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Chen Q, Wang Q, Bu C, An Z, Jin L, Chi L. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) by heparin oligosaccharides with specific structures. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121909. [PMID: 38431413 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
COMT inhibitors are commonly used to improve the effectiveness of levodopa in treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting its conversion to 3-O-methyldopa. Because of the serious side effect of nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors, it is necessary to develop non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors with a higher safety profile. Heparin has been observed to bind to COMT. However, the exact functional significance of this interaction is not fully understood. In this study, the contribution of different substitution of heparin to its binding with COMT was investigated. In vitro and in vivo, heparin oligosaccharides can bind to COMT and inhibit its activity. Furthermore, we enriched the functional heparin oligosaccharides that bind to COMT and identified the sequence UA2S-GlcN(S/Ac)6(S/H)-UA2S-GlcNS6(S/H)-UA2(S/H)-GlcNS6S as the characteristic structural domain of these functional oligosaccharides. This study has elucidated the relationship between the structure of heparin oligosaccharides and their activity against COMT, providing valuable insights for the development of non-nitrocatechol COMT inhibitors with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Qingchi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China; Xianghu Laboratory, 168 Gongwen Rd, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Zizhe An
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Rd, Qingdao 266200, China.
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Chaudhary R, Singh R. Therapeutic Viewpoint on Rat Models of Locomotion Abnormalities and Neurobiological Indicators in Parkinson's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:488-503. [PMID: 37202886 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230518111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotion problems in Parkinson's syndrome are still a research and treatment difficulty. With the recent introduction of brain stimulation or neuromodulation equipment that is sufficient to monitor activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, new locomotion investigations in patients having the capacity to move freely have sprung up. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to find rat models and locomotion-connected neuronal indicators and use them all over a closed-loop system to enhance the future and present treatment options available for Parkinson's disease. METHODS Various publications on locomotor abnormalities, Parkinson's disease, animal models, and other topics have been searched using several search engines, such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Research Gate, and PubMed. RESULTS Based on the literature, we can conclude that animal models are used for further investigating the locomotion connectivity deficiencies of many biological measuring devices and attempting to address unanswered concerns from clinical and non-clinical research. However, translational validity is required for rat models to contribute to the improvement of upcoming neurostimulation-based medicines. This review discusses the most successful methods for modelling Parkinson's locomotion in rats. CONCLUSION This review article has examined how scientific clinical experiments lead to localised central nervous system injuries in rats, as well as how the associated motor deficits and connection oscillations reflect this. This evolutionary process of therapeutic interventions may help to improve locomotion- based treatment and management of Parkinson's syndrome in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
- Department of Pharmacology, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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Cao W, Liang S, Yang Y, Zhu C, Sun L, Zhang L. Fisetin Ameliorates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Experimental Model Parkinson's Disease: Role of Mitochondrial Activities and Monoamines Turnover. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221136674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Levodopa (or l-DOPA) is the current standard of care for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its chronic administration has been associated with the development of LID (l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia). Fisetin is a dietary flavonoid known for its neuroprotective efficacy. Aim: To determine the neuroprotective potential of fisetin in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned LID animals. Methods: 6-OHDA (12 µg and L-ascorbic acid [10 µL]) was injected in a substantial nigra of Sprague-Dawley rat to develop PD followed by l-DOPA (20 mg/kg and benserazide HCl [5 mg/kg], 42 days) to induce LID. Rats were concomitantly administered with vehicle or amantadine (40 mg/kg), or fisetin (5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, p.o.) for 42 days with l-DOPA. Results: Chronic l-DOPA administration resulted in progressive abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs viz. axial, forelimb, and orolingual), akinesia (forelimb adjusting steps, FAS), muscular rigidity (catalepsy bar test), muscular coordination, and neurological impairments. Fisetin at doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg effectively reduced ( P < .05) these LID-induced AIMs and behavioral changes. Furthermore, fisetin treatment markedly ( P < .05) attenuated LID-induced diminished striatal mitochondrial complex activities, striatal monoamines (serotonin [5-HT] and dopamine [DA]), elevated monoamines turnover (DA: DOPAC and 5-HT: 5-HIAA). In addition, fisetin treatment effectively ( P < .05) reversed the upregulated expressions of striatal cFOS, FosB, Homer, Nurr-77, Parkin, and Pdyn. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that fisetin offered neuroprotection via amelioration of striatum mitochondrial dysfunction and monoamine (5-HT and DA) turnover to halt further development of abnormal involuntary movement and dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shaodong Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yindong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chuanzhen Zhu
- Graduate School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin Heilongjiang Province, China
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Lai CY, Lin CY, Wu CR, Tsai CH, Tsai CW. Carnosic Acid Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia and Cell Death in 6-Hydroxydopamine-lesioned Rats and in SH-SY5Y Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:703894. [PMID: 34434108 PMCID: PMC8381221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.703894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of carnosic acid (CA) from rosemary on the levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). To establish the model of LID, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mg/kg L-dopa once a day for 36 days. Rats were daily administrated with 3 or 15 mg/kg CA by oral intubation prior to L-dopa injection for 4 days. Rats pretreated with CA had reduced L-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and ALO scores (a sum of axial, limb, and orofacial scores). Moreover, the increases of dopamine D1-receptor, p-DARPP-32, ΔFosB, p-ERK1/2, and p-c-Jun ser63, along with the decrease in p-c-Jun ser73, induced by L-dopa in 6-OHDA-treated rats were significantly reversed by pretreatment with CA. In addition, we used the model of SH-SY5Y cells to further examine the neuroprotective mechanisms of CA on L-dopa-induced cytotoxicity. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with CA for 18 h, and then co-treated with 400 μM L-dopa for the indicated time points. The results showed that pretreatment of CA attenuated the cell death and nuclear condensation induced by L-dopa. By the immunoblots, the reduction of Bcl-2, p-c-Jun ser73, and parkin and the induction of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, p-ERK1/2, p-c-Jun ser63, and ubiquitinated protein by L-dopa were improved in cells pretreated with CA. In conclusion, CA ameliorates the development of LID via regulating the D1R signaling and prevents L-dopa-induced apoptotic cell death through modulating the ERK1/2-c-Jun and inducing the parkin. This study suggested that CA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of LID for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Lai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Self-assembled polydopamine nanoparticles improve treatment in Parkinson's disease model mice and suppress dopamine-induced dyskinesia. Acta Biomater 2020; 109:220-228. [PMID: 32268242 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although Levodopa (l-DOPA), a dopamine precursor, exhibits a high risk of dyskinesia, it remains the primary treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In this study, we designed poly(l-DOPA)-based self-assembled nanodrug (NanoDOPA) from amphiphilic block copolymer possessing poly(l-DOPA(OAc)2), which is a precursor of l-DOPA as a hydrophobic segment, for treatment in a PD model mouse. Under physiological enzyme treatment, the poly(l-DOPA(OAc)2) in the block copolymer was hydrolyzed to liberate l-DOPA gradually. Using the MPTP-induced PD mouse model, we observed that mice treated with NanoDOPA demonstrated a significant improvement of PD symptoms compared to the l-DOPA treatment. Interestingly, the NanoDOPA treatment did not cause the dyskinesia symptoms, which was clearly observed in the l-DOPA-treated mice. Furthermore, NanoDOPA exhibited remarkably lower toxicity in vitro compared to l-DOPA, in addition with no noticeable NanoDOPA toxicity observed in the treated mice. These results suggested that self-assembled NanoDOPA is a promising therapeutic in the treatment of PD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we proposed a therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) using newly designed poly(l-DOPA)-based self-assembled nanodrug (NanoDOPA) prepared from amphiphilic block copolymers possessing poly(l-DOPA(OAc)2), which is a precursor of l-DOPA as a hydrophobic segment, for treatment in a PD model mouse. Under physiological enzyme treatments, NanoDOPA was hydrolyzed to liberate l-DOPA gradually, improving the pharmacokinetic value of l-DOPA. The mice treated with NanoDOPA significantly improved PD symptoms compared to the l-DOPA treatment in a neurotoxin-induced PD mouse model. Interestingly, NanoDOPA treatment did not cause dyskinesia symptoms, which was observed in the l-DOPA-treated mice. The obtained results in this study suggested that self-assembled NanoDOPA is a promising therapeutic in the treatment of PD.
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Singh B, Pandey S, Rumman M, Mahdi AA. Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Parkinson's disease model. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:517-525. [PMID: 31834548 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra region and the presence of α-synuclein aggregates in the striatum and surrounding areas of brain. Evidences suggest that neuroinflammation plays a role in the progression of PD. We examined the neuro-protective effects of Bacopa monnieri (BM) in regulating neuroinflammation. Administration of BM suppressed the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased the levels of α-synuclein, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PD animal model. Pre-treatment of BM showed more prominent results as compare to co- and post-treatment. Results suggest that Bacopa can limit inflammation in the different areas of brain, thus, offers a promising source of novel therapeutics for the treatment of many CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, UP, 226003, India
| | - Shivani Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, UP, 226003, India.
| | - Mohammad Rumman
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, UP, 226003, India
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Effects of Combined Treatment with Acupuncture and Chunggan Formula in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3612587. [PMID: 31871478 PMCID: PMC6907061 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3612587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Patients with Parkinson's disease can be treated with a combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine, but studies on the synergistic effects of the combined treatment have not yet been conducted. Thus, we subjected an MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model to the combined treatment. We used acupoint GB34 for acupuncture and modified Chunggantang (KD5040) as the herbal medicine, as they have been reported to be effective in Parkinson's disease. We investigated the suboptimal dose of KD5040 and then used this dose in the combined treatment. The results showed that the combined treatment had a synergistic effect on improvements in abnormal motor function and neurodegeneration compared with the use of acupuncture or herbal medicine alone. The combined treatment also had a neuroprotective effect via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the combined treatment with acupuncture and KD5040 can help improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
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8
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Barroso SDS, Lopes LES, Santos KS, Gomes MZ. Technological prospection: patents mapping involving compounds for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:979-985. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1690453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheilla Da Silva Barroso
- Northeast Biotechnology Network Post-Graduating, Tiradentes University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Morphology and Experimental Pathology, Research and Technology Institute, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lorenna Emília Sena Lopes
- Laboratory of Morphology and Experimental Pathology, Research and Technology Institute, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health and Environment Post-Graduating Program, Tiradentes University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Klebson Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Morphology and Experimental Pathology, Research and Technology Institute, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Margarete Zanardo Gomes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network Post-Graduating, Tiradentes University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Morphology and Experimental Pathology, Research and Technology Institute, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health and Environment Post-Graduating Program, Tiradentes University, Aracaju, Brazil
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Ahn S, Liu QF, Jang JH, Park J, Jeong HJ, Kim Y, Kim DH, Jeong G, Oh ST, Park SU, Cho SY, Park HJ, Jeon S. Gami-Chunggan Formula Prevents Motor Dysfunction in MPTP/p-Induced and A53T α-Synuclein Overexpressed Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Though DJ-1 and BDNF Expression. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:230. [PMID: 31555122 PMCID: PMC6724569 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gami–Chunggan formula (GCF) is a modification of the Chunggan (CG) decoction, which has been used to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) in Traditional East Asian Medicine. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of GCF in chronic PD animal models, we used either a 5-week treatment of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine with probenecid (MPTP/p) or the α-synuclein A53T overexpressed PD mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were treated with MPTP, in combination with probenecid, for 5 weeks. GCF was administered simultaneously with MPTP injection for 38 days. The A53T α-synuclein overexpressed mice were also fed with GCF for 60 days. Using behavioral readouts and western blot analyses, it was observed that GCF prevents motor dysfunction in the MPTP/p-induced and A53T α-synuclein overexpressed mice. Moreover, GCF inhibited the reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and fibers in the striatum (ST) against MPTP/p challenge. The expression of DJ-1 was increased but that of α-synuclein was decreased in the SN of PD-like brains by GCF administration. In vitro experiments also showed that GCF inhibited 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines and that it did so to a greater degree than CG. Furthermore, GCF induced BDNF expression through phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, CREB, and AMPK in the SN of PD-like brains. Therefore, use of the herbal medicine GCF offers a potential remedy for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Ahn
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Quan Feng Liu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jang
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeonghun Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Jin Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Youngman Kim
- Research Institute, Dong Kwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guwon Jeong
- Research Institute, Dong Kwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Tack Oh
- Research Institute, Dong Kwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Uk Park
- Stroke and Neurological Disorders Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Cho
- Stroke and Neurological Disorders Center, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Songhee Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Heidari Z, Mohammadipour A, Haeri P, Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan A. The effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on mice midbrain substantia nigra. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:745-751. [PMID: 32373295 PMCID: PMC7196354 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.33611.8018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Widely used Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) enter into the body and cause various organ damages. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of TiO2 on the substantia nigra of midbrain. MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: three groups received TiO2 at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, the fourth group received normal saline for 45 days by gavage, and control group (without intervention). Then, Motor tests including pole and hanging tests were done to investigate motor disorders. The animal brain was removed for histological purposes. Accordingly, immunohistochemistry was performed to detect tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells, and then toluidine blue staining was done to identify dark neurons in the substantia nigra. Eventually, the total number of these neurons were counted using stereological methods in different groups. RESULTS The results showed that the time recorded for mice to turn completely downward on the pole in the TiO2-50 group increased and also the time recorded for animals to hang on the wire in the hanging test significantly decreased (P<0.05) in comparison with other groups. Also, the average number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in TiO2-25 and TiO2-50 groups significantly decreased as compared to the TiO2-10 and control groups (P<0.05). The total number of dark neurons in the TiO2-25 and TiO2-50 groups was substantially higher than the TiO2-10, control and normal saline groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that TiO2, depending on dose, can cause the destruction of dopaminergic neurons and consequently increase the risk of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Haeri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chang Y, Yoo J, Kim H, Park HJ, Jeon S, Kim J. Salusin-β mediate neuroprotective effects for Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1428-1433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Neuroprotective effect of crocin on substantia nigra in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model of mice. Anat Sci Int 2018; 94:119-127. [PMID: 30159851 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and acetylcholinesterase activity may induce this disease. On the other hand, crocin-one of the active ingredients of saffron-has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of crocin to decrease dopaminergic neuron damage and Parkinson's disease complications induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). A set of 24 male BALB/c Mice were divided randomly into four groups: (1) MPTP group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days; (2) MPTP + crocin group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days and 30 mg/kg crocin for 15 days; (3) NS group receiving normal saline for 5 days; and (4) NSIG group receiving normal saline intraperitoneally for 5 days and also normal saline by gavage for 15 days. After the treatment period, pole and hanging motor tests were performed in all groups. Then, the brains of all the animals were removed and fixed in formalin, prepared according to routine histologic methods and cut into sections of 5 µm thickness. Prepared sections were stained by immunohistochemistry techniques and toluidine blue to detect tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and dark neurons, respectively. Finally, the mean number of these cells were calculated by stereological methods and compared with the statistical tests in different groups. The results showed a significant increase in the time taken for the animal to fall from the pole in the MPTP group in comparison with other groups (P < 0.001). The time taken for them to stay on the wire in the hanging test decreased significantly in the MPTP group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001).,while in the MPTP + crocin group, the time to falling decreased (P < 0.05) and the time staying on the wire increased (P < 0.001) compared to the MPTP group. The number of TH-positive neurons in the MPTP group also decreased significantly in comparison with saline and MPTP + crocin groups (P < 0.001). The number of dark neuron sin the MPTP group increased significantly as compared with saline and the MPTP + Crocin groups (P < 0.001). Our results showed that crocin improves MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease complications and decreases cell death in the substantia nigra.
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Oh JY, Kim YK, Kim SN, Lee B, Jang JH, Kwon S, Park HJ. Acupuncture modulates stress response by the mTOR signaling pathway in a rat post-traumatic stress disorder model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11864. [PMID: 30089868 PMCID: PMC6082850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that can form following exposure to a traumatic event. Acupuncture has been proposed as a beneficial treatment for PTSD, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study investigated whether acupuncture improves depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced using a single prolonged stress (SPS) as a PTSD rat model. In addition, we investigated whether the effects were mediated by increased mTOR activity and its downstream signaling components, which contribute to protein synthesis required for synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. We found that acupuncture at HT8 significantly alleviated both depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by SPS in rats, as assessed by the forced swimming, elevated plus maze, and open field tests; this alleviation was blocked by rapamycin. The effects of acupuncture were equivalent to those exerted by fluoxetine. Acupuncture regulated protein translation in the mTOR signaling pathway and enhanced the activation of synaptic proteins, PSD95, Syn1, and GluR1 in the hippocampus. These results suggest that acupuncture exerts antidepressant and anxiolytic effects on PTSD-related symptoms by increasing protein synthesis required for synaptic plasticity via the mTOR pathway in the hippocampus. Acupuncture may be a promising treatment for patients with PTSD and play a role as an alternative PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Oh
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kang Kim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Nam Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Jang
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 PLUS Korean Medicine Science Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Acupuncture Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia via Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in Pitx3-Deficient aphakia and 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2408-2423. [PMID: 30030752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is currently the most effective medication for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms, its prolonged administration causes several adverse effects, including dyskinesia. To identify the mechanisms underlying the effects of acupuncture on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), antidyskinetic effects of acupuncture were investigated in two mouse models of PD. Acupuncture stimulation at GB34 alleviated abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice (ak/ak) following L-DOPA administration and these effects were reproduced in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice with LID. A transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus revealed pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (Pmch) gene was highly expressed in acupuncture-treated mouse from ak/ak model of LID as well as 6-OHDA model of LID. Acupuncture combined with the administration of MCH receptor antagonist did not have any beneficial effects on dyskinesia in L-DOPA-injected ak/ak mice, but the intranasal administration of MCH attenuated LID to the same degree as acupuncture in both ak/ak and 6-OHDA mice with LID. A gene expression profile with a hierarchical clustering analysis of the dyskinesia-induced ak/ak mouse brain revealed an association between the mechanisms underlying acupuncture and MCH. Additionally, altered striatal responses to L-DOPA injection were observed after prolonged acupuncture and MCH treatments, which suggests that these treatment modalities influenced the compensatory mechanisms of LID. In summary, present study demonstrated that acupuncture decreased LID via hypothalamic MCH using L-DOPA-administered ak/ak and 6-OHDA mouse models and that MCH administration resulted in novel antidyskinetic effects in these models. Thus, acupuncture and MCH might be valuable therapeutic candidates for PD patients suffering from LID.
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Lu DS, Chen C, Zheng YX, Li DD, Wang GQ, Liu J, Shi J, Zhang F. Combination Treatment of Icariin and L-DOPA Against 6-OHDA-Lesioned Dopamine Neurotoxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:155. [PMID: 29867347 PMCID: PMC5964195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, the dopamine (DA) precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), remains the gold standard effective drug therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Nevertheless, long-term chronic L-DOPA administration leads to the drug efficacy loss and severe adverse effects, such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid that is extracted from Epimedium, has been proved to evoke neuroprotection against DA neuronal loss in PD animal models. Here, the present study detected the effects of ICA combined with L-DOPA on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-elicited DA neurotoxicity and L-DOPA-induced motor dysfunction as well. PC12 cells were applied to investigate the combination treatment of ICA and L-DOPA against 6-OHDA-lesioned neurotoxicity. In addition, rat substantia nigral stereotaxic injection of 6-OHDA-induced DA neuronal injury was performed to explore the neuroprotective effects mediated by ICA combined with L-DOPA. The pathological movement triggered by L-DOPA was determined by the abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) scores analysis. In PC12 cells, ICA combined with L-DOPA produced better neuroprotection from 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity than ICA or L-DOPA alone treatment. In parkinsonian 6-OHDA lesioned rats, ICA conferred DA neuroprotection as monotherapy and an enhancement benefit of L-DOPA treatment after daily administration of L-DOPA and ICA for 21 days. Moreover, ICA ameliorated the development of LID as evidenced by the lowered AIM scores without affecting L-DOPA-mediated efficacy. Furtherly, ICA attenuated neuroinflammation in 6-OHDA-induced DA neuronal loss and the development of LID in vivo. In conclusion, these findings suggest ICA might be a potential promising adjuvant to enhance L-DOPA efficacy and attenuate L-DOPA-produced adverse effects in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Sheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ya-Xin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dai-Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Guo-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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16
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Liu M, Shin EJ, Dang DK, Jin CH, Lee PH, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Kim YS, Xing B, Xin T, Bing G, Kim HC. Trichloroethylene and Parkinson's Disease: Risk Assessment. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6201-6214. [PMID: 29270919 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of action and extent of selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) leading to the endogenous formation of the neurotoxin 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (TaClo) in rodents. Beginning at 3 months of age, male C57BL/6 mice received oral TCE dissolved in vehicle for 8 months. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was assessed by nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. Selective dopaminergic neurodegeneration was determined based on histological analysis of non-dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Behavioral assays were evaluated using open field activity and rotarod tests. Mitochondrial complex I activity, oxidative stress markers, and microglial activation were also examined in the substantia nigra. The level of TaClo was detected using HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of TaClo was determined in midbrain organotypic cultures from rat pups. Following 8 months of TCE treatment, there was a progressive and selective loss of 50% of the dopaminergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra (SN) and about 50% loss of dopamine and 72% loss of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum, respectively. In addition, motor deficits, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured. TaClo content was quantified in the brain after TCE treatment. In organotypic cultures, TaClo rather than TCE induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, similar to MPP+. TCE exposure may stimulate the endogenous formation of TaClo, which is responsible for dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, even prolonged administration of TCE was insufficient for producing a greater than 50% loss of nigral dopamine neurons, indicating that additional co-morbid factors would be needed for mimicking the profound loss of dopamine neurons seen in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Hui Jin
- Department of Geriatrics, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214151, China
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Catalytic Organic Reactions, Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Park
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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