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Sher A, Khalil AT, Dogan N, Ayaz M, Ahmad K. Valorization and Repurposing of Citrus limetta Fruit Waste for Fabrication of Multifunctional AgNPs and Their Diverse Nanomedicinal Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2067-2085. [PMID: 37466887 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein we propose an ecofriendly process for the biofabrication of AgNPs by applying fruit waste of Citrus limetta. The aqueous extracts from the peels of the fruit were used as green chelating and stabilizing agents. Structural, optical, vibrational, morphological, and magnetic properties were established using UV-Vis (ultraviolet visible spectroscopy), XRD (X-rays diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), ESR (electron spin resonance), and PPMS (physical property management system), while the thermal properties were established using TGA/DTG (thermal gravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry). XRD pattern revealed intense peaks with single-phase purity, while the Debye-Scherrer approximation revealed an average crystallite size of 33.18 nm. The W-H plot revealed the size of 55.2 nm and strain 2.68 × 10-4. FTIR spectra revealed the involvement of different functional groups and major IR vibrations were observed at 2329 cm-1, 2092 cm-1, 1794 cm-1, 1268 cm-1, and 754 cm-1. TGA/DTG revealed major weight loss events at 240 °C and 360 °C. SEM revealed spherical or quasi-spherical morphology, while EDS confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The M-H behavior for all measurement temperature shows diamagnetic behavior. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed a high proportion of free electrons. Furthermore, the pharmacognostic and nanomedicinal potential CL-AgNPs was established using multiple in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The in vivo wound healing assays in mice revealed excellent healing potential which were similar to positive control. The percent wound healing is reported to be 93% on the 14th day of incision after application of CL-AgNPs. Bioassays were performed to assess enzyme inhibition potential of the CL-AgNPs for Alzheimer disease and antidiabetic applications. The AChE and BChE potential of the CL-AgNPs was highest at 1000 µg mL-1, i.e., 92% and 56%, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibition potential for the CL-AgNPs was higher as compared to the α-glucosidase, while the DPPH free radical scavenging was reported to be 70% to 11% at varying concentrations between 1000 and 62.5 µg mL-1. Overall, our results indicate that the waste fruit peels can be a sustainable and eco-friendly resource of synthesis of the multifunctional nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sher
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
| | - Nurcan Dogan
- Department of Physics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
- Department of Electronics and communication Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
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Huneif MA, Fahad S, Abdulwahab A, Alqahtani SM, Mahnashi MH, Nawaz A, Hussain F, Sadiq A. Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Antioxidant Evaluation of Phytosteroids from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royle) Stapf. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3591. [PMID: 37896054 PMCID: PMC10609873 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic complication and can pose a serious challenge to human health. DM is the main cause of many life-threatening diseases. Researchers of natural products have been continuously engaged in treating vital diseases in an economical and efficient way. In this research, we extensively used phytosteroids from Notholirion thomsonianum (Royle) Stapf for the treatment of DM. The structures of phytosteroids NtSt01 and NtSt02 were confirmed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Through in vitro studies including α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPPH assays, compound NtSt01 was found to be comparatively potent. An elevated dose of compound NtSt01 was also found to be safe in an experimental study on rats. With a dose of 1.0 mg/kg of NtSt01, the effect on blood glucose levels in rats was observed to be 519 ± 3.98, 413 ± 1.87, 325 ± 1.62, 219 ± 2.87, and 116 ± 1.33 mg/dL on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th, days, respectively. The in vivo results were compared with those of glibenclamide, which reduced the blood glucose level to 107 ± 2.33 mg/dL on the 28th day. On the 28th day of NtSt01 administration, the average weights of the rats and vital organs (liver, kidney, pancreas, and heart) remained healthy, with a slight increase. The biochemical parameters of the blood, i.e., serum creatinine, blood urea, serum bilirubin, SGPT (or ALT), and serum alkaline phosphatase, of rats treated with NtSt01 remained in the normal ranges. Similarly, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels also remained within the standard ranges. It is obvious from our overall results that the phytosteroids (specifically NtSt01) had an efficient therapeutic effect on the blood glucose level, protection of vital organs, and blood biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Huneif
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.H.); (A.A.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KP, Pakistan;
| | - Alqahtani Abdulwahab
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.H.); (A.A.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Seham M. Alqahtani
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.H.); (A.A.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, KP, Pakistan;
| | - Fida Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi 23561, KP, Pakistan;
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, KP, Pakistan;
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Kumari S, Saini R, Bhatnagar A, Mishra A. Exploring plant-based alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: promising contenders for combatting type-2 diabetes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37767958 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2262167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review aimed to provide comprehensive details on the α-G inhibitory potential of various bioactive compounds derived from natural sources.Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases and search engines, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Web of Science, and PubMed until May, 2023.Results and conclusions: The enzyme alpha-glucosidase (α-G) is found in the brush border epithelium of the small intestine and consists of duplicated glycoside hydrolase (GH31) domain. It involves the conversion of disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides by acting on alpha (1 → 4) and (1 → 6) linked glucose residue. Once absorbed, glucose enters the bloodstream and elevates postprandial glucose, which is associated with the development of type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Epidemic obesity, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy are linked to T2D. Traditional medicinal plants with α-G inhibitory potential are commonly used to treat T2D due to the adverse effects of currently used α-G inhibitors miglitol, acarbose, and voglibose. Various bioactive compounds derived from natural sources, including lupenone, Wilforlide A, Baicalein, Betulinic acid, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Katononic acid, Carnosol, Hypericin, Astilbin, lupeol, betulonic acid, Fagomine, Lactucaxanthin, Erythritol, GP90-1B, Procyanidins, Galangin, and vomifoliol retain α-G inhibitory potential for regulating hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Kumari
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Ravi Saini
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Aditi Bhatnagar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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Mohamed HEA, Khalil AT, Hkiri K, Ayaz M, Abbasi JA, Sadiq A, Ullah F, Nawaz A, Ullah I, Maaza M. Physicochemical and nanomedicine applications of phyto-reduced erbium oxide (Er 2O 3) nanoparticles. AMB Express 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 36840788 PMCID: PMC9968365 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyphaene thebaica fruits were used for the fabrication of spherical erbium oxide nanoparticles (HT-Er2O3 NPS) using a one-step simple bioreduction process. XRD pattern revealed a highly crystalline and pure phase with crystallite size of ~ 7.5 nm, whereas, the W-H plot revealed crystallite size of 11 nm. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic Er-O atomic vibrations in the fingerprint region. Bandgap was obtained as 5.25 eV using K-M function. The physicochemical and morphological nature was established using Raman spectroscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, SAED and HR-TEM. HT-Er2O3 NPS were further evaluated for antidiabetic potential in mice using in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays. The synthesized HT-Er2O3 NPS were screened for in vitro anti-diabetic potentials against α-glucosidase enzyme and α-amylase enzyme and their antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH free radical assay. A dose dependent inhibition was obtained against α-glucosidase (IC50 12 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 78 μg/mL) while good DPPH free radical scavenging potential (IC50 78 μg mL-1) is reported. At 1000 μg/mL, the HT-Er2O3 NPS revealed 90.30% and 92.30% inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. HT-Er2O3 NPs treated groups were observed to have better glycemic control in diabetic animals (503.66 ± 5.92*** on day 0 and 185.66 ± 2.60*** on day 21) when compared with positive control glibenclamide treated group. Further, HT-Er2O3 NPS therapy for 21 days caused a considerable effect on serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL as compared to untreated diabetic group. In conclusion, our preliminary findings on HT-Er2O3 NPS revealed considerable antidiabetic potential and thus can be an effective candidate for controlling the post-prandial hyperglycemia. However, further studies are encouraged especially taking into consideration the toxicity aspects of the nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Elsayed Ahmad Mohamed
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ali Talha Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Lady Reading Hospital Medical Teaching Institution, Peshawar, 25000 KP, Pakistan.
| | - Khaoula Hkiri
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000, Pakistan.
| | - Jamil Anwar Abbasi
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Asif Nawaz
- grid.440567.40000 0004 0607 0608Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Dir (L), KPK, Chakdara, 18000 Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- grid.440530.60000 0004 0609 1900Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, KP Pakistan
| | - Malik Maaza
- grid.412801.e0000 0004 0610 3238UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa ,grid.462638.d0000 0001 0696 719XNanoscience African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mahnashi MH, Alam W, Huneif MA, Abdulwahab A, Alzahrani MJ, Alshaibari KS, Rashid U, Sadiq A, Jan MS. Exploration of Succinimide Derivative as a Multi-Target, Anti-Diabetic Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041589. [PMID: 36838577 PMCID: PMC9964140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is counted among one of the leading challenges in the recent era, and it is a life-threatening disorder. Compound 4-hydroxy 3-methoxy phenylacetone (compound 1) was previously isolated from Polygonum aviculare. This compound was reacted with N-benzylmaleimide to synthesize the targeted compound 3. The purpose of this research is to exhibit our developed compound 3's ability to concurrently inhibit many targets that are responsible for hyperglycemia. Compound 3 was capable of inhibiting α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B. Even so, outstanding in vitro inhibition was shown by the compound against dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) with an IC50 value of 0.07 µM. Additionally, by using DPPH in the antioxidant activity, it exhibited good antioxidant potential. Similarly, in the in vivo activity, the experimental mice proved to be safe by treatment with compound 3. After 21 days of examination, the compound 3 activity pattern was found to be effective in experimental mice. Compound 3 decreased the excess peak of total triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, LDL, BUN, and creatinine in the STZ-induced diabetic mice. Likewise, the histopathology of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas of the treated animals was also evaluated. Overall, the succinimde moiety, such as compound 3, can affect several targets simultaneously, and, finally, we were successful in synthesizing a multi-targeted preclinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A. Huneif
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alqahtani Abdulwahab
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khaled S. Alshaibari
- Pediatric Department, Medical College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.S.J.)
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New Succinimide-Thiazolidinedione Hybrids as Multitarget Antidiabetic Agents: Design, Synthesis, Bioevaluation, and Molecular Modelling Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031207. [PMID: 36770873 PMCID: PMC9918900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder majorly arising from the pathophysiology of the pancreas manifested as a decline in the insulin production or the tissue's resistance to the insulin. In this research, we have rationally designed and synthesized new succinimide-thiazolidinedione hybrids for the management of DM. In a multistep reaction, we were able to synthesize five new derivatives (10a-e). All the compounds were new containing a different substitution pattern on the N-atom of the succinimide ring. Initially, all the compounds were tested against the in vitro α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPP4 targets. In all of these targets, the compound 10d was observed to be the most potential antidiabetic agent. Based on this, the antidiabetic activity of the compound 10d was further investigated in experimental animals, which overall gave us encouraging results. The molecular docking studies of the compound 10d was also performed against the target enzymes α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP1B, and DPP4 using MOE. Overall, we observed that we have explored a new class of compounds as potential antidiabetic agents.
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Kashtoh H, Baek KH. Recent Updates on Phytoconstituent Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: An Approach towards the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11202722. [PMID: 36297746 PMCID: PMC9612090 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder marked by unusually high plasma glucose levels, which can lead to serious consequences such as retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy and cardiovascular disease. One of the most efficient ways to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) in diabetes mellitus, especially insulin-independent diabetes mellitus, is to lower the amount of glucose that is absorbed by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive system, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase. α-Glucosidase is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the final stage of carbohydrate digestion. As a result, α-glucosidase inhibitors can slow D-glucose release from complex carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption, resulting in lower postprandial plasma glucose levels and control of PPHG. Many attempts have been made in recent years to uncover efficient α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources to build a physiologic functional diet or lead compound for diabetes treatment. Many phytoconstituent α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified from plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and others. The current review focuses on the most recent updates on different traditional/medicinal plant extracts and isolated compounds' biological activity that can help in the development of potent therapeutic medications with greater efficacy and safety for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or to avoid PPHG. For this purpose, we provide a summary of the latest scientific literature findings on plant extracts as well as plant-derived bioactive compounds as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors with hypoglycemic effects. Moreover, the review elucidates structural insights of the key drug target, α-glucosidase enzymes, and its interaction with different inhibitors.
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