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Chen SJ, Qiu CL, Zhang LP, Jiang LZ, Zhao XY, Hou Q, Jiang Y. Complementary therapy with Chinese aromatic herbs to promote awakening in a comatose patient: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39277. [PMID: 39121268 PMCID: PMC11315557 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Traumatic brain injury frequently leads to prolonged coma, posing significant medical management challenges. Complementary therapies, including traditional Chinese herbal medicine, have been investigated as potential interventions in comatose patients. Chinese aromatic herbs, such as Borneolum (Bingpian), Moschus (Shexiang), and Acori tatarinowii rhizoma (Shichangpu), have long been believed to be "resuscitation with aromatics" based on traditional Chinese medicines theory. PATIENT CONCERNS A 16-year-old male was admitted to the intensive rehabilitation unit for further treatment due to prolonged coma and frequent seizures following traumatic brain injury. DIAGNOSES Western medicine diagnosed the patient as coma, diffuse axonal injury, and epilepsy. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, the syndrome differentiation indicates a Yin-closed disease. INTERVENTIONS According to the patient's condition, we use the Chinese aromatic herbs as a complementary therapy. OUTCOMES Following a month-long administration, the patient's consciousness and electroencephalogram (EEG) background progressively improved. A 6-month follow-up demonstrated full arousal, though with ambulatory EEG revealing mild to moderate abnormality in the background. LESSONS The addition of Chinese aromatic herbs appears to have a beneficial effect on the patient's consciousness and EEG background. This could be attributed to the herbs' inherent pharmacological properties, as well as their potential to enhance the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to other drugs. This makes them a promising option for complementary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jia Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Lin Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
- Qiu Changlin Provincial TCM Master Studio, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
- Qiu Changlin Provincial TCM Master Studio, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Hou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
- Qiu Changlin Provincial TCM Master Studio, Hangzhou, China
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zheng YJ, Zhao A, Jiang X, Gan J. Astrocyte modulation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: A promising therapeutic strategy. Exp Neurol 2024; 378:114814. [PMID: 38762094 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) poses significant challenges for drug development due to its complex pathogenesis. Astrocyte involvement in CIRI pathogenesis has led to the development of novel astrocyte-targeting drug strategies. To comprehensively review the current literature, we conducted a thorough analysis from January 2012 to December 2023, identifying 82 drugs aimed at preventing and treating CIRI. These drugs target astrocytes to exert potential benefits in CIRI, and their primary actions include modulation of relevant signaling pathways to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, reduce cerebral edema, restore blood-brain barrier integrity, suppress excitotoxicity, and regulate autophagy. Notably, active components from traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginkgo, and Ginseng exhibit these important pharmacological properties and show promise in the treatment of CIRI. This review highlights the potential of astrocyte-targeted drugs to ameliorate CIRI and categorizes them based on their mechanisms of action, underscoring their therapeutic potential in targeting astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Jia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anliu Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Huang Y, Li Y, Guan D, Pan Y, Yang C, Liu H, Chen C, Chen W, Liu J, Wan T, Zhuang L, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Acorus tatarinowii oils exert protective effects on microglia-mediated inflammatory injury via restoring gut microbiota composition in experimental stroke rats. Brain Res Bull 2024; 213:110990. [PMID: 38821245 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota could be developed as a therapeutic target due to its contribution to microglia activation in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. Acorus tatarinowii oils (AT oils), which is considered as the active fraction of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Acorus tatarinowii, exerts various bioactivities and prebiotic effects. However, it remains unclear that the effect of AT oils on inflammatory response after ischemic stroke and whether its underlying mechanism is associated to gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier. In the current study, we aim to investigate the anti-microglial neuroinflammation mechanism of AT oils in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. The compositions of AT oils were identified by GC-MS. Our results demonstrated that AT oils could effectively relieve cerebral infarction, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, degrade the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6 and IFN-γ), and mediate the polarization of microglia. Moreover, AT oils restored the composition and the balance of gut microbiota in stroke rats, and reduced abundance of opportunistic genera including Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia and Tenericutes, as well as increased beneficial bacteria abundance such as Tenericutes and Prevotella_copri. To investigate the role of gut microbiota on AT oils against ischemic stroke, we conducted the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments with gut microbiota consumption, which suggested that the depletion of gut microbiota took away the protective effect of AT oils, confirming the importance of gut microbiota in the protective effect of AT oils on ischemic stroke. FMT experiments have demonstrated that AT oils preserved the gut permeability and blood-brain barrier, as well as mediated the microglial phenotype under the intervention of gut microbiota. In summary, AT oils could efficaciously moderate neuronal damage and intervene microglial phenotype by reversing gut microbiota disorder in ischemic stroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, China
| | - Yongyi Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Danni Guan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Yaru Pan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Huina Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Chaoyan Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Weitao Chen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital, Ji'nan University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Lixing Zhuang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China.
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Sun D, Wu L, Lan S, Chi X, Wu Z. β-asarone induces viability and angiogenesis and suppresses apoptosis of human vascular endothelial cells after ischemic stroke by upregulating vascular endothelial growth factor A. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17534. [PMID: 38948219 PMCID: PMC11214739 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a disease with a high mortality and disability rate worldwide, and its incidence is increasing per year. Angiogenesis after IS improves blood supply to ischemic areas, accelerating neurological recovery. β-asarone has been reported to exhibit a significant protective effect against hypoxia injury. The ability of β-asarone to improve IS injury by inducing angiogenesis has not been distinctly clarified. The experimental rats were induced with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model cells were constructed using human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1) cells. Cerebral infarction and pathological damage were first determined via triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Then, cell viability, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were assessed by utilizing cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, spheroid-based angiogenesis, and tube formation assays in OGD HMEC-1 cells. Besides, angiogenesis and other related proteins were identified with western blot. The study confirms that β-asarone, like nimodipine, can ameliorate cerebral infarction and pathological damage. β-asarone can also upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and induce phosphorylation of p38. Besides, the study proves that β-asarone can protect against IS injury by increasing the expression of VEGFA. In vitro experiments affirmed that β-asarone can induce viability and suppress apoptosis in OGD-mediated HMEC-1 cells and promote angiogenesis of OGD HMEC-1 cells by upregulating VEGFA. This establishes the potential for β-asarone to be a latent drug for IS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhong Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Rehabilitation, GuangDong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Lan
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chi
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Rehabilitation, GuangDong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Tsai YT, Cheng CY. Electroacupuncture at the Dazhui and Baihui acupoints and different frequencies (10 and 50 Hz) protects against apoptosis by up-regulating ERK1/2-mediated signaling in rats after global cerebral ischemia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:706-716. [PMID: 38645497 PMCID: PMC11024414 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.72279.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives This study assessed the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at different frequencies at the Dazhui and Baihui acupoints in the subacute phase after transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Materials and Methods Rats were subjected to GCI for 25 min, followed by reperfusion for 7 days. EA at acupoints was performed at 10, 30, or 50 Hz, 1 day after reperfusion and then once daily for 6 consecutive days. Results EA at acupoints at 10 and 50 Hz effectively down-regulated apoptosis in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1(CA1) area and ameliorated memory deficits. Moreover, EA treatment at 10 and 50 Hz markedly increased phospho (p)-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p-ERK1/2/neuronal nuclei (NeuN), p-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/p-ERK1/2, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/p-CREB, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein/NeuN expression levels and decreased Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, and apoptosis-inducing factor expression levels. Furthermore, 10-Hz EA treatment effectively increased p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p-p38 MAPK/NeuN, and p-CREB/p-p38 MAPK expression levels. Pretreatment with U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) completely abrogated the effects of 10- and 50-Hz EA treatments on the aforementioned protein expression levels. Similarly, pretreatment with SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) completely abrogated the effects of 10-Hz treatment on the aforementioned protein expression levels. Conclusion The effects of 10- and 50-Hz EA treatments on mitochondria-related apoptosis can be attributed to the activation of ERK1/2/p38 MAPK/CREB/Bcl-2- and ERK1/2/CREB/Bcl-2-mediated signaling, respectively, in the hippocampal CA1 area at 7 days after transient GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Ting Tsai
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Cheng
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hui-Sheng Hospital, Taichung 42056, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 42056, Taiwan
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6
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Xu SY, Song MM, Pan X, Song SN, Zhang Q, Li CX. Rectangular method: a modified technique for sampling the ischemic border zone in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e13140. [PMID: 38088675 PMCID: PMC10712280 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, there have been three common methods for sampling the cerebral ischemic border zone in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO): the "two o'clock method", the "diagonal method", and the "parallel line method". However, these methods have their own advantages and limitations. Here, we propose a modified technique (the "rectangular method") for sampling the ischemic border zone. A rat tMCAO model was prepared under the support of a compact small animal anesthesia machine. Cerebral blood flow was monitored by high-resolution laser Doppler to control the quality of modeling, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was used for cerebral infarction location assessment. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (caspase)-3, caspase-9, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were used to verify the reliability and reproducibility of the rectangular method. The expression of biomarkers (SOD2, caspase-3, caspase-9, and HSP70) in the traditional (two o'clock method after TTC staining) and modified (rectangular method) groups were increased. There were no significant differences between the groups. The rectangular method proposed herein is based on a modification of the diagonal method and parallel line method, which could provide a directly observable infarct borderline and a sufficient sampling area for subsequent experimental operations regardless of the cerebral infarct location. The assessed biomarkers (SOD2, caspase-3, caspase-9, and HSP70) demonstrated the reliability and reproducibility of the rectangular method, which may facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Mao-mei Song
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shi-na Song
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chang-xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Headache Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Wang M, Tang HP, Wang S, Hu WJ, Li JY, Yu AQ, Bai QX, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Acorus tatarinowii Schott: A Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114525. [PMID: 37299001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii) is a natural medicinal plant. It plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diseases by the empirical medicine system and has achieved remarkable curative effects. A. tatarinowii is often used to treat various diseases, such as depression, epilepsy, fever, dizziness, heartache, stomachache, etc. More than 160 compounds of different structural types have been identified in A. tatarinowii, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, amides, and organic acids. These bioactive ingredients make A. tatarinowii remarkable for its pharmacological effects, including antidepressant, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, neuroprotective, antifatigue, and antifungal effects, improving Alzheimer's disease, and so on. It is noteworthy that A. tatarinowii has been widely used in the treatment of brain diseases and nervous system diseases and has achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects. This review focused on the research publications of A. tatarinowii and aimed to summarize the advances in the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, which will provide a reference for further studies and applications of A. tatarinowii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hai-Peng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jia-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ai-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qian-Xiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
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Liu H, Zhou R, Yin L, Si N, Yang C, Huang C, Wang R, Chen X. β-asarone prolongs sleep via regulating the level of glutamate in the PVN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:71-77. [PMID: 37149985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
People of all ages could suffer from sleep disorders, which are increasingly recognized as common manifestations of neurologic disease. Acorus tatarinowii is a herb that has been used in traditional medicine to promote sleep. β-asarone, as the main component of volatile oil obtained from Acorus tatarinowii, may be the main contributor to the sleeping-promoting efficacy of Acorus tatarinowii. In the study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were administered β-asarone at 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg. Behavioral experiments showed that β-asarone at 25 mg/kg could significantly improve sleep duration. It was also observed that the proportion of NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep increased considerably after administration of β-asarone. In the PVN (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus) region of the hypothalamus, it was observed that the glutamate content decreased after β-asarone treatment. At the same time, the expression of VGLUT2 (vesicular glutamate transporters 2) decreased while the expression of GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65) and GABARAP (GABA Type A Receptor-Associated Protein) increased in the hypothalamus, suggesting that β-asarone may suppress arousal by reducing glutamate and promoting transformation of glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). This study is the first to focus on the association between β-asarone and sleep, shedding perspectives for pharmacological applications of β-asarone and providing a new direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ruiqing Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lanxiang Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Nana Si
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chenglin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chengqing Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiangtao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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9
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Hao DL, Li JM, Xie R, Huo HR, Xiong XJ, Sui F, Wang PQ. The role of traditional herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: from bench to clinic-A critical review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154609. [PMID: 36610141 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and severe long-term disability worldwide. Over the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in anti-ischemic therapies. However, IS remains a tremendous challenge, with favourable clinical outcomes being generally difficult to achieve from candidate drugs in preclinical phase testing. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has been used to treat stroke for over 2,000 years in China. In modern times, THM as an alternative and complementary therapy have been prescribed in other Asian countries and have gained increasing attention for their therapeutic effects. These millennia of clinical experience allow THM to be a promising avenue for improving clinical efficacy and accelerating drug discovery. PURPOSE To summarise the clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of THMs in IS. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the VIP Information Database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Wanfang Database, from inception to 17 June 2022 to examine the efficacy and safety of THM for IS, and to investigate experimental studies regarding potential mechanisms. RESULTS THM is widely prescribed for IS alone or as adjuvant therapy. In clinical trials, THM is generally administered within 72 h of stroke onset and are continuously prescribed for over 3 months. Compared with Western medicine (WM), THM combined with routine WM can significantly improve neurological function defect scores, promote clinical total effective rate, and accelerate the recovery time of stroke with fewer adverse effects (AEs). These effects can be attributed to multiple mechanisms, mainly anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, brain blood barrier (BBB) modulation, inhibition of platelet activation and thrombus formation, and promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS THM may be a promising candidate for IS management to guide clinical applications and as a reference for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Hao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jia-Meng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ran Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hai-Ru Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xing-Jiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Peng-Qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Kim CJ, Kwak TY, Bae MH, Shin HK, Choi BT. Therapeutic Potential of Active Components from Acorus gramineus and Acorus tatarinowii in Neurological Disorders and Their Application in Korean Medicine. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:326-343. [PMID: 36628348 PMCID: PMC9806153 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders represent a substantial healthcare burden worldwide due to population aging. Acorus gramineus Solander (AG) and Acorus tatarinowii Schott (AT), whose major component is asarone, have been shown to be effective in neurological disorders. This review summarized current information from preclinical and clinical studies regarding the effects of extracts and active components of AG and AT (e.g., α-asarone and β-asarone) on neurological disorders and biomedical targets, as well as the mechanisms involved. Databases, including PubMed, Embase, and RISS, were searched using the following keywords: asarone, AG, AT, and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression and anxiety, epilepsy, and stroke. Meta-analyses and reviews were excluded. A total of 873 studies were collected. A total of 89 studies were selected after eliminating studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Research on neurological disorders widely reported that extracts or active components of AG and AT showed therapeutic efficacy in treating neurological disorders. These components also possessed a wide array of neuroprotective effects, including reduction of pathogenic protein aggregates, antiapoptotic activity, modulation of autophagy, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, regulation of neurotransmitters, activation of neurogenesis, and stimulation of neurotrophic factors. Most of the included studies were preclinical studies that used in vitro and in vivo models, and only a few clinical studies have been performed. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on AG and AT therapeutic effects as a basis for further clinical studies, and clinical trials are required before these findings can be applied to human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Ju Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Kwak
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyeok Bae
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author Hwa Kyoung Shin, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8476, E-mail:, Byung Tae Choi, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8475, E-mail:
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Graduate Training Program of Korean Medical Therapeutics for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author Hwa Kyoung Shin, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8476, E-mail:, Byung Tae Choi, Department of Korean Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Tel: +82-51-510-8475, E-mail:
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11
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Bai D, Li X, Wang S, Zhang T, Wei Y, Wang Q, Dong W, Song J, Gao P, Li Y, Wang S, Dai L. Advances in extraction methods, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, molecular targets and toxicology of volatile oil from Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1004529. [PMID: 36545308 PMCID: PMC9761896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser (ATT) is a traditional herb with a long medicinal history. The volatile oil of ATT (VOA) does possess many pharmacological activities. It can restore the vitality of the brain, nervous system and myocardial cells. It is used to treat various central system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It also showed antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Many studies have explored the benefits of VOA scientifically. This paper reviews the extraction methods, chemical components, pharmacological activities and toxicology of VOA. The molecular mechanism of VOA was elucidated. This paper will serve as a comprehensive resource for further carrying the VOA on improving its medicinal value and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shengguang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yumin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingquan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weichao Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Song
- Shandong Yuze Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Dezhou, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
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Upregulation of MiRNA-149-5p Reduces the Infract Volume in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats by Modulating Cation-Chloride Cotransporters Expressions. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:357-65. [PMID: 35871268 PMCID: PMC9763874 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain ischemia often leads to the chloride gradient alternations, which affects volume regulation and neuronal survival. Increase in NKCC1 expression and reduction in KCC2 level under ischemic condition results in inflammation and neuronal death. In this study, we investigated the effect of mimic miRNA and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the expression of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) (NKCC1 and KCC2) after cerebral ischemia. Methods In this study, cerebral ischemia was modeled using the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham, model, negative control, vehicle, and the first and second treatments. In the Sham group, ischemia was not induced, and no treatment was performed. In the Model group, ischemia induction was performed, and other groups, in addition to ischemia induction, received Scramble miRNA, Ethanol, mimic miRNA-149-5p and CoQ10, respectively. Each group was divided into three subgroups to assess the volume of the tissue damage and neurological deficits scores (NDS) in subgroup 1, brain water content in subgroup 2, level of miRNA-149-5p and CCC expressions in subgroup 3. Results Our data suggested that the use of mimic miRNA and Q10 increased the level of miRNA-149 and KCC2 expression and decreased NDS, NKCC1 expression, brain water content, and infract volume. Conclusion Findings of this study suggest that the mimic miRNA and Q10 may have neuroprotective effects through reducing infract volume and brain water content and modulating the expression of CCCs after brain ischemia.
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Gong Y, Wu M, Gao F, Shi M, Gu H, Gao R, Dang BQ, Chen G. Inhibition of the p‑SPAK/p‑NKCC1 signaling pathway protects the blood‑brain barrier and reduces neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:717. [PMID: 34396440 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical brain injury (SBI) can disrupt the function of the blood‑brain barrier (BBB), leading to brain edema and neurological dysfunction. Thus, protecting the BBB and mitigating cerebral edema are key factors in improving the neurological function and prognosis of patients with SBI. The inhibition of WNK lysine deficient protein kinase/STE20/SPS1‑related proline/alanine‑rich kinase (SPAK) signaling ameliorates cerebral edema, and this signaling pathway regulates the phosphorylation of the downstream Na+‑K+‑Cl‑ cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of SPAK in SBI‑induced cerebral edema and to determine whether the SPAK/NKCC1 signaling pathway was involved in SBI via regulating phosphorylation. An SBI model was established in male Sprague‑Dawley rats, and the effects of SPAK on the regulation of the NKCC1 signaling pathway on BBB permeability and nerve cell apoptosis by western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence staining, TUNEL staining, Fluoro‑Jade C staining, and brain edema and nervous system scores. The results demonstrated that, compared with those in the sham group, phosphorylated (p)‑SPAK and p‑NKCC1 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the SBI model group. After inhibiting p‑SPAK, the expression level of p‑NKCC1, neuronal apoptosis and BBB permeability were significantly reduced in SBI model rats. Taken together, these findings suggested that SBI‑induced increases in p‑SPAK and p‑NKCC1 expression exacerbated post‑traumatic neural and BBB damage, which may be mediated via the ion‑transport‑induced regulation of cell edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Qi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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14
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Guo D, He L, Gao Y, Jin C, Lin H, Zhang L, Wang L, Zhou Y, Yao J, Duan Y, Yang R, Qiu W, Jiang W. Obeticholic Acid Derivative, T-2054 Suppresses Osteoarthritis via Inhibiting NF-κB-Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083807. [PMID: 33916928 PMCID: PMC8067620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disorder, has been reported as the most common cause of disability worldwide. The production of inflammatory cytokines is the main factor in OA. Previous studies have been reported that obeticholic acid (OCA) and OCA derivatives inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines in acute liver failure, but they have not been studied in the progression of OA. In our study, we screened our small synthetic library of OCA derivatives and found T-2054 had anti-inflammatory properties. Meanwhile, the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells and ATDC5 cells were not affected by T-2054. T-2054 treatment significantly relieved the release of NO, as well as mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, T-2054 promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in TNF-α-treated ATDC5 chondrocytes. Moreover, T-2054 could relieve the infiltration of inflammatory cells and degeneration of the cartilage matrix and decrease the levels of serum IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in DMM-induced C57BL/6 mice models. At the same time, T-2054 showed no obvious toxicity to mice. Mechanistically, T-2054 decreased the extent of p-p65 expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and TNF-α-treated ATDC5 chondrocytes. In summary, we showed for the first time that T-2054 effectively reduced the release of inflammatory mediators, as well as promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis via the NF-κB-signaling pathway. Our findings support the potential use of T-2054 as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Liming He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Yaoxin Gao
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Chenxu Jin
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Haizhen Lin
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Liting Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yixin Duan
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Renzheng Yang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
| | - Wenwei Qiu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; (L.H.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.J.)
| | - Wenzheng Jiang
- Department of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (D.G.); (Y.G.); (C.J.); (H.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (Y.D.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.Q.); (W.J.)
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