natural active ingredients from Chinese herbal medicines for delaying aging, improving the stem cell microenvironment, and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous stem cells has attracted substantial attention. This article will focus on active ingredients from Chinese herbs-mediated differentiation of stem cells into particular cell type, like neural cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and osteoblasts. We will also discuss the effects of these small molecules on Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch, eNOS-cGMP, and MAP kinase signal transduction pathways, as well as reveal the role of estrogen receptor α and PPAR γ on selectively promoting or inhibiting stem cells differentiation. This review will provide new insights into the health aging strategies of active ingredients in Chinese herbal medicine in regenerative medicine.
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Li C, Fan C, Zhao J, Di M, Sui C, Han L, Hu L. Panaxatriol Saponins Promote M2 Polarization of BV2 Cells to Reduce Inflammation and Apoptosis after Glucose/Oxygen Deprivation by Activating STAT3. Inflammation 2020; 43:2109-2118. [PMID: 32725513 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Panaxatriol saponins (PTS) have a long history in the treatment of stroke. In our previous experiments, PTS has been found to alleviate ischemic stroke and play a role through regulating the inflammatory response, but the specific mechanism of its regulation is still unclear. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Expressions of polarization-related proteins CD16, CD68, ARG1 and CD206; inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); apoptosis-related proteins pro-caspase3; bax; caspase3 and bcl-2; and STAT3 and p-STAT3 were detected by western blot. ELISA was used to detect the expression of inflammatory-related factors in cells. The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. We found that the survival rate of oxygen sugar deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cells increased obviously after PTS treatment in a dose-dependent manner. PTS can promote M2 polarization of microglial cells (BV2) and inhibit inflammatory response of OGD/R cells, accompanied by decreased expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β, iNOS, MCP-1, and COX-2. PTS inhibited apoptosis of OGD/R cells and was accompanied by decreased expression of apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase3 and increased expression of Bcl-2. We also found that PTS activated STAT3 levels in BV2 cells. After the addition of STAT3 inhibitor Stattic, it was found that PTS could promote M2 polarization of BV2 cells by activating the STAT3 pathway, thus inhibiting cell inflammation and apoptosis. PTS promoted M2 polarization in microglia cells by activating the STAT3 pathway, thereby reducing cell inflammation and apoptosis after glucose/oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jilai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqi Di
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyan Sui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Likun Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China. .,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China. .,The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhuang W, Sun G, Lin X, Chen B, Wu L, Jiang D, Xi S. Medication with caution: Analysis of adverse reactions caused by a combination of Chinese medicine and warfarin sodium tablets. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112586. [PMID: 32109544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE With the extensive recent use of warfarin and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in combination, TCM has been found to affect warfarin's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Warfarin is a widely used oral anticoagulant, which has a narrow therapeutic window and a high likelihood of interacting with other drugs and resulting in serious adverse reactions. Contrary to widespread public expectations, TCM, despite being natural, is not always safe. AIM OF THE STUDY To report the adverse drug reactions (ADR) resulting from the use of Chinese medicine and warfarin sodium tablets in combination. METHODS According to a hospital ADR monitoring report, we collected data on four clinical cases involving warfarin and single Chinese herbal medicine, warfarin and proprietary traditional Chinese medicine product, warfarin and Chinese medicinal injection, and warfarin and compound decoction. The Naranjo ADR score evaluation scale was used to analyze the relationships between warfarin and Chinese medicines. RESULTS Fluctuations in the international normalized ratio (INR) were accompanied by bleeding in some patients who regularly and simultaneously utilized warfarin and Chinese medicine. The potential risk of bleeding due to the interaction between TCM and warfarin is easily and often overlooked by both Western and TCM doctors. CONCLUSIONS Warfarin in combination with different traditional Chinese herbal medicines poses risks of INR fluctuations and adverse reactions such as bleeding. In the future, the safety awareness regarding reasonable administration of warfarin and herbal medicine should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Mentougou District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102300, China
| | - Dechun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Shengyan Xi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian Province, China.
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Wang LH, Zhang GL, Liu XY, Peng A, Ren HY, Huang SH, Liu T, Wang XJ. CELSR1 Promotes Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Injury Mainly Through the Wnt/PKC Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1267. [PMID: 32070035 PMCID: PMC7072880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin epidermal growth factor (EGF) laminin G (LAG) seven-pass G-type receptor 1 (CELSR1) is a member of a special subgroup of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Although Celsr1 has been reported to be a sensitive gene for stroke, the effect of CELSR1 in ischemic stroke is still not known. Here, we investigated the effect of CELSR1 on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and angiogenesis in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. The mRNA expression of Celsr1 was upregulated in the subventricular zone (SVZ), hippocampus and ischemic penumbra after cerebral ischemic injury. Knocking down the expression of Celsr1 in the SVZ with a lentivirus significantly reduced the proliferation of neuroblasts, the number of CD31-positive cells, motor function and rat survival and increased cell apoptosis and the infarct volume in MCAO rats. In addition, the expression of p-PKC in the SVZ and peri-infarct tissue was downregulated after ischemia/ reperfusion. Meanwhile, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, knocking down the expression of Celsr1 significantly reduced the proliferation of neuroblasts; however, it had no influence on motor function, cell apoptosis or angiogenesis. These data indicate that CELSR1 has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia injury by reducing cell apoptosis in the peri-infarct cerebral cortex and promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis, mainly through the Wnt/PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Geng-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China;
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Hai-Yuan Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China;
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China; (L.-H.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (A.P.); (H.-Y.R.); (T.L.)
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Activation of the Hedgehog Pathway Promotes Recovery of Neurological Function After Traumatic Brain Injury by Protecting the Neurovascular Unit. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:720-733. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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Xu C, Wang W, Wang B, Zhang T, Cui X, Pu Y, Li N. Analytical methods and biological activities of Panax notoginseng saponins: Recent trends. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:443-465. [PMID: 30802611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, also called Sanqi, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, which has long history used as herbal medicines. It is currently an important medicinal material in China, holding the first place in the sale volume of the whole patent medicines market in China, and the market size of the single species has exceeded 10 billion yuan. In addition, P. notoginseng is an important constituent part of many famous Chinese patent medicines, such as Compound Danshen Dripping Pills and Yunnan Baiyao. P. notoginseng saponins (PNSs), which are the major active components of P. notoginseng, are a kind of chemical mixture containing different dammarane-type saponins. Many studies show that PNSs have been extensively used in medical research or applications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, various PNS preparations, such as injections and capsules, have been made commercially available and are widely applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW Since the safety and efficacy of compounds are related to their qualitative and quantitative analyses, this review briefly summarizes the analytic approaches for PNSs and their biological effects developed in the last decade. METHODOLOGY This review conducted a systematic search in electronic databases, such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, since 2009. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers and patents in either English or Chinese. RESULTS At present, the chromatographic technique remains the most extensively used approach for the identification or quantitation of PNSs, coupled with different detectors, among which the difference mainly lies in their sensitivity and specificity for analyzing various compounds. It is well-known that PNSs have traditionally strong activity on cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, or brain injury. The recent studies showed that PNSs also responded to osteoporosis, cancers, diabetes, and drug toxicity. However, some other studies also showed that some PNSs injections and special PNS components might lead to some biological toxicity under certain dosages. CONCLUSION This review may be used as a basis for further research in the field of quantitative and qualitative analyses, and is expected to provide updated and valuable insights into the potential medicinal applications of PNSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Xu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ning Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650100, China.
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Jian R, Yang M, Xu F. Lentiviral‐mediated silencing of mast cell‐expressed membrane protein 1 promotes angiogenesis of rats with cerebral ischemic stroke. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16786-16797. [PMID: 31104315 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jian
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Xu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou P.R. China
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40
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He L, Shi X, Seto SW, Dennis C, Wang H, Zhang S, Chen W, Wang J. Using 3D-UPLC-DAD and a new method-verification by adding mixture standard compounds to determine the fingerprint and eight active components of Naoluoxintong decoction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:60-69. [PMID: 30836247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naoluoxintong decoction (NLXTD) is a traditional Chinese formula which has been used for the management of ischemic stroke in China for two hundred years. In this study, we developed a comprehensive and reliable analytical method to qualitatively analyze the components in NLXTD. This novel method was based on three-dimensional ultra-fast high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (3D-UPLC-DAD) with an additional component validation method via incorporation of the mixture standard compounds during the verification step. In addition, the relationship between active components and "Monarch drug, Minster drug, Assistant drug, Guide drug" were determined. Our results showed that gradient elution with the mobile phase of 0.02% formic acid and methanol was the optimum condition to separate peaks. A total of 35 common peaks were established by comparing ten batches of NLXTD, and eight components were identified, including Calycosin, Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and Ononin in Astragali radix (Monarch drug); Ligustrazine in Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Minster drug); 4-Hydroxbenzyl alcohol and Parishin A in Gastrodiae rhizome (Assistant drug); Ferulic acid in Angelicae sinensis radix (Guide drug). The validation method of verification by adding mixture standard compounds combined with 3D-UPLC-DAD method, with the merits of greater resolution, higher speed of analysis and higher sensitivity, provided a semi-quantitative and qualitative analysis method to assess traditional Chinese medicinal prescription consisting of many bio-active components. Finally, our study has provided systemic and scientific evidence to explain the relationship between the bio-active components in the NLXTD and traditional Chinese medicine theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - S W Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - C Dennis
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Heng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China; Institute of Drug Metabolism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China.
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Zheng W, Cao L, Xu Z, Ma Y, Liang X. Anti-Angiogenic Alternative and Complementary Medicines for the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Review of Potential Molecular Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4128984. [PMID: 30402122 PMCID: PMC6191968 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4128984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is caused by the growth or infiltration of endometrial tissues outside of the endometrium and myometrium. Symptoms include pain and infertility. Surgery and hormonal therapy are widely used in Western medicine for the treatment of endometriosis; however, the side effects associated with this practice include disease recurrence and menopause, which can severely influence quality of life. Angiogenesis is the main biological mechanism underlying the development of endometriosis. Numerous natural products and Chinese medicines with potent anti-angiogenic effects have been investigated, and the molecular basis underlying their therapeutic effects in endometriosis has been explored. This review aims to describe natural products and compounds that suppress angiogenesis associated with endometriosis and to assess their diverse molecular mechanisms of action. Furthermore, this review provides a source of information relating to alternative and complementary therapeutic products that mediate anti-angiogenesis. An extensive review of the literature and electronic databases, such as the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and Embase, was conducted using the keywords 'endometriosis,' 'traditional Chinese medicine,' 'Chinese herbal medicine,' 'natural compounds,' and 'anti-angiogenic' therapy. Anti-angiogenic therapy is an emerging strategy for the treatment of endometriosis. Natural anti-angiogenic products and Chinese medicines provide several beneficial clinical effects, including pain relief. In this review, we summarize clinical trials and experimental studies of endometriosis using natural products and Chinese medicines. In particular, we focus on anti-angiogenic products and alternative and complementary medicines for the treatment of endometriosis and additionally examine their therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action. Anti-angiogenic natural products and/or compounds provide a new approach for the treatment of endometriosis. Future work will require randomized trials with larger numbers of subjects, as well as long-term follow-up to confirm the findings described here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lixing Cao
- Team of Application of Chinese Medicine in Perioperative Period, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Gynecology, Anyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, China
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The Neuroprotective Roles of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2199-2211. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Zhang JH, Yu LJ, Yang H, Hui Z, Jiang S, Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang SL, Liu Y, Xu Y. Huatuo Zaizao pill ameliorates cognitive impairment of APP/PS1 transgenic mice by improving synaptic plasticity and reducing Aβ deposition. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:167. [PMID: 29843688 PMCID: PMC5975403 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It is well known that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory deficits and cognitive decline. Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and synaptic dysfunction play important roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Huatuo Zaizao pill (HT) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been used clinically for many years in China, mainly for post-stroke rehabilitation and cognitive decline; however, the mechanism of cognitive function is not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of HT on hippocampal synaptic function, Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in APP/PS1 AD transgenic mice. Method Six-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice were randomly divided into control, HT-treated, and memantine (MEM)-treated groups. Then, these groups were orally administered vehicle (for the control), HT (0.25 g/kg) and MEM (5 mg/kg) respectively for 4 weeks. The Morris water maze, Novel Object Recognition, and Open field tests were used to assess cognitive behavioral changes. We evaluated the effects of HT on neuronal excitability, membrane ion channel activity, and synaptic plasticity in acute hippocampal slices by combining electrophysiological extracellular tests. Synaptic morphology in the hippocampus was investigated by electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to assess synaptic-associated protein and Aβ production and degrading levels. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the relative integrated density. Results HT can ameliorate hippocampus-dependent memory deficits and improve synaptic dysfunction by reversing LTP impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Moreover, HT reduces amyloid plaque deposition by regulating α-secretase and γ-secretase levels. Conclusion HT can improve the learning and memory function of APP/PS1 transgenic mice by improving synaptic function and reducing amyloid plaque deposition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2237-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Liu S, Wu JR, Zhang D, Wang KH, Zhang B, Zhang XM, Tan D, Duan XJ, Cui YY, Liu XK. Comparative efficacy of Chinese herbal injections for treating acute cerebral infarction: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:120. [PMID: 29615027 PMCID: PMC5883592 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) are prepared by extracting and purifying effective substances from herbs (or decoction pieces) using modern scientific techniques and methods. CHIs combined with aspirin + anticoagulants + dehydrant + neuroprotectant (AADN) are believed to be effective for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction (ACI). However, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been performed to directly compare the efficacies of different regimens of CHIs. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the efficacies of different regimens of CHIs for ACI. Methods We conducted an overall and systematic retrieval from literature databases of RCTs focused on the use of CHIs to treat ACI up to June 2016. We used the Cochrane Handbook version 5.1.0 and CONSORT statement to assess the risk of bias. The data were analyzed using STATA 13.0 and WinBUGS 1.4.3 software. Results Overall, 64 studies with 6225 participants involving 15 CHIs were included in the NMA. In terms of the markedly effective rate, Danhong (DH) + AADN had the highest likelihood of being the best treatment. In terms of the improvement of neurological impairment, Shuxuening (SXN) + AADN had the highest likelihood of being the best treatment. Considering two outcomes, injections of SXN, Yinxingdamo (YXDM), DH, Shuxuetong (SXT), HongHuaHuangSeSu (HHHSS), DengZhanXiXin (DZXX) and Shenxiong glucose (SX) plus AADN were the optimum treatment regimens for ACI, especially SXN + AADN and YXDM + AADN. Conclusions Based on the NMA, SXN, YXDM, DH, SXT, HHHSS, DZXX and SX plus AADN showed the highest probability of being the best treatment regimens. Due to the limitations of the present study, our findings should be verified by well-designed RCTs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2178-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. Structural characteristics, bioavailability and cardioprotective potential of saponins. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:33-43. [PMID: 29629289 PMCID: PMC5884006 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, accounting about 31% deaths globally in 2012. The major risk factors causing cardiovascular diseases are coronary atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The dominating cause of cardiovascular diseases is accredited to our modern lifestyle and diet. Medicinal plants have been used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases from centuries. The in built chirality and chemical space of natural products have been playing an important role in providing leads and templates for pharmacophore synthesis. This review highlights one of the important naturally occurring class saponins and their role in cardioprotection along with structural characteristics and pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, Ca2+ ion regulation, antiapoptotic, antiatherosclerosis, antihyperlipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, angiogenic, vasodilatory, and hypotensive. The characteristic cholesterol lowering, hemolytic, and anticoagulant properties of the saponins prompted us to select as one of the natural products class for cardioprotection. This review covers the most updated information on saponins related to their cardioprotective effects, mechanism of action, bioavailability, and structure activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), Lucknow, India
| | - Prabir Kumar Chaudhuri
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP-CSIR), Lucknow, India
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Long FQ, Su QJ, Zhou JX, Wang DS, Li PX, Zeng CS, Cai Y. LncRNA SNHG12 ameliorates brain microvascular endothelial cell injury by targeting miR-199a. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1919-1926. [PMID: 30233065 PMCID: PMC6183049 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.238717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs regulate brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis during and after ischemia/reperfusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) insults. The long non-coding RNA, SNHG12, is upregulated after ischemia/reperfusion and OGD/R in microvascular endothelial cells of the mouse brain. However, its role in ischemic stroke has not been studied. We hypothesized that SNHG12 positively regulates ischemic stroke, and therefore we investigated its mechanism of action. We established an OGD/R mouse cell model to mimic ischemic stroke by exposing brain microvascular endothelial cells to OGD for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24 hours and reoxygenation for 4 hours. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that SNHG12 levels in brain microvascular endothelial cells increased with respect to OGD exposure time. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were transfected with pcDNA-control, pcDNA-SNHG12, si-control, or si-SNHG12. After exposure to OGD for 16 hours, these cells were then analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide, trypan blue exclusion, western blot, and capillary-like tube formation assays. Overexpression of SNHG12 inhibited brain microvascular endothelial cell death and the inflammatory response but promoted angiogenesis after OGD/R, while SNHG12 knockdown had the opposite effects. miR-199a was identified as a target of SNHG12, and SNHG12 overexpression reversed the effect of miR-199a on brain microvascular endothelial cell death, the inflammatory response, and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that SNHG12 suppresses endothelial cell injury induced by OGD/R by targeting miR-199a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Qing Long
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qing-Jie Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jing-Xia Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - De-Sheng Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chao-Sheng Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yi Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
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Li J, Zhang J, Zou L, Lee SMY, Yang C, Seto SW, Leung GPH. Pro-angiogenic effects of Ilexsaponin A1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and zebrafish in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:229-237. [PMID: 29157819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ilexsaponin A1 is the major bioactive ingredient of Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn. This plant has been conventionally used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including stroke, coronary arterial disease, and peripheral vascular diseases. PURPOSE To investigate the pro-angiogenic effect of Ilexsaponin A1 and its mechanism of action. STUDY DESIGN Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and transgenic zebrafish Tg(fli1:EGFP) were employed as an in vitro and in vivo model respectively. METHODS Pro-angiogenic effects of Ilexsaponin A1 were examined by assessing endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation. The mechanism of pro-angiogenic effects was investigated by measuring the expression level of various signalling proteins. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor II (VRI)-induced vascular insufficient transgenic zebrafish model was used to confirm the results of the HUVECs results in vivo. RESULTS Ilexsaponin A1 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation in HUVECs, and rescued blood vessel loss in VRI-induced vascular insufficient zebrafish. Ilexsaponin A1 upregulated p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-Src, p-FAK, p-MEK, and p-Erk1/2 in HUVECs. CONCLUSION This study showed that Ilexsaponin A1 exhibits pro-angiogenic activity in HUVECs and VRI-induced vascular insufficient zebrafish, probably by activating Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK and Src- and FAK-dependent signalling pathways. The findings suggest that Ilexsaponin A1 and probably I. pubescens, a major source of Ilexsaponin A1, could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases and/or other diseases related to vascular insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Sai-Wang Seto
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Yun KL, Wang ZY. Target/signalling pathways of natural plant-derived radioprotective agents from treatment to potential candidates: A reverse thought on anti-tumour drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1122-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Wu J, Hu W, Gong Y, Wang P, Tong L, Chen X, Chen Z, Xu X, Yao W, Zhang W, Huang C. Current pharmacological developments in 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG). Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:21-29. [PMID: 28545778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), a resveratrol analog with glucoside, is purified from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine polygonum multiflorum. It has been extensively studied in last decade and known to exert strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and free radical scavenging activities, and therefore has been listed as a potential agent for disease therapies. Recent studies extend well-beyond effects of TSG on the injury of neurons, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and report important functions of TSG in a lot of pathophysiological conditions. For example, TSG has been shown to prevent the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and macrophages in vitro, and ameliorate pro-inflammatory responses in animal models with neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and rat paw or ear oedema. TSG can prevent the proliferation of vascular smooth cells, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, platelet aggregation, osteoblastic injury, diabetic nephropathy and melanogenesis. TSG is also indicated to facilitate long-term potentiation and learning and memory in both normal and pathological conditions. These effects to some extent enrich the understanding about the role of TSG in disease prevention and therapy. However, to date, we still have no outlined knowledges about the pharmacological effects of TSG, though the role of TSG in aging and Alzheimer's disease has been reviewed in recent years. Here, we summarize the current pharmacological developments of TSG as well as its possible mechanisms in disease prevention and therapy, aiming to push the understanding about the protective role of TSG as well as its preclinical assessment of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215021, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University,#19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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