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Jiang Z, Huang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Huang L, Luo X. Embodied Conversational Agents for Chronic Diseases: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e47134. [PMID: 38194260 PMCID: PMC10806449 DOI: 10.2196/47134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are computer-generated animated humanlike characters that interact with users through verbal and nonverbal behavioral cues. They are increasingly used in a range of fields, including health care. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to identify the current practice in the development and evaluation of ECAs for chronic diseases. METHODS We applied a methodological framework in this review. A total of 6 databases (ie, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of terms related to ECAs and health in October 2023. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and extracted the data. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) statement. RESULTS The literature search found 6332 papers, of which 36 (0.57%) met the inclusion criteria. Among the 36 studies, 27 (75%) originated from the United States, and 28 (78%) were published from 2020 onward. The reported ECAs covered a wide range of chronic diseases, with a focus on cancers, atrial fibrillation, and type 2 diabetes, primarily to promote screening and self-management. Most ECAs were depicted as middle-aged women based on screenshots and communicated with users through voice and nonverbal behavior. The most frequently reported evaluation outcomes were acceptability and effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review provides valuable insights for technology developers and health care professionals regarding the development and implementation of ECAs. It emphasizes the importance of technological advances in the embodiment, personalized strategy, and communication modality and requires in-depth knowledge of user preferences regarding appearance, animation, and intervention content. Future studies should incorporate measures of cost, efficiency, and productivity to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the benefits of using ECAs in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Jiang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Department of Quality Evaluation, Zhejiang Evaluation Center for Medical Service and Administration, Hangzhou, China
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Wutz M, Hermes M, Winter V, Köberlein-Neu J. Factors Influencing the Acceptability, Acceptance, and Adoption of Conversational Agents in Health Care: Integrative Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e46548. [PMID: 37751279 PMCID: PMC10565637 DOI: 10.2196/46548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversational agents (CAs), also known as chatbots, are digital dialog systems that enable people to have a text-based, speech-based, or nonverbal conversation with a computer or another machine based on natural language via an interface. The use of CAs offers new opportunities and various benefits for health care. However, they are not yet ubiquitous in daily practice. Nevertheless, research regarding the implementation of CAs in health care has grown tremendously in recent years. OBJECTIVE This review aims to present a synthesis of the factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of CAs from the perspectives of patients and health care professionals. Specifically, it focuses on the early implementation outcomes of acceptability, acceptance, and adoption as cornerstones of later implementation success. METHODS We performed an integrative review. To identify relevant literature, a broad literature search was conducted in June 2021 with no date limits and using all fields in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, LIVIVO, and PsycINFO. To keep the review current, another search was conducted in March 2022. To identify as many eligible primary sources as possible, we used a snowballing approach by searching reference lists and conducted a hand search. Factors influencing the acceptability, acceptance, and adoption of CAs in health care were coded through parallel deductive and inductive approaches, which were informed by current technology acceptance and adoption models. Finally, the factors were synthesized in a thematic map. RESULTS Overall, 76 studies were included in this review. We identified influencing factors related to 4 core Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) factors (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation), with most studies underlining the relevance of performance and effort expectancy. To meet the particularities of the health care context, we redefined the UTAUT2 factors social influence, habit, and price value. We identified 6 other influencing factors: perceived risk, trust, anthropomorphism, health issue, working alliance, and user characteristics. Overall, we identified 10 factors influencing acceptability, acceptance, and adoption among health care professionals (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, price value, perceived risk, trust, anthropomorphism, working alliance, and user characteristics) and 13 factors influencing acceptability, acceptance, and adoption among patients (additionally hedonic motivation, habit, and health issue). CONCLUSIONS This review shows manifold factors influencing the acceptability, acceptance, and adoption of CAs in health care. Knowledge of these factors is fundamental for implementation planning. Therefore, the findings of this review can serve as a basis for future studies to develop appropriate implementation strategies. Furthermore, this review provides an empirical test of current technology acceptance and adoption models and identifies areas where additional research is necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42022343690; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=343690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wutz
- Center for Health Economics and Health Services Research, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marius Hermes
- Center for Health Economics and Health Services Research, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Vera Winter
- Center for Health Economics and Health Services Research, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Juliane Köberlein-Neu
- Center for Health Economics and Health Services Research, Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Zhang F, Zhu S, Chen S, Hao Z, Fang Y, Zou H, Cai Y, Cao B, Zhang K, Cao H, Chen Y, Hu T, Wang Z. Application of machine learning for risky sexual behavior interventions among factory workers in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1092018. [PMID: 37601175 PMCID: PMC10437811 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessing the likelihood of engaging in high-risk sexual behavior can assist in delivering tailored educational interventions. The objective of this study was to identify the most effective algorithm and assess high-risk sexual behaviors within the last six months through the utilization of machine-learning models. Methods The survey conducted in the Longhua District CDC, Shenzhen, involved 2023 participants who were employees of 16 different factories. The data was collected through questionnaires administered between October 2019 and November 2019. We evaluated the model's overall predictive classification performance using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. All analyses were performed using the open-source Python version 3.9.12. Results About a quarter of the factory workers had engaged in risky sexual behavior in the past 6 months. Most of them were Han Chinese (84.53%), hukou in foreign provinces (85.12%), or rural areas (83.19%), with junior high school education (55.37%), personal monthly income between RMB3,000 (US$417.54) and RMB4,999 (US$695.76; 64.71%), and were workers (80.67%). The random forest model (RF) outperformed all other models in assessing risky sexual behavior in the past 6 months and provided acceptable performance (accuracy 78%; sensitivity 11%; specificity 98%; PPV 63%; ROC 84%). Discussion Machine learning has aided in evaluating risky sexual behavior within the last six months. Our assessment models can be integrated into government or public health departments to guide sexual health promotion and follow-up services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiben Zhu
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyu Hao
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bolin Cao
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - He Cao
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Hu
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Cooks EJ, Duke KA, Flood-Grady E, Vilaro MJ, Ghosh R, Parker N, Te P, George TJ, Lok BC, Williams M, Carek P, Krieger JL. Can virtual human clinicians help close the gap in colorectal cancer screening for rural adults in the United States? The influence of rural identity on perceptions of virtual human clinicians. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102034. [PMID: 36531088 PMCID: PMC9747643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural adults experience disparities in colorectal cancer screening, a trend even more distinct among rural Black adults. Healthcare disruptions caused by COVID-19 exacerbated inequities, heightening attention on virtual communication strategies to increase screening. Yet little is known about how rural adults perceive virtual human clinicians (VHCs). Given that identifying as rural influences perceived source credibility often through appearance judgments, the goal of this pilot was to explore how to develop VHCs that individuals highly identified with rurality find attractive. Between November 2018 and April 2019, we tested a culturally tailored, VHC-led telehealth intervention delivering evidence-based colorectal cancer prevention education with White and Black adults (N = 2079) in the United States recruited through an online panel who were non-adherent to screening guidelines and between 50 and 73 years of age. Participants were randomized on three factors (VHC race-matching, VHC gender-matching, Intervention type). Ordinal logistic regression models examined VHC appearance ratings. Participants with a high rural identity (AOR = 1.12, CI = [1.02, 1.23], p =.02) rated the VHCs more attractive. High rural belonging influenced VHC attractiveness for Black participants (AOR = 1.22, CI = [1.03, 1.44], p =.02). Also, Black participants interacting with a Black VHC and reporting high rural self-concept rated the VHC as more attractive (AOR = 2.22, CI = [1.27, 3.91], p =.01). Findings suggest adults for whom rural identity is important have more positive impressions of VHC attractiveness. For patients with strong rural identities, enhancing VHC appearance is critical to tailoring colorectal cancer prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Cooks
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, USA
| | - Kyle A. Duke
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Elizabeth Flood-Grady
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, USA
| | - Melissa J. Vilaro
- Department of Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, University of Florida, USA
| | - Rashi Ghosh
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, College of Engineering. University of Florida, USA
| | - Naomi Parker
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, USA
| | - Palani Te
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J. George
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Lok
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, College of Engineering. University of Florida, USA
| | - Maribeth Williams
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Peter Carek
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Janice L. Krieger
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, USA
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Neil JM, Parker ND, Levites Strekalova YA, Duke K, George T, Krieger JL. Communicating risk to promote colorectal cancer screening: a multi-method study to test tailored versus targeted message strategies. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2022; 37:79-93. [PMID: 35234890 PMCID: PMC8947791 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are suboptimal, partly due to poor communication about CRC risk. More effective methods are needed to educate patients, but little research has examined best practices for communicating CRC risk. This multi-method study tests whether tailoring CRC risk information increases screening intentions. Participants (N = 738) were randomized with a 2:2:1 allocation to tailored, targeted, and control message conditions. The primary outcome was intention to screen for CRC (yes/no). Additional variables include perceived message relevance, perceived susceptibility to CRC, and free-text comments evaluating the intervention. A chi-square test determined differences in the proportion of participants who intended to complete CRC screening by condition. A logistic-based path analysis explored mediation. Free-text comments were analyzed using advanced topic modeling analysis. CRC screening intentions were highest in the tailored intervention and significantly greater than control (P = 0.006). The tailored message condition significantly increased message relevance compared with control (P = 0.027) and targeted conditions (P = 0.002). The tailored condition also increased susceptibility (P < 0.001) compared with control, which mediated the relationship between the tailored condition and intention to screen (b = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.09). The qualitative data reflect similar trends. The theoretical mechanisms and practical implications of tailoring health education materials about CRC risk are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Neil
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 655 Research Parkway, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 900 N.E. 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naomi D Parker
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, 2043 Weimer Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yulia A Levites Strekalova
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, 2043 Weimer Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kyle Duke
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, 2311 Stinson Drive, 5109 SAS Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Thomas George
- Department of Medicine, Hematology & Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Janice L Krieger
- STEM Translational Communication Center, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, 2043 Weimer Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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