1
|
Tenison E, Smith MD, Pendry-Brazier D, Cullen A, Lithander FE, Ben-Shlomo Y, Henderson EJ. Enhancing recruitment of individuals living with frailty, multimorbidity and cognitive impairment to Parkinson's research: experiences from the PRIME-UK cross-sectional study. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae108. [PMID: 38783753 PMCID: PMC11116826 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES People with parkinsonism who are older, living in a care home, with frailty, multimorbidity or impaired capacity to consent are under-represented in research, limiting its generalisability. We aimed to evaluate more inclusive recruitment strategies. METHODS From one UK centre, we invited people with parkinsonism to participate in a cross-sectional study. Postal invitations were followed by telephone reminders and additional support to facilitate participation. Personal consultees provided information on the views regarding research participation of adults with impaired capacity. These approaches were evaluated: (i) using external data from the Parkinson's Real World Impact assesSMent (PRISM) study and Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a sample of all cases in UK primary care, and (ii) comparing those recruited with or without intensive engagement. RESULTS We approached 1,032 eligible patients, of whom 542 (53%) consented and 477 (46%) returned questionnaires. The gender ratio in PRIME-UK (65% male) closely matched CPRD (61% male), unlike in the PRISM sample (46%). Mean age of PRIME participants was 75.9 (SD 8.5) years, compared to 75.3 (9.5) and 65.4 (8.9) years for CPRD and PRISM, respectively. More intensive engagement enhanced recruitment of women (13.3%; 95% CI 3.8, 22.9%; P = 0.005), care home residents (6.2%; 1.1, 11.2%; P = 0.004), patients diagnosed with atypical parkinsonism (13.7%; 5.4, 19.9%; P < 0.001), and those with a higher frailty score (mean score 0.2, 0.1, 0.2; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These recruitment strategies resulted in a less biased and more representative sample, with greater inclusion of older people with more complex parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tenison
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
- Older People’s Unit, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
- Older People’s Unit, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Danielle Pendry-Brazier
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Anisha Cullen
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Fiona E Lithander
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
- The National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily J Henderson
- Ageing and Movement Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
- Older People’s Unit, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bekker HL, Winterbottom AE, Gavaruzzi T, Finderup J, Mooney A. Decision aids to assist patients and professionals in choosing the right treatment for kidney failure. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:i20-i38. [PMID: 37711634 PMCID: PMC10497379 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney services vary in the way they involve people with kidney failure (PwKF) in treatment decisions as management needs change. We discuss how decision-science applications support proactively PwKF to make informed decisions between treatment options with kidney professionals. Methods A conceptual review of findings about decision making and use of decision aids in kidney services, synthesized with reference to: the Making Informed Decisions-Individually and Together (MIND-IT) multiple stakeholder decision makers framework; and the Medical Research Council-Complex Intervention Development and Evaluation research framework. Results This schema represents the different types of decision aids that support PwKF and professional reasoning as they manage kidney disease individually and together; adjustments at micro, meso and macro levels supports integration in practice. Conclusion Innovating services to meet clinical guidelines on enhancing shared decision making processes means enabling all stakeholders to use decision aids to meet their goals within kidney pathways at individual, service and organizational levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L Bekker
- Leeds Unit of Complex Intervention Development (LUCID), Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
- ResCenPI – Research Centre for Patient Involvement, Aarhus University, Aarhus and the Central Denmark Region, Denmark
| | - Anna E Winterbottom
- Leeds Unit of Complex Intervention Development (LUCID), Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Renal Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Teresa Gavaruzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jeanette Finderup
- ResCenPI – Research Centre for Patient Involvement, Aarhus University, Aarhus and the Central Denmark Region, Denmark
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrew Mooney
- Leeds Unit of Complex Intervention Development (LUCID), Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Renal Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ries NM, Johnston B. Making an Advance Research Directive: An Interview Study with Adults Aged 55 and Older with Interests in Dementia Research. Ethics Hum Res 2023; 45:2-17. [PMID: 37167476 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many people with dementia are interested in taking part in research, including when they no longer have capacity to provide informed consent. Advance research directives (ARD) enable people to document their wishes about research participation prior to becoming decisionally incapacitated. However, there are few available ARD resources. This Australian interview study elicited the views of people aged 55 years and older about the content of an ARD form and guidance booklet and processes to support research planning. Participants (n = 25; 55 to 83 years) had interests in dementia research. All participants described the ARD materials as easy to understand, and all expressed willingness to take part in future research. Nearly half believed that an ARD should be legally enforceable, while others saw it as a nonbinding document to guide decisions about their participation in research. Close family members were preferred as proxy decision-makers. The ARD form and guidance booklet may be adapted for use elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nola M Ries
- Professor in the Faculty of Law at University of Technology Sydney
| | - Briony Johnston
- PhD candidate at the Faculty of Law at University of Technology Sydney
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bogaerts JMK, Warmerdam LA, Achterberg WP, Gussekloo J, Poortvliet RKE. Proxy Decision-Making for Clinical Research in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia: A Qualitative Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:541-547.e2. [PMID: 36924797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The benefit-risk ratio of many interventions remains unclear in older adults with dementia. Efforts for more representative trial inclusion are made; however, recruiting and particularly gaining informed consent remains complex. For research participation, dementia compels the designation of a legal guardian (LG) to give proxy consent. To advance future trial development, we aimed to provide more insights into the factors that affect the proxy decision-making process in dementia research. DESIGN A qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews about proxy decision-making on participation in dementia research. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS LGs of nursing home residents that gave (n = 19) and refrained from giving (n = 18) proxy consent for a clinical trial (the ∗∗∗BLINDED∗∗∗ study) in the Netherlands. METHODS Verbatim transcripts were thematically analyzed by using a preliminary deductive framework with room for induction of additional emerging themes, being an overall abductive approach. Based on that theme list, related factors of the decision-making process were grouped into overarching levels and merged into a step-by-step process. RESULTS When discussing proxy decision-making on the participation of an older adult with dementia in a clinical trial, LGs described interconnected factors on the level of the study and patient. Past experiences and attitudes of the LG influenced the weighing of these study- and patient-related factors, leading to a preliminary decision. Other proxies and treating health care professionals (HCPs) were named as important other stakeholders of the decision-making process. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS When giving proxy consent for research participation, LGs weigh study- and patient-related factors, leading to an initial benefit-risk evaluation. This weighing process is influenced by LG-related factors and can be modulated by other proxies or treating HCPs, leading to a definitive decision. Although insights into these underlying mechanisms could facilitate the proxy decision-making process for both LGs and researchers, treating HCPs could act as an independent party.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M K Bogaerts
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Laurie A Warmerdam
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco P Achterberg
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University Network for the Care sector South Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobijn Gussekloo
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde K E Poortvliet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; University Network for the Care sector South Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Russell AM, Shepherd V, Woolfall K, Young B, Gillies K, Volkmer A, Jayes M, Huxtable R, Perkins A, Noor NM, Nickolls B, Wade J. Complex and alternate consent pathways in clinical trials: methodological and ethical challenges encountered by underserved groups and a call to action. Trials 2023; 24:151. [PMID: 36855178 PMCID: PMC9973248 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informed consent is considered a fundamental requirement for participation in trials, yet obtaining consent is challenging in a number of populations and settings. This may be due to participants having communication or other disabilities, their capacity to consent fluctuates or they lack capacity, or in emergency situations where their medical condition or the urgent nature of the treatment precludes seeking consent from either the participant or a representative. These challenges, and the subsequent complexity of designing and conducting trials where alternative consent pathways are required, contribute to these populations being underserved in research. Recognising and addressing these challenges is essential to support trials involving these populations and ensure that they have an equitable opportunity to participate in, and benefit from, research. Given the complex nature of these challenges, which are encountered by both adults and children, a cross-disciplinary approach is required. DISCUSSION A UK-wide collaboration, a sub-group of the Trial Conduct Working Group in the MRC-NIHR Trial Methodology Research Partnership, was formed to collectively address these challenges. Members are drawn from disciplines including bioethics, qualitative research, trials methodology, healthcare professions, and social sciences. This commentary draws on our collective expertise to identify key populations where particular methodological and ethical challenges around consent are encountered, articulate the specific issues arising in each population, summarise ongoing and completed research, and identify targets for future research. Key populations include people with communication or other disabilities, people whose capacity to consent fluctuates, adults who lack the capacity to consent, and adults and children in emergency and urgent care settings. Work is ongoing by the sub-group to create a database of resources, to update NIHR guidance, and to develop proposals to address identified research gaps. CONCLUSION Collaboration across disciplines, sectors, organisations, and countries is essential if the ethical and methodological challenges surrounding trials involving complex and alternate consent pathways are to be addressed. Explicating these challenges, sharing resources, and identifying gaps for future research is an essential first step. We hope that doing so will serve as a call to action for others seeking ways to address the current consent-based exclusion of underserved populations from trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Russell
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Shepherd
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, 4th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Kerry Woolfall
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bridget Young
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie Gillies
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anna Volkmer
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Jayes
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Huxtable
- Centre for Ethics in Medicine, Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander Perkins
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nurulamin M Noor
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (MRC CTU at UCL), Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Beverley Nickolls
- Centre for Evaluation and Methods, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Julia Wade
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shepherd V, Wood F, Gillies K, Martin A, O'Connell A, Hood K. Feasibility, effectiveness and costs of a decision support intervention for consultees and legal representatives of adults lacking capacity to consent (CONSULT): protocol for a randomised Study Within a Trial. Trials 2022; 23:957. [PMID: 36434661 PMCID: PMC9701035 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised trials play a vital role in underpinning evidence-based care. However, trials involving adults with impaired capacity to consent raise a number of ethical and methodological challenges, leading to the frequent exclusion of this group from trials. This includes challenges around involving family members as alternative 'proxy' decision-makers. Family members are often given little information about their role as a consultee or legal representative. Some family members find making a decision about trial participation difficult and may experience an emotional and decisional burden as a result. Families have reported a need for greater support and guidance when making such decisions, leading to the development of a decision aid ('Making decisions about research for others') for family members acting as consultee/legal representative. The decision aid now requires evaluation to determine its effectiveness in supporting families to make more informed decisions. METHODS This protocol describes a prospective, multi-centre, randomised-controlled Study Within a Trial (SWAT) to evaluate the effectiveness of the decision aid. The SWAT will initially be embedded in approximately five host trials. SWAT participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention (decision aid alongside standard information about the host trial provided to consultees/legal representatives) or control (standard information alone). The primary outcome is the quality of proxy consent decision, assessed by the Combined Scale for Proxy Informed Consent Decisions (CONCORD). The SWAT design is informed by previous qualitative research. Initial feasibility will be explored in one host trial, followed by the main SWAT. An embedded process evaluation and economic evaluation will enable the SWAT findings to be contextualised and identify factors likely to affect implementation. DISCUSSION This SWAT will generate the first evidence for recruitment interventions for trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent and add to knowledge about the use of decision support interventions in trial participation decisions. The SWAT will be embedded in a range of trials, and the heterogenous nature of the host trials, settings and populations involved will enable the intervention to be evaluated in a wide range of contexts. However, a pragmatic and flexible approach to conducting the SWAT is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION The SWAT is registered as SWAT #159 with the Northern Ireland Hub for Trials Methodology Research SWAT repository (registered 09.08.2020). Each host trial will be registered on a clinical trials registry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Wood
- PRIME Centre Wales, Wales, UK.,Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katie Gillies
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Abby O'Connell
- Exeter Clinical Trials Unit, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of a measure to assess the quality of proxy decisions about research participation on behalf of adults lacking capacity to consent: the Combined Scale for Proxy Informed Consent Decisions (CONCORD scale). Trials 2022; 23:843. [PMID: 36195929 PMCID: PMC9531498 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment of adults lacking the capacity to consent to trials requires the involvement of an alternative 'proxy' decision-maker, usually a family member. This can be challenging for family members, with some experiencing emotional and decisional burdens. Interventions to support proxy consent decisions in non-emergency settings are being developed. However, the ability to evaluate interventions is limited due to a lack of measures that capture outcomes of known importance, as identified through a core outcome set (COS). METHODS Using established measure development principles, a four-stage process was used to develop and refine items for a new measure of proxy decision quality: (1) findings from a recent scoping review and consensus study were reviewed to identify items for inclusion in the scale and any existing outcome measures, (2) assessment of content coverage by existing measures and identification of insufficiency, (3) construction of a novel scale, and (4) cognitive testing to explore comprehension of the scale and test its content adequacy through interviews with family members of people with impaired capacity. RESULTS A range of outcome measures associated with healthcare decision-making and informed consent decisions, such as the Decisional Conflict Scale, were identified in the scoping review. These measures were mapped against the key constructs identified in the COS to assess content coverage. Insufficient coverage of areas such as proxy-specific satisfaction and knowledge sufficiency by existing instruments indicated that a novel measure was needed. An initial version of a combined measure (the CONCORD scale) was drafted and tested during cognitive interviews with eleven family members. The interviews established comprehension, acceptability, feasibility, and content adequacy of the scale. Participants suggested re-phrasing and re-ordering some questions, leading to the creation of a revised version. CONCLUSIONS The CONCORD scale provides a brief measure to evaluate the quality of decisions made on behalf of an adult who lacks the capacity to consent in non-emergency settings, enabling the evaluation of interventions to improve proxy decision quality. Initial evaluation indicates it has content adequacy and is feasible to use. Further statistical validation work is being undertaken.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shepherd V, Wood F, Gillies K, O'Connell A, Martin A, Hood K. Recruitment interventions for trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent: methodological and ethical considerations for designing Studies Within a Trial (SWATs). Trials 2022; 23:756. [PMID: 36068637 PMCID: PMC9450319 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of interventions to improve recruitment and retention of participants in trials is rising, with a corresponding growth in randomised Studies Within Trials (SWATs) to evaluate their (cost-)effectiveness. Despite recognised challenges in conducting trials involving adults who lack capacity to consent, until now, no individual-level recruitment interventions have focused on this population. Following the development of a decision aid for family members making non-emergency trial participation decisions on behalf of people with impaired capacity, we have designed a SWAT to evaluate the decision aid in a number of host trials (CONSULT). Unlike in recruitment SWATs to date, the CONSULT intervention is aimed at a 'proxy' decision-maker (a family member) who is not a participant in the host trial and does not receive the trial intervention. This commentary explores the methodological and ethical considerations encountered when designing such SWATs, using the CONSULT SWAT as a case example. Potential solutions to address these issues are also presented. DISCUSSION We encountered practical issues around informed consent, data collection, and follow-up which involves linking the intervention receiver (the proxy) with recruitment and retention data from the host trial, as well as issues around randomisation level, resource use, and maintaining the integrity of the host trial. Unless addressed, methodological uncertainty about differential recruitment and heterogeneity between trial populations could potentially limit the scope for drawing robust inferences and harmonising data from different SWAT host trials. Proxy consent is itself ethically complex, and so when conducting a SWAT which aims to disrupt and enhance proxy consent decisions, there are additional ethical issues to be considered. CONCLUSIONS Designing a SWAT to evaluate a recruitment intervention for non-emergency trials with adults lacking capacity to consent has raised a number of methodological and ethical considerations. Explicating these challenges, and some potential ways to address them, creates a starting point for discussions about conducting these potentially more challenging SWATs. Increasing the evidence base for the conduct of trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent is intended to improve both the ability to conduct these trials and their quality, and so help build research capacity for this under-served population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Shepherd
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, 4th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Fiona Wood
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
- PRIME Centre Wales, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, 8th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katie Gillies
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Abby O'Connell
- Exeter Clinical Trials Unit, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam Martin
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, 4th floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shepherd V. (Re)Conceptualising 'good' proxy decision-making for research: the implications for proxy consent decision quality. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:75. [PMID: 35850682 PMCID: PMC9294776 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
People who are unable to make decisions about participating in research rely on proxies to make a decision based on their wishes and preferences. However, patients rarely discuss their preferences about research and proxies find it challenging to determine what their wishes would be. While the process of informed consent has traditionally been the focus of research to improve consent decisions, the more conceptually complex area of what constitutes 'good' proxy decision-making for research has remained unexplored. Interventions are needed to improve and support proxy decision-making for research but are hampered by a lack of understanding about what constitutes decision quality in this context. A global increase in conditions associated with cognitive impairment such as dementia has led to an urgent need for more research into these conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent necessity to conduct research with large numbers of critically ill patients has made this need even more pressing. Much of the empirical research centres on the desire to improve decision accuracy, despite growing evidence that authenticity is more reflective of the aim of proxy decisions and concerns about the methodological flaws in authenticity-focused studies. Such studies also fail to take account of the impact of decision-making on proxies, or the considerable body of research on improving the quality of healthcare decisions. This paper reports a concept synthesis of the literature that was conducted to develop the first conceptualisation of 'good' proxy decisions about research participation. Elements of decision quality were identified across three stages of decision-making: proxy preparedness for decision-making which includes knowledge and understanding, and values clarification and preference elicitation; the role of uncertainty, decisional conflict, satisfaction and regret in the decision-making process; and preference linked outcomes and their effect. This conceptualisation provides an essential first step towards the future development of interventions to enhance the quality of proxy decision-making and ensure proxy decisions represent patients' values and preferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Shepherd
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, 4th Floor Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 0GB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shepherd V, Hood K, Wood F. Unpacking the 'black box of horrendousness': a qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to conducting trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent. Trials 2022; 23:471. [PMID: 35668460 PMCID: PMC9167903 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trials involving adults who lack capacity to consent encounter a range of ethical and methodological challenges, resulting in these populations frequently being excluded from research. Currently, there is little evidence regarding the nature and extent of these challenges, nor strategies to improve the design and conduct of such trials. This qualitative study explored researchers’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences of the barriers and facilitators to conducting trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted remotely with 26 researchers and healthcare professionals with experience in a range of roles, trial populations and settings across the UK. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results A number of inter-related barriers and facilitators were identified and mapped against key trial processes including during trial design decisions, navigating ethical approval, assessing capacity, identifying and involving alternative decision-makers and when revisiting consent. Three themes were identified: (1) the perceived and actual complexity of trials involving adults lacking capacity, (2) importance of having access to appropriate support and resources and (3) need for building greater knowledge and expertise to support future trials. Barriers to trials included the complexity of the legal frameworks, the role of gatekeepers, a lack of access to expertise and training, and the resource-intensive nature of these trials. The ability to conduct trials was facilitated by having prior experience with these populations, effective communication between research teams, public involvement contributions, and the availability of additional data to inform the trial. Participants also identified a range of context-specific recruitment issues and highlighted the importance of ‘designing in’ flexibility and the use of adaptive strategies which were especially important for trials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants identified a need for better training and support. Conclusions Researchers encountered a number of barriers, including both generic and context or population-specific challenges, which may be reinforced by wider factors such as resource limitations and knowledge deficits. Greater access to expertise and training, and the development of supportive interventions and tailored guidance, is urgently needed in order to build research capacity in this area and facilitate the successful delivery of trials involving this under-served population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fiona Wood
- PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff, UK.,Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Griffiths S, Gude A, Greene L, Weston L, Sutcliffe CL, Wheat H, Oh TM, Byng R. 'Do I have the capacity to make capacity judgements?' Researcher reflections from a person-centred dementia support study. DEMENTIA 2022; 21:972-994. [PMID: 35148655 PMCID: PMC9003753 DOI: 10.1177/14713012211067320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Adults lacking capacity are under-represented in research; therefore, the evidence-base surrounding their support needs is inferior compared to other populations. Involving this group in research is fraught with challenges, including researcher uncertainties about how to carry out capacity judgements. Whilst ethical guidelines and principles provide overarching guidance, there is a lack of detailed guidance and evidence-based training, incorporating practical ‘on the ground’ strategies and advice on communication practices. Experiences and reflections on research procedures used to gauge and address capacity are under reported, resulting in a lack of shared knowledge within the field. Design To help address this, we engaged in researcher (co)meta-reflection on the informed capacity judgement procedure for initial consent, within our current, person-centred dementia intervention feasibility study. Our objective was to identify areas to improve our approach, but to also put forward suggestions for wider change within ethical research practice. Results Findings reveal challenges and facilitators relating to six areas: ‘Conducting time sensitive research whilst remaining person-centred and building relationships’; ‘Information sharing and supporting communication’; ‘Applying the process flexibly’; ‘The role of the carer and the consultee process’; ‘Judging assent and dissent’ and ‘Researcher related factors’. We questioned our ‘capacity to make capacity judgements’ in terms of both our skills and research time constraints. Conclusions Based on our experiences, we argue for greater open discussion between researchers, Patient and Public Involvement contributors and Research Ethics Committees at initial project planning stages. We recommend training and guidance focuses on building researcher skills in applying a standard process flexibly, emphasising naturalistic, conversational approaches to capacity judgement. A crucial consideration for funders is how this time-intensive and sensitive work should be factored into bid application templates and funding grants. Learnings from this article have potential to inform evidence-based guidance and training for researchers, consultees, funders, reviewers and ethics committees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Griffiths
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Alex Gude
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Leanne Greene
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Lauren Weston
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Caroline L Sutcliffe
- Social Care and Society, School of Health Sciences, 5292University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hannah Wheat
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Tomasina M Oh
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Richard Byng
- Faculty of Health, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth Institute of Health and Care Research, 6633University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Davies N, Sampson EL, West E, DeSouza T, Manthorpe J, Moore K, Walters K, Dening KH, Ward J, Rait G. A decision aid to support family carers of people living with dementia towards the end-of-life: Coproduction process, outcome and reflections. Health Expect 2021; 24:1677-1691. [PMID: 34288291 PMCID: PMC8483186 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family carers of people living with dementia often need support with making decisions about care. Many find end-of-life care decisions particularly difficult. The aim of this article is to present an evidence- and theoretical-based process for developing a decision aid to support family carers of people with dementia towards the end-of-life. METHODS Following a systematic process, we developed a decision aid using coproduction methods and matrices to synthesize data from a systematic review and qualitative interviews with people living with dementia and family carers. Data were presented to coproduction workshops of people living with dementia, family carers, practitioners and professionals. Development was guided by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and a modified Interprofessional Shared Decision-Making model. RESULTS The decision aid covers four decision areas: (1) changes in care; (2) eating and drinking difficulties; (3) everyday well-being; and (4) healthcare, tests and medication. We present an interactive decision aid, using a variety of approaches including written text, Frequently Asked Questions, top tips and illustrative quotes from people living with dementia and family carers. CONCLUSION This is the first decision aid that focusses on multiple decisions towards the end-of-life in dementia care. The process offers a template for others to develop decision aids or similar interventions, and how to include people living with dementia in coproduction. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Family carers provided feedback on data collection, data analysis and the decision aid, and one is a coauthor. People living with dementia and family carers were integral to the coproduction workshops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davies
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth L. Sampson
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health Trust, Liaison Psychiatry TeamNorth Middlesex University HospitalLondonUK
| | - Emily West
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tanisha DeSouza
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jill Manthorpe
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Health and Social Care Workforce, Policy Institute at King'sKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaborative (ARC) South LondonKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Kirsten Moore
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research DepartmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kate Walters
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Jane Ward
- Family Carer, Member of Experts by Experience Panel
| | - Greta Rait
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|