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Lee S, Lee CH, Lee J, Jeong Y, Park JH, Nam IJ, Lee DS, Lee HM, Ahn SY, Kim E, Jeong S, Yu SS, Lee W. Botanical formulation HX110B ameliorates PPE-induced emphysema in mice via regulation of PPAR/RXR signaling pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305911. [PMID: 39052574 PMCID: PMC11271920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an inflammatory lung disease, causes approximately 3 million deaths each year; however, its pathological mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we examined whether HX110B, a mixture of Taraxacum officinale, Dioscorea batatas, and Schizonepeta tenuifolia extracts, could suppress porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema in mice and its mechanism of action. The therapeutic efficacy of HX110B was tested using a PPE-induced emphysema mouse model and human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. In vivo data showed that the alveolar wall and air space expansion damaged by PPE were improved by HX110B administration. HX110B also effectively suppresses the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-6, IL-1β, MIP-2, and iNOS, while stimulating the expression of lung protective factors such as IL-10, CC16, SP-D, and sRAGE. Moreover, HX110B improved the impaired OXPHOS subunit gene expression. In vitro analysis revealed that HX110B exerted its effects by activating the PPAR-RXR signaling pathways. Overall, our data demonstrated that HX110B could be a promising therapeutic option for COPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungkyu Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonseon Jeong
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyung Park
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jeong Nam
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Suk Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Ahn
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Eujung Kim
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Jeong
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Shin Yu
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
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2
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Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010228. [PMID: 36615885 PMCID: PMC9823358 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism.
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El Gazzar WB, Allam MM, Shaltout SA, Mohammed LA, Sadek AM, Nasr HE. Pioglitazone modulates immune activation and ameliorates inflammation induced by injured renal tubular epithelial cells via PPARγ/miRNA‑124/STAT3 signaling. Biomed Rep 2022; 18:2. [PMID: 36544854 PMCID: PMC9756109 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly a result of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), which produces clinical complications characterized by the rapid deterioration of renal function, leading to chronic kidney disease and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Currently, only supportive treatment is available. AKI, which is accompanied by immune activation and inflammation, is caused by proximal tubular injury. The present study investigated the role of tubular epithelial cells as drivers of inflammation in renal IRI and their potential function as antigen-presenting cells, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists [such as pioglitazone (Pio)] exert reno-protective action in renal IRI. A total of 50 Wistar male albino rats were divided into five groups: Sham + DMSO, Sham + Pio, IRI + DMSO, IRI + prophylactic preoperative (pre) Pio and IRI + postoperative Pio. The histopathological changes in renal tissue samples and the renal epithelial cell expression of CD86, miRNA-124, STAT3, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arginase-II were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and ELISA respectively. IRI was a potent inducer for CD86 immunoexpression. An ameliorative action of Pio was demonstrated via decreased CD86 immunoexpression, upregulation of miRNA-124, decreased STAT3 expression and beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. The tubular epithelium served a notable role in the inflammatory response in renal IRI. Pio exerted its anti-inflammatory effects via PPARγ/miRNA-124/STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt,Correspondence to: Dr Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Mona Maher Allam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Sherif Ahmed Shaltout
- Department of Pharmacology, Public Health and Clinical Skills, Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lina Abdelhady Mohammed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Mohamed Sadek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 1181, Egypt
| | - Hend Elsayed Nasr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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Nukulkit S, Jantimaporn A, Poldorn P, Khongkow M, Rungrotmongkol T, Chang HS, Suttisri R, Chansriniyom C. Eight Indole Alkaloids from the Roots of Maerua siamensis and Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Effects. Molecules 2022; 27:7558. [PMID: 36364385 PMCID: PMC9656735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Maerua siamensis (Capparaceae) roots are used for treating pain and inflammation in traditional Thai medicine. Eight new indole alkaloids, named maeruanitriles A and B, maeroximes A-C, and maeruabisindoles A-C, were isolated from them. Spectroscopic methods and computational analysis were applied to determine the structure of the isolated compounds. Maeroximes A-C possesses an unusual O-methyloxime moiety. The bisindole alkaloid maeruabisindoles A and B possess a rare azete ring, whereas maeruabisindole C is the first indolo[3,2-b]carbazole derivative found in this plant family. Five compounds [maeruanitriles A and B, maeroxime C, maeruabisindoles B, and C] displayed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Maeruabisindole B was the most active inhibitor of NO production, with an IC50 of 31.1 ± 1.8 μM compared to indomethacin (IC50 = 150.0 ± 16.0 μM) as the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiwimon Nukulkit
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Jantimaporn
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Poldorn
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mattaka Khongkow
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Ballav S, Biswas B, Sahu VK, Ranjan A, Basu S. PPAR-γ Partial Agonists in Disease-Fate Decision with Special Reference to Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3215. [PMID: 36291082 PMCID: PMC9601205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied transcription factors since its discovery in 1990, highlighting its importance in the etiology and treatment of numerous diseases involving various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune, dermatological and cardiovascular disorders. Ligands are regarded as the key determinant for the tissue-specific activation of PPAR-γ. However, the mechanism governing this process is merely a contradictory debate which is yet to be systematically researched. Either these receptors get weakly activated by endogenous or natural ligands or leads to a direct over-activation process by synthetic ligands, serving as complete full agonists. Therefore, fine-tuning on the action of PPAR-γ and more subtle modulation can be a rewarding approach which might open new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. In the recent era, researchers have sought to develop safer partial PPAR-γ agonists in order to dodge the toxicity induced by full agonists, akin to a balanced activation. With a particular reference to cancer, this review concentrates on the therapeutic role of partial agonists, especially in cancer treatment. Additionally, a timely examination of their efficacy on various other disease-fate decisions has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Bini Biswas
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
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6
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B, Tabęcka-Łonczyńska A. Calcium channel antagonists interfere with the mechanism of action of elastin-derived peptide VGVAPG in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Zhang J, Powell C, Meruvu S, Sonkar R, Choudhury M. Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuated benzyl butyl phthalate induced metabolic aberration and a hepatic metabolomic analysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114883. [PMID: 34971587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) has recently been implicated as an obesogen. Our recent study demonstrated that BBP can exacerbate high fat diet (HFD) induced diabesity in male mice. Here, we explored if pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a natural antioxidant andphytochemical, can attenuate metabolic aberrations induced by HFD or HFD-BBPcombination. C57Bl/6 male and female mice were fed either a chow diet (CD) or HFD with or without BBP (3 mg/kg body weight/day)and/or PQQ (20 mg/kg/day)for 16 weeks. The mice's body and tissue weight, fasting blood glucose, glucose and insulin tolerance test, and liver metabolites level weremeasured. In HFD-fed male mice, PQQ significantly attenuated the increased body weight, liver weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin intolerance under BBP exposure.Even though female mice did show some reversal of metabolic characteristics by PQQ, the response was not similar nor consistent with the male population. Amongthe 14 hepatic metabolites that were significantly altered by HFD compared to CD, only three major metabolites (acetyl-L-carnitine, DL-stachytine, and propionylcarnitine) were decreased. These three were shown to have more reduction under BBP exposure in the presence of HFD whereas with addition of PQQ, these metabolites were restored. Pathway analysis and literature search revealed that these metabolites were negatively associated with obesity and were involved in several pathways including beta-oxidation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function. Overall,this finding indicated the potential use of PQQ to restore thewide range of aberrant metabolic effectinduced by an obesogen in the presence of a western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Catherine Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Sunitha Meruvu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Ravi Sonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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8
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Śliwiński T, Zajdel R. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Pure Compounds Derived from Plants via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Especially PI3K/AKT in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249605. [PMID: 33339446 PMCID: PMC7766727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant kingdom is a source of important therapeutic agents. Therefore, in this review, we focus on natural compounds that exhibit efficient anti-inflammatory activity via modulation signaling transduction pathways in macrophage cells. Both extracts and pure chemicals from different species and parts of plants such as leaves, roots, flowers, barks, rhizomes, and seeds rich in secondary metabolites from various groups such as terpenes or polyphenols were included. Selected extracts and phytochemicals control macrophages biology via modulation signaling molecules including NF-κB, MAPKs, AP-1, STAT1, STAT6, IRF-4, IRF-5, PPARγ, KLF4 and especially PI3K/AKT. Macrophages are important immune effector cells that take part in antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation. The M1 and M2 phenotypes are related to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents, respectively. The successful resolution of inflammation mediated by M2, or failed resolution mediated by M1, may lead to tissue repair or chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is strictly related to several disorders. Thus, compounds of plant origin targeting inflammatory response may constitute promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (T.Ś.)
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (T.Ś.)
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
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Prashantha Kumar BR, Kumar AP, Jose JA, Prabitha P, Yuvaraj S, Chipurupalli S, Jeyarani V, Manisha C, Banerjee S, Jeyabalan JB, Mohankumar SK, Dhanabal SP, Justin A. Minutes of PPAR-γ agonism and neuroprotection. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104814. [PMID: 32758586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is one of the ligand-activated transcription factors which regulates a number of central events and considered as a promising target for various neurodegenerative disease conditions. Numerous reports implicate that PPAR-γ agonists have shown neuroprotective effects by regulating genes transcription associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In regards, this review critically appraises the recent knowledge of PPAR-γ receptors in neuroprotection in order to hypothesize potential neuroprotective mechanism of PPAR-γ agonism in chronic neurological conditions. Of note, the PPAR-γ's interaction dynamics with PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has gained significant attention for neuroprotection. Likewise, a plethora of studies suggest that the PPAR-γ pathway can be actuated by the endogenous ligands present in the CNS and thus identification and development of novel agonist for the PPAR-γ receptor holds a vow to prevent neurodegeneration. Together, the critical insights of this review enlighten the translational possibilities of developing novel neuroprotective therapeutics targeting PPAR-γ for various neurodegenerative disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jincy A Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Prabitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Yuvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Victoria Jeyarani
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chennu Manisha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- TIFAC CORE in HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S P Dhanabal
- TIFAC CORE in HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
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