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Abbas MI, Kohli R, Du N, Orsagh-Yentis DK, Dotson JL. Advocacy in pediatric gastroenterology: An academic clinician's impact and guide. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024. [PMID: 38773963 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The current state of policy-making necessitates clinicians and their organizations to be more engaged. This article provides practical examples of how to engage in various levels of advocacy within pediatric gastroenterology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen I Abbas
- Department of Pediatrics, Hawaii Pacific Health, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nan Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Dotson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Maristany D, Hauer KE, Leep Hunderfund AN, Elks ML, Bullock JL, Kumbamu A, O'Brien BC. The Problem and Power of Professionalism: A Critical Analysis of Medical Students' and Residents' Perspectives and Experiences of Professionalism. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:S32-S41. [PMID: 37983394 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Professionalism has historically been viewed as an honorable code to define core values and behaviors of physicians, but there are growing concerns that professionalism serves to control people who do not align with the majority culture of medicine. This study explored how learners, particularly those from historically marginalized groups, view the purpose of professionalism and how they experience professionalism as both an oppressive and valuable force. METHOD The authors conducted a qualitative study with a critical orientation. In 2021 and 2022, they interviewed fourth-year medical students and senior residents at 3 institutions about their perceptions and experiences of professionalism. After cataloguing participants' stories, the authors combined critical theory with narrative and thematic analysis to identify mechanisms by which professionalism empowered or disempowered individuals or groups based on identities. RESULTS Forty-nine trainees (31 medical students and 18 senior residents from multiple specialties) participated in interviews; 17 identified as a race/ethnicity underrepresented in medicine and 15 as people of color not underrepresented in medicine. Their stories, especially those of participants underrepresented in medicine, identified professionalism as an oppressive, homogenizing force that sometimes encoded racism through various mechanisms. These mechanisms included conflating differences with unprofessionalism, enforcing double standards of professionalism, and creating institutional policies that regulated appearance or hindered advocacy. Participants described deleterious consequences of professionalism on their learning and mental health. However, participants also described useful aspects of professionalism as a means of advocating for marginalized groups. Additionally, participants described how they reconceived professionalism to include their own identities and values. CONCLUSIONS Trainees, especially those from historically marginalized groups, experience professionalism as a restrictive, assimilative force while also finding value in and constructive adaptations for professionalism. Understanding both the destructive and empowering aspects of professionalism on individual and institutional levels can help improve the framing of professionalism in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maristany
- D. Maristany is assistant professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3928-3608
| | - Karen E Hauer
- K.E. Hauer is associate dean for competency assessment and professional standards and professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-4045
| | - Andrea N Leep Hunderfund
- A.N. Leep Hunderfund is associate professor of neurology and medical director, Office of Applied Scholarship and Education Science, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-504X
| | - Martha L Elks
- M.L. Elks is professor of medical education and senior associate dean of educational affairs, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-025X
| | - Justin L Bullock
- J.L. Bullock is a research fellow, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-9798
| | - Ashok Kumbamu
- A. Kumbamu is assistant professor of biomedical ethics, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-2618
| | - Bridget C O'Brien
- B.C. O'Brien is professor of medicine and education scientist, Department of Medicine and Center for Faculty Educators, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-0108
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Rosencranz H, Ramkumar J, Herzog L, Lavey W. Policy Advocacy Workshop Tools for Training Medical Students to Act on Climate Change. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2023; 19:11337. [PMID: 37601458 PMCID: PMC10432578 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Doctors are trusted voices for communities and can influence lawmakers on climate change. Effective climate policy advocacy requires awareness, knowledge, and skills not typically taught in medical schools. Such curriculum additions could help students describe reasons for physicians to engage in climate policy advocacy and compose advocacy presentations. Methods To empower engagement in climate policies and develop advocacy skills, we deployed three 90-minute workshops at three institutions for first-, second-, and fourth-year students. The workshops included background on various climate policies of concern to health care professionals, advocacy guidance, scripts and factsheets from physicians' meetings illustrating advocacy opportunities for students and physicians, and active learning exercises. The exercises utilized advocacy templates and actual proposed actions on climate change. Students worked in small groups on advocacy presentations' content and format. Each group shared its work, and facilitators provided feedback. Results Out of 102 participants, 29 completed a survey (28% response rate). Using a Likert scale and narratives, students reported significant improvements in readiness to advocate for legislation or policies to mitigate the health effects of climate change, awareness of advocacy opportunities, and capability to prepare advocacy documents. Discussion Workshops on climate policy advocacy can equip medical students with important perspectives on their responsibilities and opportunities, as well as skills to be effective. The physician's voice is critical to promoting policies related to the health impacts of climate change. Targeted workshops with actual examples and exercises on climate advocacy are feasible and important additions to the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Rosencranz
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana and Carle Illinois College of Medicine
| | - Japhia Ramkumar
- Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana and Carle Illinois College of Medicine
| | | | - Warren Lavey
- Adjunct Professor, School of Earth, Society & Environment and College of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Carle Illinois College of Medicine
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Solnick RE, Jarou ZJ, Zogg CK, Boatright D. Political Priorities, Voting, and Political Action Committee Engagement of Emergency Medicine Trainees: A National Survey. West J Emerg Med 2023; 24:469-478. [PMID: 37278793 PMCID: PMC10284518 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.59351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicine is increasingly influenced by politics, but physicians have historically had lower voter turnout than the general public. Turnout is even lower for younger voters. Little is known about the political interests, voting activity, or political action committee (PAC) involvement of emergency physicians in training. We evaluated EM trainees' political priorities, use of and barriers to voting, and engagement with an emergency medicine (EM) PAC. METHODS Resident/medical student Emergency Medicine Residents' Association members were emailed a survey between October-November 2018. Questions involved political priorities, perspective on single-payer healthcare, voting knowledge/behavior, and EM PACs participation. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Survey participants included 1,241 fully responding medical students and residents, with a calculated response rate of 20%. The top three healthcare priorities were as follows: 1) high cost of healthcare/price transparency; 2) decreasing the number of uninsured; and 3) quality of health insurance. The top EM-specific issue was ED crowding and boarding. Most trainees (70%) were supportive of single-payer healthcare: "somewhat favor" (36%) and "strongly favor" (34%). Trainees had high rates of voting in presidential elections (89%) but less frequent use of other voting options: 54% absentee ballots; 56% voting in state primary races; and 38% early voting. Over half (66%) missed voting in prior elections, with work cited as the most frequent (70%) barrier. While overall, half of respondents (62%) reported awareness of EM PACs, only 4% of respondents had contributed. CONCLUSION The high cost of healthcare was the top concern among EM trainees. Survey respondents had a high level of knowledge of absentee and early voting but less frequently used these options. Encouragement of early and absentee voting can improve voter turnout of EM trainees. Concerning EM PACs, there is significant room for membership growth. With improved knowledge of the political priorities of EM trainees, physician organizations and PACs can better engage future physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Solnick
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York, New York (Current)
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven Connecticut (Previously at)
| | | | | | - Dowin Boatright
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven Connecticut (Previously at)
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Braverman J, Snyder M. Psychological Predictors of Medical Students' Involvement in Pro Bono. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2023; 35:193-205. [PMID: 35290145 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2022.2043156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
THEORY Medical pro bono, in which medical professionals provide no (or low) cost services, is one approach to addressing unmet healthcare needs. Prior efforts to understand who chooses to take part in pro bono and why they might do so have been primarily atheoretical in their approach. The current investigation focuses on students in medical school and draws on relevant theory and research in psychology to identify predictors of their intentions to engage in medical pro bono service during and after medical school.Hypotheses:Four major approaches to identifying predictors of medical pro bono are examined: the role of demographic variables as predictors of medical pro bono, conceptualizing medical pro bono as a form of volunteerism, viewing medical pro bono as an expression of personality, and medical pro bono as a reflection of role identities and expectations. Each of these approaches can be characterized as being about medical students' individual attributes or aspects of the situation they are in. METHODS A total of 278 medical students from 15 different medical schools in the United States of America completed a web-based survey (8/4/2020-9/22/2020). The students completed measures of pro bono identity and expectations, intentions to engage in medical pro bono activities, prosocial personality, volunteer motivation, exposure to volunteering, general traits of personality, and demographic variables (in this order). We used linear regression analyses to separately predict three measures of intentions (general medical school intentions, intentions toward medical pro bono trips during medical school, and general post medical school intentions). RESULTS The strongest predictors of intentions to engage in medical pro bono were one's identity and expectations related to pro bono. Medical students who had incorporated medical pro bono into aspects of their identity and/or considered medical pro bono to be an expectation indicated higher intentions to engage in medical pro bono work. Conversely, volunteer motivation/exposure, personality, and demographic variables were much weaker predictors of medical pro bono. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study have implications for ways that medically oriented volunteering may be increased by individual-level interventions and/or changes in medical education. Individual-level interventions could leverage the importance of identity and expectations to craft persuasive messaging to appeal to identity and expectations as drivers of engagement in medical pro bono. Program level interventions could work toward the institutionalization of medical pro bono by the inclusion/promotion of medical pro bono into the program's co-curricular and/or extracurricular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Braverman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Snyder
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Van Doren VE, Spencer ML, Resnick D, Agrawal SS, Garcia MLW, Desai K, Fazal A, Sadjadi R, Rollin FG, Henry TL. Health Justice Standards in Graduate Medical Education: Moving from Performative to Concrete Change. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:1705-1708. [PMID: 36729085 PMCID: PMC9894507 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate support for underrepresented-in-medicine physicians, lack of physician knowledge about structural drivers of health, and biased patient care and research widen US health disparities. Despite stating the importance of health equity and diversity, national physician education organizations have not yet prioritized these goals. AIM To develop a comprehensive set of Health Justice Standards within our residency program to address structural drivers of inequity. SETTING The J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program of Emory University is an academic internal medicine residency program located in Atlanta, Georgia. PARTICIPANTS This initiative was led by the resident-founded Churchwell Diversity and Inclusion Collective, modified by Emory IM leadership, and presented to Emory IM residents. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION We used an iterative process to develop and implement these Standards and shared our progress with our coresidents to evaluate impact. PROGRAM EVALUATION In the year since their development, we have made demonstrable progress in each domain. Presentation of our work significantly correlated with increased resident interest in advocacy (p<0.001). DISCUSSION A visionary, actionable health justice framework can be used to generate changes in residency programs' policies and should be developed on a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Elizabeth Van Doren
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mark L Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Resnick
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shub S Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie L W Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krisha Desai
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amara Fazal
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raha Sadjadi
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- J. Willis Hurst Internal Medicine Residency Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois G Rollin
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracey L Henry
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Pediatricians are effective advocates to improve the health and well-being of children, yet there are limited avenues by which to pursue academic promotion based on these activities. Drawing on an expanded definition of scholarship, pediatric advocates can use the portfolio format to highlight the quantity, quality, and impact of advocacy activities. True congruence with research and education will only be achieved through recognition and value by institutions and organizations.
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Earnest M, Wong SL, Federico S, Cervantes L. A Model of Advocacy to Inform Action. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:208-212. [PMID: 36323827 PMCID: PMC9629756 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective advocacy on the part of health professionals has never been greater. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has made the connection between human health and social conditions clear, while highlighting the limitations of biomedical interventions to address those conditions. Efforts to increase the frequency and effectiveness of advocacy activities by health professionals have been hampered by the lack of a practical framework to define and develop advocacy competencies among trainees as well as to plan and execute advocacy activities. The authors of this article propose a framework which defines advocacy as occurring across three domains of influence (practice, community, and government) using three categories of advocacy skills (policy, communication, and relationships). When these skills are successfully applied in the appropriate domains of influence, the resulting change falls into three levels: individual, adjacent, and structural. The authors assert that this framework is immediately applicable to a broad variety of health professionals, educators, researchers, organizations, and professional societies as they individually and collectively seek to improve the health and well-being of those they care for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Earnest
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Shale L Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Eugene S. Farley, Jr. Health Policy Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Steve Federico
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.,Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, USA
| | - Lilia Cervantes
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical, Aurora, USA
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Krishnamurthy S, Soltany KA, Montez K. Incorporating Health Policy and Advocacy Curricula Into Undergraduate Medical Education in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2023; 10:23821205231191601. [PMID: 37538104 PMCID: PMC10395184 DOI: 10.1177/23821205231191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Physicians serve as crucial advocates for their patients. Undergraduate medical education (UME) must move beyond the biomedical model, built upon the perception that health is defined purely in the absence of illness, to also incorporate population health through health policy, advocacy, and community engagement to account for structural and social determinants of health. Currently, the US guidelines for UME lack structured training in health policy or advocacy, leaving trainees ill-equipped to assume their role as physician-advocates or to engage with communities. There is an undeniable need to educate future physicians on legislative advocacy toward improving the social determinants of health through the creation of evidence-based health policy, in addition to training in effective techniques to engage in partnership with the communities in which physicians serve. The authors of this article also present curricular case studies around two programs at their institution that could be used to implement similar programs at other US medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Krishnamurthy
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Alexander Soltany
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kimberly Montez
- Bowman Gray Center for Medical Education, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Bode SM, Hoffman BD, Chapman SH, Kaczorowski JM, Best DL, Shah AN, Nerlinger AL, Barnard JA, Loud KJ, Brophy P, Reed AM, Braner D. Academic Careers in Advocacy: Aligning Institutional Values Through Use of an Advocacy Portfolio. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188322. [PMID: 35734955 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-055014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic children's hospitals must embrace advocacy as a central component of their missions to discover new knowledge and improve the health of the communities and patients they serve. To do so, they must ensure faculty have both the tools and the opportunities to develop and articulate the work of advocacy as an academic endeavor. This can be accomplished by integrating the work of advocacy at the community and policy-change levels into the traditional value systems of academic medicine, especially the promotions process, to establish its legitimacy. Academic pediatric institutions can support this transformation through robust training and professional development programs and establishing opportunities, resources, and leadership positions in advocacy. The adoption of an advocacy portfolio can be used to align these activities and accomplishments to institutional values and promotion. This alignment is crucial to supporting the advocacy work of pediatricians at a time in which community engagement and systems and policy change must be added to professional activities to ensure optimal outcomes for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Bode
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Steven H Chapman
- Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Debra L Best
- Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anita N Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | - Keith J Loud
- Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Ann M Reed
- Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dana Braner
- Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, Oregon
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