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Osorio-de-Castro CGS, O’Mathúna D, Fernandes Esher Moritz A, Silva Miranda E. Conflicts surrounding individual and collective aspects of ethics in health emergencies. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2021.1929233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Donal O’Mathúna
- College of Nursing and Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Ohio State University College of Nursing
| | - Angela Fernandes Esher Moritz
- Department of Medicines Policy and Pharmaceutical Services, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation,
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Nichol AA, Antierens A. Ethics of emerging infectious disease outbreak responses: Using Ebola virus disease as a case study of limited resource allocation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246320. [PMID: 33529237 PMCID: PMC7853513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), Nipah Virus Encephalitis and Lassa fever pose significant epidemic threats. Responses to emerging infectious disease outbreaks frequently occur in resource-constrained regions and under high pressure to quickly contain the outbreak prior to potential spread. As seen in the 2020 EVD outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is a continued need to evaluate and address the ethical challenges that arise in the high stakes environment of an emerging infectious disease outbreak response. The research presented here provides analysis of the ethical challenges with regard to allocation of limited resources, particularly experimental therapeutics, using the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa as a case study. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior healthcare personnel (n = 16) from international humanitarian aid organizations intimately engaged in the 2013–2016 EVD outbreak response in West Africa. Interviews were recorded in private setting, transcribed, and iteratively coded using grounded theory methodology. A majority of respondents indicated a clear propensity to adopt an ethical framework of guiding principles for international responses to emerging infectious disease outbreaks. Respondents agreed that prioritization of frontline workers’ access to experimental therapeutics was warranted based on a principle of reciprocity. There was widespread acceptance of adaptive trial designs and greater trial transparency in providing access to experimental therapeutics. Many respondents also emphasized the importance of community engagement in limited resource allocation scheme design and culturally appropriate informed consent procedures. The study results inform a potential ethical framework of guiding principles based on the interview participants’ insights to be adopted by international response organizations and their healthcare workers in the face of allocating limited resources such as experimental therapeutics in future emerging infectious disease outbreaks to ease the moral burden of individual healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne A. Nichol
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Abstract
The events surrounding COVID-19, combined with the mandatory quarantines widely imposed in Asia and Europe since the virus outbreak, have reignited discussion of the balance between individual rights and liberties and public health during epidemics and pandemics. This article analyses this issue from the perspectives of precaution and necessity. There is a difficult relationship between these two seemingly opposite principles, both of which are frequently invoked in this domain. Although the precautionary principle (PP) encourages the use of quarantines, including mandatory quarantines, and associated restrictive measures, the principle of necessity (PN) puts a break on such measures. The COVID-19 pandemic reveals once again the different interrelations between these two principles. However, the alleged conflict between the PN and the PP is based on a superficial analysis. The relation between these two principles is far more complex, as this article will demonstrate.
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Gao Y, Sun F, Jiang W, Fang Y, Yue L, Lin X, Li X. Beliefs towards the COVID-19 pandemic among patients with emotional disorders in China. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33:e100231. [PMID: 32574346 PMCID: PMC7287490 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has given rise to fear and panic in the public. Although hospitals in China reduced outpatient visits and restricted inpatient admission to lower the risk of transmission of COVID-19, this has significantly affected patients in need of medical attention, for example, patients with emotional disorders. Aims This study aimed to compare the beliefs towards COVID-19 among outpatients with emotional disorders (ie, anxiety or depression) with those of family caregivers and the general public and examine factors that shape the beliefs towards COVID-19 among outpatients with emotional disorders. Methods Survey data from 570 outpatients with anxiety or depression disorders, 449 family caregivers and 470 general public subjects were collected. Multiple stepwise regression analyses were used to describe participants' level of concern, prevention attitude and positive expectations towards the COVID-19 outbreak. Results About 70.9% of outpatients had to postpone their mental health treatment; 43.2% of patients admitted that their mental health was adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak-these patients tended to be older, male and less educated. After controlling for age and education level, outpatients with emotional disorders had significantly lower levels of concerns but more negative expectations towards COVID-19, compared with family caregivers and the public. Multivariate linear stepwise regression analysis showed that age, education and the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on one's existing mental illness were significantly associated with outpatients' beliefs about the epidemic. Conclusion Outpatients with anxiety or depression disorders were relatively less focused on the COVID-19 outbreak, but the impact of the infection was found to be independently associated with their beliefs towards COVID-19. In addition, outpatients who were older and of low educational levels particularly held more negative beliefs about the epidemic, which may place them at a higher risk for poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Gao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Egli A, Koch D, Danuser J, Hendriksen RS, Driesen S, Schmid DC, Neher R, Mäusezahl M, Seth-Smith HMB, Bloemberg G, Tschudin-Sutter S, Endimiani A, Perreten V, Greub G, Schrenzel J, Stephan R. Symposium report: One Health meets sequencing. Microbes Infect 2019; 22:1-7. [PMID: 31401354 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Egli
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Applied Microbiology Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Koch
- Federal Office of Public Health, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Danuser
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Richard Neher
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Helena M B Seth-Smith
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Applied Microbiology Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Bloemberg
- National Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Listeria (NENT), Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Tschudin-Sutter
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Bacteriology and Genomics Research Laboratories, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and -hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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NOORBAKHSH F, ABDOLMOHAMMADI K, FATAHI Y, DALILI H, RASOOLINEJAD M, REZAEI F, SALEHI-VAZIRI M, SHAFIEI-JANDAGHI NZ, GOOSHKI ES, ZAIM M, NICKNAM MH. Zika Virus Infection, Basic and Clinical Aspects: A Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:20-31. [PMID: 30847308 PMCID: PMC6401583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus infection has recently attracted the attention of medical community. While clinical manifestations of the infection in adult cases are not severe and disease is not associated with high mortality rates, Zika virus infection can have an impact on fetal development and lead to severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities. METHODS To gain insight into different aspects of Zika virus infection, a comprehensive literature review was performed. With regard to epidemiology and geographical distribution of Zika virus infection, relevant information was extracted from CDC and WHO websites. RESULTS In this review, we discuss different basic and clinical aspects of Zika virus infection including virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory methods required for the diagnosis of disease together with ethical issues associated with Zika virus infection will also be discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Herein, we have tried to provide a multi-faceted view of Zika virus infection, with greater emphasis on disease status in Eastern Mediterranean Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid NOORBAKHSH
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal ABDOLMOHAMMADI
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef FATAHI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein DALILI
- Department of Pediatrics, Breastfeeding Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz RASOOLINEJAD
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid REZAEI
- Center for Control of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa SALEHI-VAZIRI
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Shamsi GOOSHKI
- Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza ZAIM
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein NICKNAM
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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