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Murphy J, Russell B. Police Officers' addiction frameworks and policy attitudes. Addict Behav 2021; 122:107007. [PMID: 34146796 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Police officers have frequent encounters with people who use drugs, either by making an arrest for a drug-related offense or responding to a drug overdose call. Yet, little is known about how police officers view drug addiction - as a disease, a moral failure, or something else - and how their frameworks for conceptualizing addiction impact their attitudes toward drug policies, including the use of naloxone. This research examined police officers' adherence to a moralistic addiction framework in relation to their support for treatment-oriented drug policies. Officers (N = 618) were surveyed about their beliefs on drug policy and the extent to which drug addiction was a product of one's morals or related to social or biological reasons. Results found that approximately 22% of the variance in drug policy attitudes could be explained by addiction frameworks and control variables. Officers who embraced a biological perspective of addiction were more supportive of policies that expanded treatment, including access to naloxone, and less punitive sanctions. Those with stronger moralistic views were less supportive of expanding treatment initiatives and endorsed expanding punitive sanctions. Officer age and education was positively related with expanding treatment and naloxone use while exposure to overdoses was negatively related to policy support. These results demonstrate that officers' frameworks about drug addiction play an important role in drug policy attitudes and, by extension, how they might interact with people who use drugs.
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Wild TC, Koziel J, Anderson-Baron J, Asbridge M, Belle-Isle L, Dell C, Elliott R, Hathaway A, MacPherson D, McBride K, Pauly B, Strike C, Galovan A, Hyshka E. Public support for harm reduction: A population survey of Canadian adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251860. [PMID: 34010338 PMCID: PMC8133460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We described public views toward harm reduction among Canadian adults and tested a social exposure model predicting support for these contentious services, drawing on theories in the morality policy, intergroup relations, addiction, and media communication literatures. A quota sample of 4645 adults (18+ years), randomly drawn from an online research panel and stratified to match age and sex distributions of adults within and across Canadian provinces, was recruited in June 2018. Participants completed survey items assessing support for harm reduction for people who use drugs (PWUD) and for seven harm reduction interventions. Additional items assessed exposure to media coverage on harm reduction, and scales assessing stigma toward PWUD (α = .72), personal familiarity with PWUD (α = .84), and disease model beliefs about addiction (α = .79). Most (64%) Canadians supported harm reduction (provincial estimates = 60% - 73%). Five of seven interventions received majority support, including: outreach (79%), naloxone (72%), drug checking (70%), needle distribution (60%) and supervised drug consumption (55%). Low-threshold opioid agonist treatment and safe inhalation interventions received less support (49% and 44%). Our social exposure model, adjusted for respondent sex, household income, political views, and education, exhibited good fit and accounted for 17% of variance in public support for harm reduction. Personal familiarity with PWUD and disease model beliefs about addiction were directly associated with support (βs = .07 and -0.10, respectively), and indirectly influenced public support via stigmatized attitudes toward PWUD (βs = 0.01 and -0.01, respectively). Strategies to increase support for harm reduction could problematize certain disease model beliefs (e.g., "There are only two possibilities for an alcoholic or drug addict-permanent abstinence or death") and creating opportunities to reduce social distance between PWUD, the public, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Cameron Wild
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jakob Koziel
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mark Asbridge
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lynne Belle-Isle
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colleen Dell
- Department of Sociology, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Hathaway
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bernie Pauly
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol Strike
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Galovan
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Barnett A, O'Brien K, Hall W, Carter A. Support for the psychosocial, disease and brain disease models of addiction: A survey of treatment providers' attitudes in Australia, the UK, and U.S. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 115:108033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Avery JJ, Avery JD, Mouallem J, Demner AR, Cooper J. Physicians’ and Attorneys’ Beliefs and Attitudes Related to the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. Am J Addict 2020; 29:305-312. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Avery
- Department of PsychologyPrinceton UniversityPrinceton New Jersey
| | - Jonathan D. Avery
- Department of PsychiatryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York New York
| | - Joseph Mouallem
- Department of PsychiatryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York New York
| | - Adam R. Demner
- Department of PsychiatryNew York University School of MedicineNew York New York
| | - Joel Cooper
- Department of PsychologyPrinceton UniversityPrinceton New Jersey
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Küçükkarapınar M, Eser HY, Kotan VO, Yalcinay-Inan M, Tarhan R, Arikan Z. Assessing the validity and reliability of the Turkish versions of craving beliefs and beliefs about substance use questionnaire in patients with heroin use disorder: demonstrating valid tools to assess cognition-emotion interplay. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2018; 13:29. [PMID: 30134921 PMCID: PMC6106818 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-018-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Cognitions associated with craving and substance use are important contributors for the psychological theories of Substance use disorders (SUD), as they may affect the course and treatment. In this study, we aimed to validate Turkish version of two major scales ‘Beliefs About Substance Use’(BSU) and ‘Craving Beliefs Questionnaire’(CBQ) in patients with heroin use disorder and define the interaction of these beliefs with patient profile, depression and anxiety symptoms, with an aim to use these thoughts as targets for treatment. Methods One hundred seventy-six inpatients diagnosed with heroin use disorder and 120 participants in the healthy comparison group were evaluated with CBQ, BSU, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and sociodemographic data questionnaire. Patient group was also evaluated with Addiction Profile Index. Reliability and validity analysis for scales were conducted. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the determinants of BSU and CBQ scores. Results Cronbach alpha level was 0.93 for BSU and 0.94 for CBQ. Patient group showed significantly higher CBQ, BSU, BAI and BDI scores (p < 0.001). BSU score significantly correlated with API-substance use profile score, API-diagnosis, BAI, BDI and CBQ (p < 0.005), whereas CBQ scores significantly correlated with API-diagnosis, API-impact on life, API-craving, API-total score, BSU, BAI, BDI and amount of cigarette smoking (p < 0.002). Number of previous treatments and age of onset for substance use were not correlated with either BSU or CBQ. BAI and BDI scores significantly predicted BSU score, however only BDI score predicted CBQ score (p < 0.003). Conclusions Craving beliefs were highly correlated with addiction profile. Anxiety and depression are significant modulators for patients’ beliefs about substance use and depression is a modulator for craving and maladaptive beliefs, validating emotion-cognition interplay in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Küçükkarapınar
- Department of Psychiatry, Muş State Hospital, Muş, Turkey. .,Department of Psychiatry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hale Yapici Eser
- Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey & Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Vahap Ozan Kotan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Başkent University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Rifat Tarhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.,Safranbolu State Hospital, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Zehra Arikan
- Department of Psychiatry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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