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Bratu MM, Birghila S, Birghila C, Coatu V, Danilov DA, Lupascu N, Vasiliu D, Radu MD. Correlation Between Toxic Elements and Pesticide Residues in Medicinal Herbs Available in Pharmaceutical Market. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5848-5860. [PMID: 36964813 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants for self-medication of minor health conditions has become a widespread practice in contemporary society. Few consumes, however, question the contamination of these products with toxic factors resulting from the planet's increasingly polluted environment. This paper presents the levels of five toxic elements (As, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg) and nine organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorobenzene (HCB), lindane, heptachor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, p,p'DDE, p,p'DDD, and p,p'DDT) in 14 brands of regularly consumed medicinal products in Romania. The toxic elements content was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique, and organochlorine pesticide residues (OPCs) were quantified using gas-chromatographic method, equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The results show that in the case of Cr, Cd, and Hg, the concentrations exceeded the limit values established by World Health Organisation (WHO) for raw herbal material. The higher level of OPCs (such as p,p'DDD, p,p'DDT, aldrin, and dieldrin) was found in the samples of Hypericum perforatum-St. John's wort, Crataegus monogyna-hawthorn, and Epilobium parviflorum-hoary willowherb. The correlations between the content of toxic elements and pesticides were determined by statistical analysis. Hierarchical clustering technique was used to detect natural grouping between the toxic elements and pesticides. For herb samples, four clusters were identified, the strongest correlated cluster consisting of Pb, HCB, Cr, and Hg. A further analysis within this cluster suggested that Cr levels are statistically different from the rest of the elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mirela Bratu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences II, Ovidius University of Constanta, 6, Aleea Universitatii, Campus 1, 900470, Constanta, Romania
| | - Semaghiul Birghila
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 124, Mamaia Avenue, 900527 9, Constanta, Romania.
| | - Corina Birghila
- Faculty of Mathematics, Institute for Mathematical Stochastics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Coatu
- NIMRD "Grigore Antipa" National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Bvd.Mamaia, nr. 300, RO-900581, Constanta, Romania
| | - Diana Andreea Danilov
- NIMRD "Grigore Antipa" National Institute for Marine Research and Development, Bvd.Mamaia, nr. 300, RO-900581, Constanta, Romania
| | - Naliana Lupascu
- National Institute for Research and Development on Marine Geology and Geoecology - GeoEcoMar, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Str, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Vasiliu
- National Institute for Research and Development on Marine Geology and Geoecology - GeoEcoMar, 23-25 Dimitrie Onciul Str, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Daniel Radu
- Department of Biological Sciences II, Ovidius University of Constanta, Aleea University Avenue, Campus 1, 900470, Constanta, Romania
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Wen F, Wu X, Zhang L, Xiao J, Li T, Jia M. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of WRKY12, A Pathogen Induced WRKY Transcription Factor from Akebia trifoliata. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051015. [PMID: 37239375 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs), which are plant-specific TFs, play significant roles in plant defense. Here, a pathogen-induced WRKY gene, named AktWRKY12, which was the homologous gene of AtWRKY12, was isolated from Akebia trifoliata. The AktWRKY12 gene has a total length of 645 nucleotides and an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 214 amino acid polypeptides. The characterizations of AktWRKY12 were subsequently performed with the ExPASy online tool Compute pI/Mw, PSIPRED and SWISS-MODEL softwares. The AktWRKY12 could be classified as a member of WRKY group II-c TFs based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The results of tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the AktWRKY12 gene was expressed in all the tested tissues, and the highest expression level was detected in A. trifoliata leaves. Subcellular localization analysis showed that AktWRKY12 was a nuclear protein. Results showed that the expression level of AktWRKY12 significantly increased in A. trifoliata leaves with pathogen infection. Furthermore, heterologous over-expression of AktWRKY12 in tobacco resulted in suppressed expression of lignin synthesis key enzyme genes. Based on our results, we speculate that AktWRKY12 might play a negative role in A. trifoliata responding to biotic stress by regulating the expression of lignin synthesis key enzyme genes during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Anhui Chuju Planting and Deep Processing Engineering Research Center, School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Xiaozhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Jiantao Xiao
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Tongjian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Mingliang Jia
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
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Xiao C, Liang B, Xiong W, Ye X. Enrichment and health risks associated with trace elements in medicine food homology teas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54193-54204. [PMID: 36872404 PMCID: PMC9985956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the irreplaceable role of traditional Chinese medicine in the history of human resistance to diseases, medicine food homology teas (MFHTs) have emerged as a widely-consumed daily drink, although they may contain toxic or excessive trace elements. This study aims to determine the total and infused concentrations of nine trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, As, Pb, and Ni) in 12 MFHTs collected from 18 provinces in China, to evaluate their potential risks to human health, and to explore the factors affecting the trace element enrichment in traditional MFHTs. The exceedances of Cr (82%) and Ni (100%) in 12 MFHTs were higher than those of Cu (32%), Cd (23%), Pb (12%), and As (10%). The high values of the Nemerow integrated pollution index of dandelions and Flos sophorae (25.96 and 9.06, respectively) indicate severe trace metal pollution. The health risk assessment results showed that As, Cr, and Mn in the 12 types of MFHTs posed high non-carcinogenic risk. Honeysuckle and dandelion teas may be hazardous to human health through trace element exposure when consumed daily. The enrichment of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb in MFHTs is influenced by the MFHT type and producing area, whereas As and Cd are mainly controlled by the MFHT type. Environmental factors such as soil background values, rainfall, and temperature also affect the enrichment of trace elements in MFHTs collected from different producing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xiao
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Enivironment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Baowen Liang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Enivironment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Wen Xiong
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Enivironment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration for River-Lakes and Algal Utilization, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Xiaochuan Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Huang Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Li B, Du H, Tie B, Lu X, Qin S, Lei M. The ignored risk: heavy metal pollution of medicine and food homologous substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18577-18587. [PMID: 36215018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) in medicine and food homologous substances (MFHs) on human health. Nine common and typical MFHs (Dendrobium, Bulbus lilii, Poria, Semen nelumbinis, Radix puerariae, Gardenia jasminoides, Hordeum vulgare L, Semen coicis, and Ganoderma Karst) in the form of medicinal slices ready for decoction were purchased from pharmacies. Five among the MFHs (Dendrobium, Bulbus lilii, Poria, Semen nelumbinis, and Radix puerariae) were further obtained from a local field as raw materials for comparison. The results showed that raw materials of MFHs collected from the field had higher contents of heavy metal and greater health risks than medicinal slices purchased from pharmacy. Generally, the heavy metal residues in MFHs of different medicinal parts were different, and MFHs from roots or stems had significantly higher contents of heavy metals than those from fruits or seeds. Most importantly, the contents of Cd in Bulbus lilii and As in wild Poria from field were higher than the contents described in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP). Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments revealed that Poria from field had larger non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health; Bulbus lilii showed no non-carcinogenic risk but exhibited carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr showed carcinogenic risks in all samples. Given that MFHs are incorporated in regular foods, care should be taken to minimize health hazards caused by heavy metals to human. This study creates awareness on the safety issues associated with MFHs, and provides basic information for establishing the maximum allowable contents of medicinal and food substances in normal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Huang
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhou
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Li
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqing Tie
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Qin
- College of Food Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lei
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
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Polyethylene glycol functionalized Fe3O4@MIL-101(Cr) for the efficient removal of heavy metals from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Xiao D, Shao H, Huo Y, Agung Nugroho W, Ifeoluwa Ogunniran B, Fan W, Huo M. Reclamation of ginseng residues using two-stage fermentation and evaluation of their beneficial effects as dietary feed supplements for piglets. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 154:293-302. [PMID: 36308796 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by herbal residues, such as ginseng residue (GR), and the huge waste of medicinal ingredients in such residues hinder the development of the pharmaceutical industry. Few studies focused on the biotransformation of GRs and the practical utilization of their bioproducts. In this study, we developed a two-stage fermentation method to optimize GR bioconversion and used the fermented products as dietary supplements for piglets. The tested GR contained abundant lignocelluloses, protein, sugar, and amino acids. Approximately 43.10% of the total lignocelluloses were degraded into sugars by Inonotus obliquus in stage 1 of fermentation. Meanwhile, the sugar content increased by 36.20%, which became the feed for Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in stage 2 of fermentation. These two strains boosted the production of bacterial proteins and other metabolites, including peptides, organic acids, and amino acids. At the end of fermentation, the contents of bioactive compounds significantly increased by 3.18%-21.79%. The dietary supplementation of fermented GR significantly improved the growth performance (6.47%-7.98%), intestinal microbiota, immune function, and healthy status and reduced the diarrhea incidence and noxious gas emission of the piglets. This study provides evidence-based results for the development and deployment of a circular economy between ginseng and livestock industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Hongze Shao
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yang Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | | | | | - Wei Fan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Mingxin Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
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Jeong HI, Han JE, Shin BC, Jang S, Won JH, Kim KH, Sung SH. Herbal Decoctions for the Levels of Sulfur Dioxide, Benzopyrene, and Mycotoxin from Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13595. [PMID: 36294180 PMCID: PMC9602765 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2), benzopyrene, and mycotoxins in herbal decoctions in Korea in 2019 were within normal limits. In total, 30 decoctions composed of multi-ingredient traditional herbs were sampled from traditional Korean medicine (TKM) clinics, TKM hospitals, and external herbal dispensaries in 2019. The decoctions were analyzed for SO2, benzopyrene, and mycotoxins using 10 samples. SO2 and benzopyrene were not detected in any of the herbal decoctions. With regard to mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 was not detected, but B2 was detected in 7 cases (0.00~0.04 ppb), G1 in 13 cases (0.03~0.29 ppb), and G2 in 9 cases (0.02~0.93 ppb). None of these values exceeded the restrictions in prior studies. Thus, we confirm that the amounts of SO2, benzopyrene, and mycotoxins in herbal decoctions are at safe levels and provides the basis of establishing safety management criteria for herbal decoctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Han
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea
| | - Byung-Cheul Shin
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Soobin Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38609, Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Won
- Department of Public Infrastructure Operation, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea
| | - Kyeong Han Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 54986, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Sung
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea
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Jeong HI, Han JE, Shin BC, Jang SB, Won JH, Kim KH, Sung SH. Monitoring of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues of Herbal Decoctions in Traditional Korean Medicine Clinics in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148523. [PMID: 35886372 PMCID: PMC9317733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the levels of heavy metal and pesticide residues in herbal decoctions in Korea in 2019 were within normal limits. In total, 30 decoctions composed of multi-ingredient traditional herbs were sampled from traditional Korean medicine (TKM) clinics, TKM hospitals, and external herbal dispensaries in 2019. The decoctions were analyzed for heavy metal content such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. For mercury, an automatic mercury analyzer based on the gold amalgamation process was used. For pesticide residues, gas chromatography with electron capture detection and gas chromatography with mass selective detection were used for the analyses. Based on the testing, heavy metals were identified in most of the decoctions (Cd: 0.000–0.003 ppm, Pb: 0.003–0.023 ppm, As: 0.000−0.016 ppm, Hg: 0.000–0.002 ppm). Pesticide residues (e.g., total DDT, total BHC, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin) were not detected at all. All of these were no more than the limit values in preceding studies. Therefore, this study confirms that the contents of heavy metals and pesticides in herbal decoctions are within safe levels based on a previous study and provides evidence for establishing safety management standards for herbal decoctions in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Ji-Eun Han
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea;
| | - Byung-Cheul Shin
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Soo Bin Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38609, Korea;
| | - Jae-Hee Won
- Department of Public Infrastructure Operation, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea;
| | - Kyeong Han Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 54986, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.K.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Soo-Hyun Sung
- Department of Policy Development, National Institute of Korean Medicine Development, Seoul 04554, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.H.K.); (S.-H.S.)
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Deswal M, Deswal P, Laura J. Study on heavy metals in some Ayurvedic herbal products and risk assessment of their calculated average daily dose intake in humans. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang CM, Chien MY, Chao PC, Huang CM, Chen CH. Investigation of toxic heavy metals content and estimation of potential health risks in Chinese herbal medicine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125142. [PMID: 33516113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The content of toxic heavy metals (THMs), including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), was determined in a total of 10,245 samples for 279 types of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) using a validated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. The exceeding rate (ER) for the four THMs were calculated based on diverse permissible limits (PLs) established by different organizations and national pharmacopeias. Cluster analysis was used to classify the degree risk of THMs contamination according to the calculated ER. Results revealed that Cibotii rhizome, Selaginellae herba, Morindae officinalis radix, Asprellae ilicis radix, and Toxicodendri resina exhibited high-degree risk of Pb contamination. Eckloniae/Laminariae thallus, Spirodelae herba, and Naturalis indigo possessed high-degree risk of As contamination. Tetrapanacis medulla, Centipedae herba, Cyathulae radix, Linderae radix, Meretricis/Cyclinae concha, and Tabanus displayed high-degree risk of Cd contamination. Toxicodendri resina has high-degree risk of Hg contamination. In addition, six types of CHM, including Asprellae ilicis radix, Toxicodendri resina, Eckloniae/Laminariae thallus, Fossilia Ossis Mastodi, Haematitum, and Hedyotidis diffusae herba, may have non-carcinogenic health risk after consumption of raw materials because the calculated hazard quotient and hazard index were over 1.0. In summary, these data provide useful information about THMs contamination in CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chao-Hsiang Chen
- Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Taoyuan city, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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The Safety Assessment of Toxic Metals in Commonly Used Herbs, Spices, Tea, and Coffee in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115779. [PMID: 34072233 PMCID: PMC8197804 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The presented study was aimed at the determination of the level of contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in 240 samples of plant materials, i.e., herbal raw materials, spices, tea, and coffee. Moreover, a probabilistic risk assessment (noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) was estimated by models including target hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR). The samples were subjected to microwave mineralisation with the use of HNO3 (65%), while the determination of the content of the elements was performed with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) and a mercury analyser. The element which was characterised by the highest level of accumulation in the analysed samples was lead (from 0.010 to 5.680 mg/kg). Among the heavy metals under analysis, the lowest concentration was noted in the case of mercury (from 0.005 to 0.030 mg/kg). A notably higher level of contamination with heavy metals was noted in the analysed samples of herbs and spices (0.005–5.680 mg/kg), compared to samples of tea and coffee (0.005–0.791 mg/kg). According to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO) concerning the limits of contamination of samples of herbal raw materials with heavy metals, lead levels exceeding the limits were only noted in 24 samples of herbs (18%). In all of the analysed samples of spices, tea, and coffee, no instances of exceeded limits were noted for any of the analysed heavy metals. The values of TTHQmax (in relation to the consumption of the analysed products) were as follows: up to 4.23 × 10−2 for spices, up to 2.51 × 10−1 for herbs, up to 4.03 × 10−2 for China tea, and up to 1.25 × 10−1 for roasted coffee beans. As the value of THQ ≤1, there is no probability of the appearance of undesirable effects related to the consumption of the analysed group of raw materials and products of plant origin. The CR value for As (max. value) was 1.29 × 10−5, which is lower than the maximum acceptable level of 1 × 10−4 suggested by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
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Saebi A, Minaei S, Mahdavian AR, Ebadi MT. Precision Harvesting of Medicinal Plants: Elements and Ash Content of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) as Affected by Harvest Height. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:753-762. [PMID: 32394355 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of harvest height on the amassed elements and ash content of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four harvest heights, i.e., 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm (from the tip of the plant) and the residual stalks. The dependent variables were the amassed content of elements N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Pb in different heights of the plant and the associated ash content (total ash (TA), acid-insoluble ash (AA), and water-insoluble ash (WA)). The results showed that by moving from the upper shoots toward the ground, the amassed content of Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, and Pb increased by 22.67%, 43.74%, 12.87%, 39.02%, and 85.04%, respectively. Further, a downward trend was observed for N (50.16%) and K (6.41%) content, while an upward trend reported for P (29.06%) content. As for the residual stalks, by moving from the upper shoots toward the ground, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, and Pb contents decreased by 1.01%, 21.03%, 9.11%, 17.02%, and 51.06%, respectively, while N and P contents increased by 60.59% and 3.15%, respectively, and a 34.74% increase was seen in P content. With increasing harvest height, TA, AA, and WA values increased by 33.48%, 27.03%, and 18.25%, respectively. As for the residues, these variables increased by 11.44%, 6.35%, and 5.22%, respectively. Our results showed that 15 cm harvest height had the highest quality with the lowest heavy metal content. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saebi
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Minaei
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Biosystems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, Du J, Wu D, Long X, Wang D, Xiong J, Xiong W, Liao X. Anchoring Metallic MoS 2 Quantum Dots over MWCNTs for Highly Sensitive Detection of Postharvest Fungicide in Traditional Chinese Medicines. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1488-1496. [PMID: 33490808 PMCID: PMC7818587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim, a very common contamination to the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), has posed serious threat to the environment and human health. However, sensitive and selective detection of carbendazim (MBC) in the TCMs is a big challenge for their complex chemical constituents. In this work, a 0D/1D nanohybrid was developed by anchoring 1T-phased MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) over multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via a facile assembly method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) together with EIS reveal that the 1T-phased QDs can anchor over MWCNTs via van der Waals forces, and the anchoring improves the nanohybrid surface area and conductivity. Therefore, the electrochemical sensor fabricated based on the MoS2 QDs@MWCNT nanohybrid shows excellent catalytic activity to MBC oxidation. Under optimized conditions, the sensor presents a linear voltammetry response to MBC concentration from 0.04 to 1.00 μmol·L-1, a low detection limit of 2.6 × 10-8 mol·L-1, as well as high selectivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability. Moreover, the sensor has been successfully employed to determine MBC in two typical TCMs and the obtained recoveries are in good accordance with the results achieved by HPLC, showing that the constructed sensor plate holds great practical application in MBC analysis with complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety
of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi
Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi
Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- College
of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi
Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Wanming Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Liao
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety
of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry
of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, P. R. China
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Hua M, Sun Y, Shao Z, Lu J, Lu Y, Liu Z. Functional soluble dietary fiber from ginseng residue: Polysaccharide characterization, structure, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13524. [PMID: 33073381 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is the most famous edible Chinese herbal medicine. In the present study, soluble dietary fiber of ginseng (ginseng-SDF, 8.98% content) was extracted from ginseng residue, and its physicochemical characterization, structure, and biological activities were studied. Ginseng-SDF was an acidic heteropolysaccharide (uronic acid, 4.42% content) rich in protein, amino acids, and mineral elements. Glucose was its main monosaccharide composition (58.03%). Ginseng-SDF had a porous microstructure, a typical cellulose I structure and a large number of hydroxyl functional groups. These chemical composition and structural characteristics gave ginseng-SDF a good water solubility (98.56%), oil-holding capacity (OHC) (3.01 g/g), and biological activities, as the antioxidant activity (13.35 μM TE/g, 105.17 μM TE/g, 54.20 μM TE/g for DPPH, ABTs, and FRAP assays, respectively), glucose diffusion retardation index (GDRI, 33.33%-7.43%), and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50 , 6.70 mg/ml, and 4.89 mg/ml, respectively). The results suggested that ginseng residue is a valuable source of functional dietary fiber, and the ginseng-SDF has a potential use in antioxidant and hypoglycemic foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ginseng has long been popular as a health food in Asia, North America, and Europe. Ginseng residue is rich in polysaccharides, dietary fiber, proteins, and other components, which is also of great research value. However, there are few studies focus on the soluble dietary fiber of ginseng at present. The research shows that ginseng residue is a valuable source of functional dietary fiber. The chemical components and structural characteristics give ginseng-SDF a noteworthy antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro. These properties and biological activities indicate that ginseng-SDF has application value in antioxidant and hypoglycemic foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yinshi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zijun Shao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- The Hague University of Applied Science, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Yushun Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengbo Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Yan H, Kong D, Li X, Luo J, Fan Z, Yang M. Multi-channel electroanalysis of As (III), Hg and Cu in the complex matrix of Bombyx batryticatus after pre-purification. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nan G, Meng X, Song N, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yang G. Fractionation analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metals in six traditional Chinese medicines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10308-10316. [PMID: 31933094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are widely used to treat various diseases in China and some countries, and TCM products are becoming increasingly available and popular worldwide. But TCMs are facing the challenge of heavy metal pollution. In this work, we examined the total contents and fractionations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu in six TCMs (Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR), Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), Astragali Radix (AR), Carthami Flos (CF), and Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR)) and evaluated the health risk of four heavy metals in these TCMs. The results showed that Cd, Pb, and Cu contents were considerably high and the amount of Cd in six TCMs, Pb in CR, ASR, AR, and CF, and Hg in ASR, PR, and PRR exceeded the limit values. The predominant fractions of Pb, Cd, and Cu were exchangeable and carbonate fractions in six TCMs; Hg mainly existed in organic and residual fractions. The average daily intake dose (ADD) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of Pb based on total content and total THQ of four heavy metals based on bioaccessible fractions in AR and PRR exceeded the safety guideline. These results indicated that the potential health risk could occur by taking these TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianxin Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangde Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Alkyl Thiourea Functionalised Silica for the Effective Removal of Heavy Metals from Acanthopanax senticosus Extract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9860425. [PMID: 32309445 PMCID: PMC7136768 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9860425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acanthopanax senticosus extract with excessive standard of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu was used as the research object, and the alkyl thiourea functionalised silica was used as a new heavy metal removal scavenger. The heavy metal removal process was optimised by orthogonal experiment with dynamic and static adsorption modes. Meanwhile, the content of Acanthopanax B and Acanthopanax E, the solid content, and the HPLC fingerprint similarity were used as quality monitoring indicators of Acanthopanax senticosus heavy metal removal before and after. Then, the technical adaptability of heavy metal removal by alkyl thiourea functionalised silica was evaluated. Under the optimal dynamic adsorption conditions, the average removal rates of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu were 91.64%, 93.04%, 81.77%, and 83.11%, respectively. Under the optimal static adsorption conditions, the average removal rates of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu were 82.22%, 89.95%, 81.26%, and 82.97%, respectively. During Acanthopanax senticosus extract heavy metal removal before and after, the change percentage of Acanthopanax B and Acanthopanax E was less than 2.00%, the solid content loss rate was only 0.18%, and the fingerprint similarity was over 99.9%. The method can be used to satisfy the high efficiency of selective removal of harmful elements in Acanthopanax senticosus extract and the effective composition of almost no effect; the method is simple and easy, so it can be recommended for pretreatment of heavy metals in Traditional Chinese Medicine extracts, and this way provides a new thought and research technique to decrease the contents of heavy metals.
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Lombardi N, Crescioli G, Bettiol A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Maggini V, Gallo E, Mugelli A, Vannacci A, Firenzuoli F. Safety of complementary and alternative medicine in children: A 16-years retrospective analysis of the Italian Phytovigilance system database. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152856. [PMID: 31035051 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements and homeopathic medicines are largely used in children as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to treat different health conditions. Safety of CAM is unknown when they are marketed. This study analysed suspected CAM-related adverse reaction (AR) in pediatric population. METHODS The Italian Phytovigilance system was searched for reports of suspected AR related to CAM use in children (0-18 years) from 2002 to 2018. AR reports were evaluated and information about patient's demographic characteristics, suspected CAM, conventional medications, and ARs were collected. In particular, we evaluated whether patient's and CAM characteristics, and concomitant drugs could be potential predictors of ARs seriousness. RESULTS We evaluated 206 pediatric CAM-related AR reports, of which 69 were serious. Patients were mostly treated with only one CAM (n = 193), and 39% of AR reports were related to products containing 2-5 components. Most reported ARs were related to dietary supplements (57.18%), and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (40.29%) were the most involved System Organ Class. CAM-related AR reported as serious were higher in subjects exposed to homeopathic medicines (ROR 3.13 [1.88-5.22]), to CAM in presence of concomitant medications (ROR 1.77 [1.01-3.10]), to CAM containing 2-4 components (ROR 2.18 [1.13-4.22]), and to more than three concomitant CAM (ROR 7.81 [1.97-32.69]). CONCLUSION We provide new insights on factors that might increase the risk of serious AR associated with CAM use in children: products containing more than two components and simultaneously administered with conventional medications can represent a potential risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Lombardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Crescioli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Maggini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Eugenia Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mugelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vannacci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Referring Center for Phytotherapy, Tuscany Region, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Structure, physicochemical properties and adsorption function of insoluble dietary fiber from ginseng residue: A potential functional ingredient. Food Chem 2019; 286:522-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Szpyrka E, Słowik-Borowiec M. Consumer health risk to pesticide residues in Salvia officinalis L. and its infusions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:14-19. [PMID: 30821203 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1501144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salvia officinalis L. is a popular herb widely used in culinary, cosmetic, and medicinal preparations, and also as an ornamental plant. Sage crops are threatened by many diseases, such as gray mold, powdery mildew, and leaf spot, by weeds, and by pests, such as aphids. Use of crop protection products may lead to presence of pesticide residues in this herb. The aim of this work was to study presence of pesticide residues in the herb, S. officinalis L., available on the retail market in Poland, to verify their compliance with the maximum residue levels (MRLs) and to assess the chronic and acute risks associated with consumption of this herb and infusions prepared from contaminated sage plants. Ninety active substances of pesticides were analyzed, including all active substances registered in Poland for protection of the sage. Five active substances were found, one fungicide - boscalid and four insecticides: chlorpyrifos, pp'-DDT, dimethoate (residue levels above MRL) and indoxacarb. The chronic and acute exposure to pesticide residues consumed with sage did not exceed 0.02% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 0.1% of the acute reference dose (ARfD), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szpyrka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszów , Poland
- b Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis , Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute , Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Magdalena Słowik-Borowiec
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszow , Rzeszów , Poland
- b Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis , Regional Experimental Station, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute , Rzeszów , Poland
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Wang Z, Wang H, Wang H, Li Q, Li Y. Heavy metal pollution and potential health risks of commercially available Chinese herbal medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:748-757. [PMID: 30759600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to investigate the pollution and health risks of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) in 60 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) collected from a market in Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. Furthermore, eight CHMs (Cyathulae radix, Drynariae rhizoma, Peucedani radix, Homalomenae rhizoma, Dryopteris setosa, Polygonati rhizoma, Lilii bulbus, and Linderae radix) containing high Cd concentrations were selected to further analyse their Cd chemical forms. Additionally, the dissolution rates of six heavy metals in decoction liquid were also analysed for four CHMs (Typhonii rhizoma, Linderae radix, Homalomenae rhizoma, and Cyathulae radix), and the health risks of heavy metals in CHMs were evaluated. The results showed that the Cd, Hg and Cu concentrations in the 60 CHMs exceeded the limiting values of the "Green Trade Standards of Importing & Exporting Medicinal Plants & Preparations" (WM2-2001), with exceedance ratios of 38.8%, 8.3% and 1.7%, respectively. The majority of Cd was integrated with pectates and protein in CHMs, and the other five Cd chemical forms followed the order of water-soluble > insoluble heavy metal phosphates > oxalate > residual > inorganic form, indicating that Cd had relatively low bioactivity and toxicity. The average dissolution rates of Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, As and Pb in the four CHMs were 47.4%, 33.8%, 20.5%, 6.1%, 5.4% and 4.8%, respectively. The calculation results of hazard quotients (HQs) for Cd and Hg showed that the CHMs did not pose a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Haijuan Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qinchun Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Helal NA, Eassa HA, Amer AM, Eltokhy MA, Edafiogho I, Nounou MI. Nutraceuticals' Novel Formulations: The Good, the Bad, the Unknown and Patents Involved. RECENT PATENTS ON DRUG DELIVERY & FORMULATION 2019; 13:105-156. [PMID: 31577201 PMCID: PMC6806606 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190503112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals hold pragmatic nature with respect to their definitions, claims, purposes and marketing strategies. Their definitions are not well established worldwide. They also have different regulatory definitions and registration regulatory processes in different parts of the world. Global prevalence of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals is noticeably high with large market share with minimal regulation compared to traditional drugs. The global market is flooded with nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals claiming to be of natural origin and sold with a therapeutic claim by major online retail stores such as Amazon and eBay. Apart from the traditional formulations, many manufacturers and researchers use novel formulation technologies in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical formulations for different reasons and objectives. Manufacturers tend to differentiate their products with novel formulations to increase market appeal and sales. On the other hand, researchers use novel strategies to enhance nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals activity and safety. The objective of this review is to assess the current patents and research adopting novel formulation strategies in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Patents and research papers investigating nutraceutical and cosmeceutical novel formulations were surveyed for the past 15 years. Various nanosystems and advanced biotechnology systems have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy, safety and market appeal of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals current technologies, highlighting their pros, cons, misconceptions, regulatory definitions and market. This review also aims in separating the science from fiction in the nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals development, research and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Helal
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | - Heba A. Eassa
- Both authors contributed equality to this manuscript
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed I. Nounou
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DPS), School of Pharmacy and Physician Assistant Studies (SOPPAS), University of Saint Joseph (USJ), Hartford, CT, 06103, USA;
E-mail:
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Wang Z, Weckerle CS. Quality control of goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill.): A value chain analysis perspective. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:349-358. [PMID: 29908314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill., Solanaceae) have been used as a traditional food and medicine for hundreds of years in Asian countries and are now consumed globally. Quality of herbal medicines is critical for safe use and has been shown to be affected by value chains. AIM OF THE STUDY Using a value chain (VC) framework, we aim at understanding the influence of different VC types on goji quality and revenue of stakeholders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted during five months of fieldwork in the main production areas in China with a total of 65 stakeholders. Quality of goji, behaviour and financial performance of stakeholders was documented and analysed for different VCs. RESULTS Ten different types of VCs were identified. VCs with vertical integration and horizontal collaboration were found to have a more coherent quality control and better goji quality as well as improved stakeholders' financial performance. Vertical integration at different levels was found for independent farmer-based VCs, horizontal collaboration was found in the cooperative-based VCs. Full vertically integrated VCs were found in large-scale production. CONCLUSIONS Goji quality and stakeholders' revenues are linked with different types of VCs which mirror stakeholders' behaviour driven by target markets. Considering their positive influence on quality and revenues, well-developed vertically integrated value chains are likely to become more important in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines / Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines / Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Zigui Wang
- Ningxia Qixiang Biologic Foodstuff Co., Ltd., Yingbin Road 1, South Street, Zhongning county, Ningxia 755100, China
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
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Extrinsic harmful residues in Chinese herbal medicines: types, detection, and safety evaluation. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Kondo S, Araki T, Okita Y, Yamamoto A, Hamada Y, Katsurahara M, Horiki N, Nakamura M, Shimoyama T, Yamamoto T, Takei Y, Kusunoki M. Colitis with wall thickening and edematous changes during oral administration of the powdered form of Qing-dai in patients with ulcerative colitis: a report of two cases. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018; 11:268-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-018-0851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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