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Zhang R, Rao S, Wang Y, Qin Y, Qin K, Chen J. Chromosome Doubling Enhances Biomass and Carotenoid Content in Lycium chinense. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:439. [PMID: 38337972 PMCID: PMC10857560 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Lycium chinense, a type of medicinal and edible plant, is rich in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health. In order to meet the market requirements for the yield and quality of L. chinense, polyploid induction is usually an effective way to increase plant biomass and improve the content of bioactive components. This study established the most effective tetraploid induction protocol by assessing various preculture durations, colchicine concentrations, and exposure times. The peak tetraploid induction efficacy, 18.2%, was achieved with a 12-day preculture and 24-h exposure to 50 mg L-1 colchicine. Compared to diploids, tetraploids exhibited potentially advantageous characteristics such as larger leaves, more robust stems, and faster growth rates. Physiologically, tetraploids demonstrated increased stomatal size and chloroplast count in stomata but reduced stomatal density. Nutrient analysis revealed a substantial increase in polysaccharides, calcium, iron, and zinc in tetraploid leaves. In addition, seventeen carotenoids were identified in the leaves of L. chinense. Compared to the diploid, lutein, β-carotene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and (E/Z)-phytoene exhibited higher levels in tetraploid strains T39 and T1, with T39 demonstrating a greater accumulation than T1. The findings suggest that the generated tetraploids harbor potential for further exploitation and lay the foundation for the selection and breeding of novel genetic resources of Lycium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (S.R.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Shupei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (S.R.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuchang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (S.R.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yingzhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (S.R.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Ken Qin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China;
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (R.Z.); (S.R.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
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2
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Zhao J, Li A, Xu M, Dai G, Chen J. Genome-wide analysis of the TIFY family in Lycium and the negative regulation of stomatal development by LrJAZ2 gene. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 206:108285. [PMID: 38145586 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are ports that facilitate gas and water vapor exchange during plant photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal development is strictly regulated by endogenous hormone. Jasmonate, an important signal that modulates multiple physiological processes in plants, has been found to negatively regulate stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying stomata development signaling remain to be understood. Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins are the members of TIFY family and the key component of JA signaling pathway. Its function in stomatal development is unclear to data. Here, we screened out 24 TIFY family members against the genome of Lycium, and identified a JAZ member by combination analyses of evolutionary tree, cis-elements in promoter and gene expression patterns. Overexpression of this gene (LrJAZ2) in Lycium ruthenicum and Arabidopsis thaliana indicated LrJAZ2 negatively regulates stomatal development. Microscopic observations revealed that overexpression of LrJAZ2 negatively regulated stomatal development by decreasing stomatal density and index, which may lead to lower leaf transpiration rates. Transcriptome data indicated the overexpression of LrJAZ2 up-regulated the stomatal related genes such as LrERL2, LrPYL4, and down-regulated the LrSPCH. Collectively, our study found that LrJAZ2 is a key gene in stomatal development regulation in L. ruthenicum and provided new insights into the regulation of stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Aijia Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guoli Dai
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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3
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Wei J, Chahel AA, Ni Y, Wei X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zeng S. Lycium RIN negatively modulate the biosynthesis of kukoamine A in hairy roots through decreasing thermospermine synthase expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126246. [PMID: 37567520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Root bark (Lycii cortex) of Lycium contains high contents of characteristic bioactive compounds, including kukoamine A (KuA) and kukoamine B (KuB). RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) is well known as a master regulator of Solanaceaous fruit ripening. However, the role of RIN in the biosynthetic pathway of KuA in Lycium remains unclear. In this study, integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic analyses and hairy root system are used to characterize the role of RIN in KuA biosynthesis in Lycium. The ultra performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that KuA was significantly induced in LrRIN1 RNAi lines and not detected in overexpression lines. A total of 20,913 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 60 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected in LrRIN1 transgenic hairy roots, which were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Our result reveals a high association between KuA and structural genes in the phenolamide pathway, which shows a negative correlation with LrRIN1. In addition, overexpression of the polyamine pathway gene thermospermine synthase LcTSPMS, a potential target gene of Lycium RIN, increased the contents of both KuA and KuB in L. chinense hairy root, indicating that TSPMS is responsible for KuA biosynthesis and is also the common upstream biosynthetic gene for both KuA and KuB. Our results lay a solid foundation for uncovering the biosynthetic pathway of KuA, which will facilitate the molecular breeding and genetic improvement of Lycium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Popular Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Aysha Arif Chahel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Popular Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Yuan Ni
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Popular Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Jinghe County Goji Industrial Development Center, Jinghe County, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 833300, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Popular Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Popular Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Ragab OG, Mamdouh D, Bedair R, Smetanska I, Gruda NS, Yousif SKM, Omer RM, Althobaiti AT, Abd El-Raouf HS, El-Taher AM, El-Sayed AS, Eldemerdash MM. Distinguishing features of Lycium L. species (family Solanaceae) distributed in Egypt based on their anatomical, metabolic, molecular, and ecological characteristics. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1162695. [PMID: 37251766 PMCID: PMC10213676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1162695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the 70-80 species of the genus Lycium (family Solanaceae) disjunctly distributed around the world, only three are frequently distributed in different locations in Egypt. Due to the morphological similarities between these three species, there is a need for alternative tools to distinguish them. Thus, the objective of this study was to revise the taxonomic features of Lycium europaeum L., Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult., and Lycium schweinfurthii var. aschersonii (Dammer) Feinbrun in consideration of their anatomical, metabolic, molecular, and ecological characteristics. In addition to analysis of their anatomical and ecological features, DNA barcoding was performed for molecular characterization through internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. Furthermore, metabolic profiling of the studied species was conducted based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The observed anatomical features of the adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers, type of mesophyll, crystals, number of palisade and spongy layers, and the vascular system showed variations between the studied species. Beyond this, the anatomy of the leaves showed an isobilateral structure in the studied species, without distinct differences. Species were molecularly identified in terms of ITS sequences and SCoT markers. The ITS sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers ON149839.1, OP597546.1, and ON521125.1 for L. europaeum L., L. shawii, and L. schweinfurthii var. aschersonii, respectively. The sequences showed variations in GC content between the studied species; this was 63.6% in L. europaeum, 61.53% in L. shawii, and 63.55% in L. schweinfurthii var. aschersonii. A total of 62 amplified fragments, including 44 polymorphic fragments with a ratio of 70.97%, were obtained in the SCoT analysis, as well as unique amplicons in L. europaeum L., shawii, and L. schweinfurthii var. aschersonii of 5, 11, and 4 fragments, respectively. Through GC-MS profiling, 38 compounds were identified with clear fluctuations in the extracts of each species. Of these, 23 were distinguishing chemicals that could help in chemical identification of the extracts of the studied species. The present study succeeds in identifying alternative clear and diverse characteristics that can be used to distinguish between L. europaeum, L. shawii, and L. schweinfurthii var. aschersonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama G. Ragab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Diaa Mamdouh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Plant Food Processing, Agricultural Faculty, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Weidenbach, Germany
| | - Ramadan Bedair
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iryna Smetanska
- Department of Plant Food Processing, Agricultural Faculty, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Weidenbach, Germany
| | - Nazim S. Gruda
- Division of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sawsan K. M. Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science in Baljurashi, Al-Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rihab M. Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science in Baljurashi, Al-Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hany S. Abd El-Raouf
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Taher
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S. El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Eldemerdash
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Zhang J, Chi X, Zhong J, Fernie A, Alseekh S, Huang L, Qian D. Extensive nrDNA ITS polymorphism in Lycium: Non-concerted evolution and the identification of pseudogenes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:984579. [PMID: 36092433 PMCID: PMC9453804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is one of the most extensively sequenced molecular markers in plant systematics due to its generally concerted evolution. While non-concerted evolution has been found in some plant taxa, such information is missing in Lycium. Molecular studies of six species and two variants of the genus Lycium revealed high levels of intra- and inter-individual polymorphism in the ITS, indicating non-concerted evolution. All genomic DNA ITS paralogues were identified as putative pseudogenes or functional paralogues through a series of comparisons of sequence features, including length and substitution variation, GC content, secondary structure stability, and the presence of conserved motifs in the 5.8S gene, and the rate of evolution. Approximately, 60% of ITS pseudogenes could be easily detected. Based on phylogenetic analysis, all pseudogenes were highly distinct from their corresponding functional copies, tended to evolve neutrally, and clustered randomly together in the evolutionary tree. The results probably suggest that this ITS non-concerted evolution is related to the recent divergence between tandem repeats within the Lycium genome and hybridization between species. Our study complements those of pseudogenes in plant taxa and provides a theoretical basis for the phylogeny and genetic origin of the genus Lycium while having important implications for the use of ITS molecular markers for phylogenetic reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Chi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juying Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Añibarro-Ortega M, Pinela J, Alexopoulos A, Petropoulos SA, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. The powerful Solanaceae: Food and nutraceutical applications in a sustainable world. Adv Food Nutr Res 2022; 100:131-172. [PMID: 35659351 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Solanaceae family is considered one of the most important families among plant species because, on one hand encompasses many staple food crops of the human diet while, on the other hand, it includes species rich in powerful secondary metabolites that could be valorized in medicine or drug formulation as well as nutraceuticals and food supplements. The main genera are Solanum, Capsicum, Physalis, and Lycium which comprise several important cultivated crops (e.g., tomato, pepper, eggplant, tomatillo, and goji berry), as well as genera notable for species with several pharmaceutical properties (e.g., Datura, Nicotiana, Atropa, Mandragora, etc.). This chapter discusses the nutritional value of the most important Solanaceae species commonly used for their edible fruit, as well as those used in the development of functional foods, food supplements, and nutraceuticals due to their bioactive constituents. The toxic and poisonous effects are also discussed aiming to highlight possible detrimental consequences due to irrational use. Finally, considering the high amount of waste and by-products generated through the value chain of the main crops, the sustainable management practices implemented so far are presented with the aim to increase the added-value of these crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Añibarro-Ortega
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Alexios Alexopoulos
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, Kalamata, Messinia, Greece
| | - Spyridon A Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal.
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Toh DWK, Low JHM, Kim JE. Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with wolfberry consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1177-1186. [PMID: 34839399 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wolfberry is rich in bioactive compounds which may lower cardiovascular disease risk. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of wolfberry-based randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on overall cardiovascular health. METHODS Four online databases (PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Medline and Cochrane Library) were searched to shortlist relevant RCTs. Outcomes of interests included blood lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and other cardiovascular health-related indicators. Random-effects models were used to provide a weighted mean difference (WMD) and/or Hedges' g for quantitative synthesis. This was coupled with subcategory analyses which stratified RCTs according to the form in which wolfberry was administered (whole wolfberry versus wolfberry extract). RESULTS From the 785 articles identified, 10 were selected for meta-analysis. Compared to the control, groups which consumed wolfberry showed a reduction in blood triglycerides [WMDpooled (95% confidence interval): - 0.14 (- 0.19, - 0.09) mmol/L] and increased blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [WMDpooled: 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) mmol/L]. Notably, effects for both triglycerides [WMDwhole: - 0.14 (- 0.19, - 0.09) mmol/L; WMDextract: - 0.07 (- 0.30, 0.16) mmol/L] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [WMDwhole: 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) mmol/L; WMDextract: 0.05 (- 0.02, 0.13) mmol/L] were more prominent after whole wolfberry interventions. Additionally, blood malondialdehyde equivalents were also significantly decreased in wolfberry consuming groups [Hedges' gpooled: - 1.45 (- 2.75, - 0.16)]. No changes were observed for the other lipids and lipoproteins as well as blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Wolfberry consumption is effective in improving blood lipids and lipoproteins profile and lowering oxidative stress. This supports the incorporation of wolfberry, particularly as whole fruits, into dietary patterns targeted at improving cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darel Wee Kiat Toh
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Hui Min Low
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Zhao X, Wang Q, Wei J, Xiao P. What's the choice for goji: Lycium barbarum L. or L. chinense Mill.? J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 276:114185. [PMID: 33964363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE For over one millennium, goji berries have been used traditionally as food and medicine in eastern Asia. In recent decades, it has become increasingly popular globally. However, the biocultural development of goji is poorly known. The botanical origin of goji is controversial: in many but not all modern regional or international quality standards, L. barbarum is accepted exclusively as the botanical origin of goji. AIM OF THE STUDY Focusing on historical, biogeographical, botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological data, the overarching aim is to understand the biological origin of goji's historical uses, as well as whether the two species can be used interchangeably. MATERIALS AND METHODS The taxonomic literature on L. barbarum and L. chinense were analysed, followed by a study of botanical specimens and fieldwork. Historical herbals and gazetteers were employed to define the historical producing areas and medical properties of goji. An identification of the species used in history was carried out. In a final step the phytochemical and pharmacological literature on the species was compared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Due to their morphological similarity and different accessibility, fruits of both L. barbarum and L. chinense have been used interchangeably as food and medicine at least since 682 CE. While the fruit of L. barbarum was recognized to be superior in quality, the fruit of L. chinense was commonly used as an equivalent because of its easier accessibility. Cultivation of L. barbarum in China since 1960s improved its availability, which likely lead to its exclusive use as source of goji in China. The long-term safe use with no reported major safety concerns supports that these two species both are useful sources for medicinal Lycium. CONCLUSIONS Medicinal plants had been used traditionally long before they were named in scientific nomenclature system. Therefore, the understanding of traditional herbal knowledge and the adequate use of those traditional medicines require a reliable identification based on archival records. This study developed an approach for the identification of species used historically, with an integrated analysis of specimens, historical herbals, and national gazetteers. Additionally, their different chemical profiles and pharmacological activities indicate that they should not be used interchangeably. Further scientific evidence is required for their safe and effective use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N1AX, United Kingdom; 'Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine', and 'Chinese Medicine Research Center', China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Xinning Zhao
- Farmers' Daily, Huixin West Street 15, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Wei J, Xiao P. Cross-Cultural Ethnobotanical Assembly as a New Tool for Understanding Medicinal and Culinary Values-The Genus Lycium as A Case Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708518. [PMID: 34335270 PMCID: PMC8322658 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnobotanical knowledge is indispensable for the conservation of global biological integrity, and could provide irreplaceable clues for bioprospecting aiming at new food crops and medicines. This biocultural diversity requires a comprehensive documentation of such intellectual knowledge at local levels. However, without systematically capturing the data, those regional records are fragmented and can hardly be used. In this study, we develop a framework to assemble the cross-cultural ethnobotanical knowledge at a genus level, including capturing the species’ diversity and their cultural importance, integrating their traditional uses, and revealing the intercultural relationship of ethnobotanical data quantitatively. Using such a cross-cultural ethnobotanical assembly, the medicinal and culinary values of the genus Lycium are evaluated. Simultaneously, the analysis highlights the problems and options for a systematic cross-cultural ethnobotanical knowledge assembly. The framework used here could generate baseline data relevant for conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity as well as for bioprospecting within targeting taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group "Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy", UCL School of Pharmacy, Univ. London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li G, Qin B, Li S, Yin Y, Zhao J, An W, Cao Y, Mu Z. LbNR-Derived Nitric Oxide Delays Lycium Fruit Coloration by Transcriptionally Modifying Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:1215. [PMID: 32903673 PMCID: PMC7438876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin-derived fleshy fruit pigmentation has become an excellent system for studying the regulatory network underlying fruit ripening and quality. The transcriptional control of anthocyanin biosynthesis by MYB-bHLH-WDR complexes has been well established, but the intermediate signals through which the environmental or developmental cues regulate these transcription factors remain poorly understood. Here we found that nitric oxide (NO) production during Lycium fruit ripening decreased progressively presenting a negative relationship with anthocyanins. After cloning of the nitric reductase (NR) gene from Lycium barbarum (LbNR) plants, we demonstrated that LbNR-derived NO partially inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis but enhanced proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation, and delayed fruit coloration. Application of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), produced a similar effect. The endogenous or exogenous NO downregulated the transcripts both of the regulatory genes and the structural genes that related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, while upregulated both of those genes that related to PA biosynthesis. Given there is a significant negative relationship between the levels of anthocyanins and PAs during Lycium fruit ripening, NO not only inhibited anthocyanin de novo biosynthesis but redirected the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway from anthocyanins to PA production. Two types of LrMYB transcription factors of opposite nature, namely anthocyanin-specific and PA-specific, which belong to the R2R3-MYB subfamily and 1R-MYB subfamily, respectively, were identified from L. ruthenicum fruits. It was further found that NO acts by antagonizing the ABA signaling, a phytohormone we have previously shown playing a positive role in Lycium fruit coloration. Our results provided particularly novel information about NO-ABA-anthocyanin interplay during Lycium fruit development and ripening, which may fill a gap between the developmental cues and the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Beibei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuodan Li
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zixin Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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11
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Rodriguez S, Pertino MW, Arcos C, Reichert L, Echeverria J, Simirgiotis M, Borquez J, Cornejo A, Areche C, Sepulveda B. Isolation, Gastroprotective Effects and Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Lycium Minutifolium J. Remy (Solanaceae). Foods 2020; 9:foods9050565. [PMID: 32375270 PMCID: PMC7278853 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium minutifolium J. Remy (Solanaceae) is commonly used as an infusion in traditional medicine to treat stomach pain, meteorism, intestinal disorders, stomach ailments, and other severe problems including prostate cancer and stomach cancer. From the EtOAc extract of L. minutifolium bark five known metabolites were isolated using chromatographic techniques. The gastroprotective effects of the EtOAc fraction and edible infusion extract of the bark were assayed on the hydrochloric acid (HCl)/EtOH induced gastric ulcer model in mice to support the traditional use of the plant. The EtOAc extract and the edible infusion showed gastroprotective effect at dose of 100 mg/kg reducing lesions by 31% and 64%, respectively. The gastroprotective action mechanisms of the edible infusion at a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg were evaluated suggesting that prostaglandins, sulfhydryl groups, and nitric oxide are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. The UHPLC analysis coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry of the edible infusion showed the presence of twenty-three compounds. Our results can support the gastroprotective properties of the edible infusion extract, and at least can validate in part, the ethnopharmacological uses of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 8320000 Santiago, Chile; (S.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Mariano Walter Pertino
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, 3460000 Talca, Chile;
| | - Chantal Arcos
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Luana Reichert
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Mario Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Jorge Borquez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av Coloso S-N, 1240000 Antofagasta, Chile;
| | - Alberto Cornejo
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Sazié 2315, 8370092 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, 8320000 Santiago, Chile; (S.R.); (C.A.)
| | - Beatriz Sepulveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, 2531098 Valparaiso, Chile; (C.A.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-063-2244369
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12
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Jarouche M, Suresh H, Hennell J, Sullivan S, Lee S, Singh S, Power D, Xu C, Khoo C. The Quality Assessment of Commercial Lycium Berries Using LC-ESI-MS/MS and Chemometrics. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:E604. [PMID: 31847243 PMCID: PMC6963852 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lycium (also known as Goji berry) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with claimed benefits, including eye and liver protection, immune system fortification and blood glucose control. The commercially available product comes from either the L. barbarum or L. chinense species, with the former dominating the marketplace due to its better taste profile. The main objective of this study was to develop a validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method to quantify multiple key bio-active analytes in commercially available Lycium berries and to qualitatively assess these samples using a principal component analysis (PCA). A LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitation of seven analytes selected using the Herbal Chemical Marker Ranking System (Herb MaRS) was developed. The Herb MaRS ranking system considered bioavailability, bioactivity and physiological action of each target analyte, its intended use and the commercial availability of an analytical standard. After method optimization combining high resolving power with selective detection, seven analytes were quantified and the Lycium samples were quantitatively profiled. Chromatographic spectra were also obtained using longer run-time LC-UV and GC-MS methods in order to qualitatively assess the samples using a principal component analysis (PCA). The result of the method validation procedure was a 15.5 min LC-ESI-MS/MS method developed for the quantification of seven analytes in commercial Lycium samples. Wide variation in analyte concentration was observed with the following results (analyte range in mg/g): rutin, 16.1-49.2; narcissin, 0.37-1.65; nictoflorin, 0.26-0.78; coumaric acid, 6.84-12.2; scopoletin, 0.33-2.61; caffeic acid, 0.08-0.32; chlorogenic acid, 1.1-9.12. The quantitative results for the L. barbarum and L. chinense species samples indicate that they cannot be differentiated based on the bio-actives tested. A qualitative assessment using PCA generated from un-targeted LC-UV and GC-MS phytochemical spectra led to the same conclusion. The un-targeted quantitative and qualitative phytochemical profiling indicates that commercial L. barbarum and L. chinense cannot be distinguished using chemical analytical methods. Genetic fingerprinting and pharmacological testing may be needed to ensure the efficacy of commercial Lycium in order to validate label claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Jarouche
- Herbal Analysis and Pharmacological Laboratories (HAPL), National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (M.J.); (J.H.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Harsha Suresh
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - James Hennell
- Herbal Analysis and Pharmacological Laboratories (HAPL), National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (M.J.); (J.H.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaun Sullivan
- Herbal Analysis and Pharmacological Laboratories (HAPL), National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (M.J.); (J.H.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Samiuela Lee
- Reference Standards Department, National Measurement Institute (NMI), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Swastika Singh
- Herbal Analysis and Pharmacological Laboratories (HAPL), National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (M.J.); (J.H.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Declan Power
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Cindy Xu
- Wentworth Institute, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia; (C.X.); (C.K.)
| | - Cheang Khoo
- Wentworth Institute, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia; (C.X.); (C.K.)
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13
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Li G, Zhao J, Qin B, Yin Y, An W, Mu Z, Cao Y. ABA mediates development-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration in Lycium plants. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:317. [PMID: 31307384 PMCID: PMC6631627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins, which are colored pigments, have long been used as food and pharmaceutical ingredients due to their potential health benefits, but the intermediate signals through which environmental or developmental cues regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Fleshy fruits have become a good system for studying the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and exploring the mechanism underlying pigment metabolism is valuable for controlling fruit ripening. RESULTS The present study revealed that ABA accumulated during Lycium fruit ripening, and this accumulation was positively correlated with the anthocyanin contents and the LbNCED1 transcript levels. The application of exogenous ABA and of the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridon increased and decreased the content of anthocyanins in Lycium fruit, respectively. This is the first report to show that ABA promotes the accumulation of anthocyanins in Lycium fruits. The variations in the anthocyanin content were consistent with the variations in the expression of the genes encoding the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor complex or anthocyanin biosynthesis-related enzymes. Virus-induced LbNCED1 gene silencing significantly slowed fruit coloration and decreased both anthocyanin and ABA accumulation during Lycium fruit ripening. An qRT-PCR analysis showed that LbNCED1 gene silencing clearly reduced the transcript levels of both structural and regulatory genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, a model of ABA-mediated development-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit coloration during Lycium fruit maturation was proposed. In this model, the developmental cues transcriptionally activates LbNCED1 and thus enhances accumulation of the phytohormone ABA, and the accumulated ABA stimulates transcription of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcription factor complex to upregulate the expression of structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and thereby promoting anthocyanin production and fruit coloration. Our results provide a valuable strategy that could be used in practice to regulate the ripening and quality of fresh fruit in medicinal and edible plants by modifying the phytohormone ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002 China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002 China
| | - Beibei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002 China
| | - Wei An
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002 China
| | - Zixin Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Youlong Cao
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002 China
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14
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Elbermawi A, Halim AF, Mansour ESS, Ahmad KF, Ashour A, Amen Y, Shimizu K. A new glucoside with a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Lycium schweinfurthii. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:976-983. [PMID: 31140302 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1616730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new glucoside, 3-methoxy-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-methyl benzoate, has been isolated from Lycium schweinfurthii along with five known compounds through bioactivity guided fractionation of the total plant methanolic extract towards α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase enzyme. As a result, four of them showed a potent inhibitory activity and thus constitute a therapeutic approach to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbermawi
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ahmed F Halim
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed S Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kadria F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yhiya Amen
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Division of Systematic Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Rao S, Kang X, Li J, Chen J. Induction, identification and characterization of tetraploidy in Lycium ruthenicum. Breed Sci 2019; 69:160-168. [PMID: 31086494 PMCID: PMC6507718 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lycium ruthenicum of Solanaceae was widely used as healthy vegetables and natural medicine foods for containing numerous functional components in leaves, roots and fruits. In the present study, tetraploid plants of L. ruthenicum were obtained efficiently by treating their leaves with colchicine in vitro. The highest induction frequency of the tetraploids was 31.4%, which was obtained by preculturing the leaves for 10 days and then treating them with 100 mg/L of colchicine concentration for 48 h. The ploidy levels of the regenerated plants were determined by flow cytometry and chromosome counting methods. Cytological, morphological, and histological characterization validated the results of flow cytometry, revealing the differences between the two kinds of ploidy plants in their tissue culture stage and field production stages. Morphological indexes also provide a simple and intuitionistic method for distinguishing tetraploid from diploid plants. As the chromosome number increased, the stomatal size and number of the chloroplasts in the stomata also increased, but the stomatal density decreased. The results indicate that the chromosome number is correlated with the stomatal index. The generated tetraploid is a potentially useful cultivated variety and will be beneficial for producing triploid progeny in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Rao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering,
Yinchuan 750004,
China
| | - Jinhuan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University,
Beijing 100083,
China
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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16
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Wang Z, Weckerle CS. Quality control of goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill.): A value chain analysis perspective. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 224:349-358. [PMID: 29908314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill., Solanaceae) have been used as a traditional food and medicine for hundreds of years in Asian countries and are now consumed globally. Quality of herbal medicines is critical for safe use and has been shown to be affected by value chains. AIM OF THE STUDY Using a value chain (VC) framework, we aim at understanding the influence of different VC types on goji quality and revenue of stakeholders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted during five months of fieldwork in the main production areas in China with a total of 65 stakeholders. Quality of goji, behaviour and financial performance of stakeholders was documented and analysed for different VCs. RESULTS Ten different types of VCs were identified. VCs with vertical integration and horizontal collaboration were found to have a more coherent quality control and better goji quality as well as improved stakeholders' financial performance. Vertical integration at different levels was found for independent farmer-based VCs, horizontal collaboration was found in the cooperative-based VCs. Full vertically integrated VCs were found in large-scale production. CONCLUSIONS Goji quality and stakeholders' revenues are linked with different types of VCs which mirror stakeholders' behaviour driven by target markets. Considering their positive influence on quality and revenues, well-developed vertically integrated value chains are likely to become more important in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland; Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines / Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines / Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Zigui Wang
- Ningxia Qixiang Biologic Foodstuff Co., Ltd., Yingbin Road 1, South Street, Zhongning county, Ningxia 755100, China
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
We present a taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Puccinia species (rust fungi) infecting tribe Lycieae (Solanaceae), with focus on the New World taxa. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear (nuc) rDNA 5.8S-ITS2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) show that Puccinia species occurring on Lyciae are grouped in two major lineages, one New World and one Old World. We assessed the value of morphological traits and geographic range as important features for discriminating lineages. The morphology of teliospore pedicels and rust geographic ranges explained the relationships within this Puccinia species group. Four Puccinia species are recognized on Lycieae in the New World lineage and four in the Old World lineage. Puccinia tumidipes from North America is resurrected and P. dimidipes described as new from South America. In addition, P. spinulosa from Madagascar is reduced to a synonym of P. engleriana. Descriptions and a dichotomous key are presented for the accepted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica A G Otálora
- a Plant Ecological Genetics, Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zurich , Universitätstrasse 16 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Berndt
- a Plant Ecological Genetics, Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zurich , Universitätstrasse 16 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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18
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Zou Y, Reich E, Zhang X, Chen Y, Weckerle CS. Quality Variation of Goji (Fruits of Lycium spp.) in China: A Comparative Morphological and Metabolomic Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29535631 PMCID: PMC5834758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji (fruits of Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinense Mill.) has been used in China as food and medicine for millennia, and globally has been consumed increasingly as a healthy food. Ningxia, with a semi-arid climate, always had the reputation of producing best goji quality (daodi area). Recently, the increasing market demand pushed the cultivation into new regions with different climates. We therefore ask: How does goji quality differ among production areas of various climatic regions? Historical records are used to trace the spread of goji production in China over time. Quality measurements of 51 samples were correlated with the four main production areas in China: monsoon (Hebei), semi-arid (Ningxia, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia), plateau (Qinghai) and arid regions (Xinjiang). We include morphological characteristics, sugar and polysaccharide content, antioxidant activity, and metabolomic profiling to compare goji among climatic regions. Goji cultivation probably began in the East (Hebei) of China around 100 CE and later shifted westward to the semi-arid regions. Goji from monsoon, plateau and arid regions differ according to its fruit morphology, whereas semi-arid goji cannot be separated from the other regions. L. chinense fruits, which are exclusively cultivated in Hebei (monsoon), are significantly lighter, smaller and brighter in color, while the heaviest and largest fruits (L. barbarum) stem from the plateau. The metabolomic profiling separates the two species but not the regions of cultivation. Lycium chinense and samples from the semi-arid regions have significantly (p < 0.01) lower sugar contents and L. chinense shows the highest antioxidant activity. Our results do not justify superiority of a specific production area over other areas. Instead it will be essential to distinguish goji from different regions based on the specific morphological and chemical traits with the aim to understand what its intended uses are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicines, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiaolei Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Yao R, Heinrich M, Weckerle CS. The genus Lycium as food and medicine: A botanical, ethnobotanical and historical review. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 212:50-66. [PMID: 29042287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lycium is widely distributed in the arid to semi-arid environments of North and South America, Africa, and Eurasia. In recent years, Lycium barbarum and L. chinense have been advertised as "superfood" with healthy properties. Despite of its popularity, there is a lack of an integrated and critical appraisal of the existing evidence for the use of Lycium. AIM OF THE STUDY There is a need to understand: 1) Which species were used and how the uses of Lycium developed spatially and over time, 2) how uses differ among regions with different culture backgrounds, and 3) how traditional and current therapeutic and preventive health claims correlate with pharmacological findings. METHODS Information was retrieved from floras, taxonomic, botanical, and ethnobotanical databases, research articles, recent editions of historical Chinese herbals over the last 2000 years, and pharmacopoeias. RESULTS Of totally 97 species, 31 have recorded uses as food and/or medicine worldwide. Usually the fruits are used. While 85% of the Lycium species occur in the Americas and Africa, 26% of them are used, but 9 out of 14 species in Eurasia. In China, seven species and two varieties of the genus Lycium occur, of which four species have been used by different ethnic groups. Only L. barbarum and L. chinense have been transformed into globally traded commodities. In China, based on the name "", their use can be traced back over the last two millennia. Lycium fruits for anti-aging, improving eyesight and nourishment were documented already in 500C.E. (Mingyi Bielu). Recent findings explain the pharmacological foundations of the traditional uses. Especially polysaccharides, zeaxanthin dipalmitate, vitamins, betaine, and mixed extracts were reported to be responsible for anti-aging, improving eyesight, and anti-fatigue effects. CONCLUSIONS The integration of historical, ethnobotanical, botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological data has enabled a detailed understanding of Lycium and its wider potential. It highlights that the focus so far has only been on two species and that the genus can potentially yield a wide range of other products with different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yao
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster Biodiversity and Medicine / Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland.
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Kamath A, Levin RA, Miller JS. Floral size and shape evolution following the transition to gender dimorphism. Am J Bot 2017; 104:451-460. [PMID: 28298376 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Floral morphology is expected to evolve following the transition from cosexuality to gender dimorphism in plants, as selection through male and female function becomes dissociated. Specifically, male-biased dimorphism in flower size can arise through selection for larger flowers through male function, selection for smaller flowers through female function, or both. The evolutionary pathway to floral dimorphism can be most effectively reconstructed in species with intraspecific variation in sexual system. We examined the evolution of flower size and shape in Lycium californicum, whose populations are either gender dimorphic with male and female plants, or cosexual with hermaphroditic plants. METHODS Floral morphology was characterized in populations spanning the species' complete range. For a subset of the range where cosexual and dimorphic populations are in close proximity, we compared the size and shape of flowers from female and male plants in dimorphic populations to hermaphrodites in cosexual populations, accounting for variation associated with abiotic environmental conditions. KEY RESULTS The magnitude of flower size dimorphism varied across dimorphic populations. After controlling for environmental variation across cosexual and dimorphic populations, flowers on males were larger than flowers on females and hermaphrodites, whereas flower size did not differ between females and hermaphrodites. Flower shape differences were associated with mating type, sexual system, and environmental variation. CONCLUSIONS While abiotic environmental gradients shape both overall flower size and shape, male-biased flower size dimorphism in L. californicum appears to arise through selection for larger flowers in males but not smaller flowers in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Kamath
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Rachel A Levin
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - Jill S Miller
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
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Khaldun ABM, Huang W, Lv H, Liao S, Zeng S, Wang Y. Comparative Profiling of miRNAs and Target Gene Identification in Distant-Grafting between Tomato and Lycium (Goji Berry). Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1475. [PMID: 27803702 PMCID: PMC5067468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Local translocation of small RNAs between cells is proved. Long distance translocation between rootstock and scion is also well documented in the homo-grafting system, but the process in distant-grafting is widely unexplored where rootstock and scion belonging to different genera. Micro RNAs are a class of small, endogenous, noncoding, gene silencing RNAs that regulate target genes of a wide range of important biological pathways in plants. In this study, tomato was grafted onto goji (Lycium chinense Mill.) to reveal the insight of miRNAs regulation and expression patterns within a distant-grafting system. Goji is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant with enriched phytochemicals. Illumina sequencing technology has identified 68 evolutionary known miRNAs of 37 miRNA families. Moreover, 168 putative novel miRNAs were also identified. Compared with control tomato, 43 (11 known and 32 novels) and 163 (33 known and 130 novels) miRNAs were expressed significantly different in shoot and fruit of grafted tomato, respectively. The fruiting stage was identified as the most responsive in the distant-grafting approach and 123 miRNAs were found as up-regulating in the grafted fruit which is remarkably higher compare to the grafted shoot tip (28). Potential targets of differentially expressed miRNAs were found to be involved in diverse metabolic and regulatory pathways. ADP binding activities, molybdopterin synthase complex and RNA helicase activity were found as enriched terms in GO (Gene Ontology) analysis. Additionally, "metabolic pathways" was revealed as the most significant pathway in KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis. The information of the small RNA transcriptomes that are obtained from this study might be the first miRNAs elucidation for a distant-grafting system, particularly between goji and tomato. The results from this study will provide the insights into the molecular aspects of miRNA-mediated regulation in the medicinal plant goji, and in grafted tomato. Noteworthy, it would provide a basis how miRNA signals could exchange between rootstock and scion, and the relevance to diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Khaldun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Oilseed Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI)Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Wenjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)Wuhan, China
| | - Sihong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden (CAS)Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden (CAS)Guangzhou, China
- Northwest Center for Agrobiotechnology (Ningxia), CASBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang
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Abstract
The family Solanaceae includes several melliferous plants, which tend to produce copious amounts of nectar. Floral nectar is a chemically complex aqueous solution, dominated by sugars, but minor components such as amino acids, proteins, flavonoids and alkaloids are present as well. This study aimed at analysing the protein and alkaloid profile of the nectar in seven solanaceous species. Proteins were examined with SDS-PAGE and alkaloids were analyzed with HPLC. The investigation of protein profile revealed significant differences in nectar-protein patterns not only between different plant genera, but also between the three Nicotiana species investigated. SDS-PAGE suggested the presence of several Nectarin proteins with antimicrobial activity in Nicotiana species. The nectar of all tobacco species contained the alkaloid nicotine, N. tabacum having the highest nicotine content. The nectar of Brugmansia suaveolens, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger and Lycium barbarum contained scopolamine, the highest content of which was measured in B. suaveolens. The alkaloid concentrations in the nectars of most solanaceous species investigated can cause deterrence in honeybees, and the nectar of N. rustica and N. tabacum can be considered toxic for honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kerchner
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs , H-7624 Pécs , Hungary
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Blank CM, Levin RA, Miller JS. Intraspecific variation in gender strategies in Lycium (Solanaceae): associations with ploidy and changes in floral form following the evolution of gender dimorphism. Am J Bot 2014; 101:2160-2168. [PMID: 25480712 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY An association between polyploidy and gender dimorphism has been noted in several plant lineages. Whereas the majority of Lycium species are diploid and have hermaphroditic flowers in cosexual populations, gender dimorphism (gynodioecy, dioecy) has been shown to be uniformly associated with polyploidy in previous studies. Preliminary field observations suggested that some populations of Lycium carolinianum were dimorphic, providing a test of this association.• METHODS We assessed sexual systems and cytotype variation (to infer ploidy) across 17 populations of L. carolinianum. Comparison of flowers in cosexual and dimorphic populations were used to infer changes in reproductive morphology associated with the evolution of gynodioecy.• KEY RESULTS The majority of populations were cosexual in gender expression, but dimorphism was present in the Yucatán and in some populations in Hawaii. Populations varied in ploidy and were either diploid or tetraploid. Floral sexual dimorphism was present in all gynodioecious populations, though the magnitude differed and was cryptic in some cases. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that following the evolution of gynodioecy, flowers on hermaphrodites increased in size.• CONCLUSIONS Dimorphic sexual systems have likely evolved convergently in L. carolinianum. In contrast to previous studies, dimorphism is not perfectly associated with polyploidy. Although our sample from the Yucatán was both tetraploid and dimorphic, all populations in Hawaii were diploid regardless of sexual system. Ongoing phylogeographic and mating system studies will contribute to our understanding of reproductive evolution in this widespread, polymorphic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Blank
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - Rachel A Levin
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - Jill S Miller
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 USA
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Newingham BA, Vanier CH, Kelly LJ, Charlet TN, Smith SD. Does a decade of elevated [CO2] affect a desert perennial plant community? New Phytol 2014; 201:498-504. [PMID: 24117700 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of elevated [CO2 ] on plant community structure is crucial to predicting ecosystem responses to global change. Early predictions suggested that productivity in deserts would increase via enhanced water-use efficiency under elevated [CO2], but the response of intact arid plant communities to elevated [CO2 ] is largely unknown. We measured changes in perennial plant community characteristics (cover, species richness and diversity) after 10 yr of elevated [CO2] exposure in an intact Mojave Desert community at the Nevada Desert Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Facility. Contrary to expectations, total cover, species richness, and diversity were not affected by elevated [CO2]. Over the course of the experiment, elevated [CO2] had no effect on changes in cover of the evergreen C3 shrub, Larrea tridentata; alleviated decreases in cover of the C4 bunchgrass, Pleuraphis rigida; and slightly reduced the cover of C3 drought-deciduous shrubs. Thus, we generally found no effect of elevated [CO2] on plant communities in this arid ecosystem. Extended drought, slow plant growth rates, and highly episodic germination and recruitment of new individuals explain the lack of strong perennial plant community shifts after a decade of elevated [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Newingham
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Cheryl H Vanier
- Public Lands Institute, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-2040, USA
| | - Lauren J Kelly
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, PO Box 441133, Moscow, ID, 83844-1133, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Therese N Charlet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
| | - Stanley D Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA
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