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Gervais NC, Shapiro RS. Discovering the hidden function in fungal genomes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8219. [PMID: 39300175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
New molecular technologies have helped unveil previously unexplored facets of the genome beyond the canonical proteome, including microproteins and short ORFs, products of alternative splicing, regulatory non-coding RNAs, as well as transposable elements, cis-regulatory DNA, and other highly repetitive regions of DNA. In this Review, we highlight what is known about this 'hidden genome' within the fungal kingdom. Using well-established model systems as a contextual framework, we describe key elements of this hidden genome in diverse fungal species, and explore how these factors perform critical functions in regulating fungal metabolism, stress tolerance, and pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss new technologies that may be adapted to further characterize the hidden genome in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Gervais
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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2
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Olasard P, Suksri P, Taneerat C, Rungrassamee W, Sathapondecha P. In silico identification and functional study of long non-coding RNA involved in acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109768. [PMID: 39013534 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by toxin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) has severely affected shrimp production. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), a regulatory non-coding RNA, which can play important function in shrimp disease responses. This study aimed to identify and investigate the role of lncRNA involved in VpAHPND infection in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. From a total of 368,736 de novo assembled transcripts, 67,559 were identified as putative lncRNAs, and only 72 putative lncRNAs showed differential expression between VpAHPND-infected and normal shrimp. The six candidate lncRNAs were validated for their expression profiles during VpAHPND infection and tissue distribution using RT-qPCR. The role of lnc2088 in response to VpAHPND infection was investigated through RNA interference. The result indicated that the suppression of lnc2088 expression led to an increase in shrimp mortality after VpAHPND infection. To explore the set of genes involved in lnc2088 knockdown, RNA sequencing was performed. A total of 275 differentially expressed transcripts were identified in the hepatopancreas of lnc2088 knockdown shrimp. The expression profiles of five candidate metabolic and immune-related genes were validated in lnc2088 knockdown and VpAHPND-infected shrimp. The result showed that the expression of ChiNAG was significantly increased, while that of NCBP1, WIPF2, and NFKB1 was significantly downregulated in ds2088-injected shrimp. Additionally, the expression of NFKB1, NCBP1 and WIPF2 was significantly increased, whereas that of ChiNAG and CUL5 were significantly decreased after infection with VpAHPND. Our work identified putative lncRNA profiles in L. vannamei in response to VpAHPND infection and investigated the role of lncRNA in shrimp immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praewrung Olasard
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Phassorn Suksri
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Chanikan Taneerat
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wanilada Rungrassamee
- Biosensing and Bioprospectiing Technology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Ponsit Sathapondecha
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics Research, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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3
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Gong W, Li Y, Xian J, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Wang X, Qiao G, Chen C, Datta S, Gao X, Lu J, Qiu F. Long non-coding RNA LSAMP-1 is down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer and predicts a poor prognosis. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:181. [PMID: 35524253 PMCID: PMC9074231 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as master regulators for gene expression and thus play a vital role in human tumorigenesis and progression. But the involvement of novel lncRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains largely unelucidated. Methods A total of 170 NSCLC and their adjacent non-tumor tissues were enrolled to detect the expression of Lnc-LSAMP-1 by RT-qPCR. The effects of Lnc-LSAMP-1 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and drug-sensitivity were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The proteins that interact with Lnc-LSAMP-1were confirmed by RNA pull-down assay. RNA-sequencing were used to identify the potential targets of Lnc-LSAMP-1 in NSCLC. Results We found that Lnc-LSAMP-1 was significantly down-regulated in 170 cases of NSCLC tissues when compared to their adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Loss expression of Lnc-LSAMP-1 was notably correlated with unfavorable prognosis of NSCLC patients. The ectopic expression of Lnc-LSAMP-1 drastically inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion and migration ability, arrested cell cycle and facilitated apoptosis. Chemotherapy sensitization experiments showed that over-expressed Lnc-LSAMP-1 enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation induced by TKI. Mechanistically, Lnc-LSAMP-1-LSAMP formed a complex which could protect the degradation of LSAMP gene, and thus exerted crucial roles in NSCLC progression and TKI targeted treatment. Conclusions Consequently, our findings highlight the function and prognostic value of Lnc-LSAMP-1 in NSCLC and provide potential novel therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for patients with NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02592-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China.,Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinyan Li
- The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jianfeng Xian
- The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, 1 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of Public Health, Heping Development Zone, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine. No.1, Chinese Medicine Road, Lanzhou, 730101, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guibin Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Cuiyi Chen
- Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, 523326, China
| | - Soham Datta
- The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xincheng Gao
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Lu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Fuman Qiu
- The State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,The School of Public Health, The Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Toxicity, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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4
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Kalem MC, Panepinto JC. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cryptococcus neoformans: Insights Into Fungal Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858317. [PMID: 35372111 PMCID: PMC8968117 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are highly expressed and can modulate multiple cellular processes including transcription, splicing, translation, and many diverse signaling events. LncRNAs can act as sponges for miRNAs, RNA and DNA binding proteins, functioning as competitive endogenous RNAs. The contribution of lncRNAs to microbial pathogenesis is largely neglected in eukaryotic pathogens despite the abundance of RNA sequencing datasets encompassing conditions of stress, gene deletions and conditions that mimic the host environment. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans encodes 6975 (84%) protein-coding and 1359 (16%) non-protein-coding RNAs, of which 1182 (14.2%) are lncRNAs defined by a threshold of greater than 200 nucleotides in length. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge in C. neoformans lncRNA biology. Utilizing existing RNA seq datasets, we examine trends in lncRNA expression and discuss potential implications for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat C. Kalem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John C. Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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LncRNA DINOR is a virulence factor and global regulator of stress responses in Candida auris. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:842-851. [PMID: 34083769 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris exhibits high resistance to antifungal drugs and environmental stresses, impeding treatment and decontamination1-3. The fungal factors mediating this stress tolerance are largely unknown. In the present study, we performed piggyBac, transposon-mediated, genome-wide mutagenesis and genetic screening in C. auris, and identified a mutant that grew constitutively in the filamentous form. Mapping the transposon insertion site revealed the disruption of a long non-coding RNA, named DINOR for DNA damage-inducible non-coding RNA. Deletion of DINOR caused DNA damage and an upregulation of genes involved in morphogenesis, DNA damage and DNA replication. The DNA checkpoint kinase Rad53 was hyperphosphorylated in dinorΔ mutants, and deletion of RAD53 abolished DNA damage-induced filamentation. DNA-alkylating agents, which cause similar filamentous growth, induced DINOR expression, suggesting a role for DINOR in maintaining genome integrity. Upregulation of DINOR also occurred during exposure to the antifungal drugs caspofungin and amphotericin B, macrophages, H2O2 and sodium dodecylsulfate, indicating that DINOR orchestrates multiple stress responses. Consistently, dinorΔ mutants displayed increased sensitivity to these stresses and were attenuated for virulence in mice. Moreover, genome-wide genetic interaction studies revealed links between the function of DINOR and TOR signalling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates the stress response. Identification of the mechanism(s) by which DINOR regulates stress responses in C. auris may provide future opportunities for the development of therapeutics.
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Li J, Li N, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Li X, Wang J, Xun H, Zhao J, Wang X, Wang T, Wang H, Liu B, Li Y, Gong L. Mutation of a major CG methylase alters genome-wide lncRNA expression in rice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6146525. [PMID: 33617633 PMCID: PMC8049413 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in diverse biological processes, and lncRNA expression is under epigenetic regulation, including by cytosine DNA methylation. However, it remains unclear whether 5-methylcytosine (5mC) plays a similar role in different sequence contexts (CG, CHG, and CHH). In this study, we characterized and compared the profiles of genome-wide lncRNA profiles (including long intergenic non-coding RNAs [lincRNAs] and long noncoding natural antisense transcripts [lncNATs]) of a null mutant of the rice DNA methyltransferase 1, OsMET1-2 (designated OsMET1-2-/-) and its isogenic wild type (OsMET1-2+/+). The En/Spm transposable element (TE) family, which was heavily methylated in OsMET1-2+/+, was transcriptionally de-repressed in OsMET1-2-/- due to genome-wide erasure of CG methylation, and this led to abundant production of specific lncRNAs. In addition, RdDM-mediated CHH hypermethylation was increased in the 5'-upstream genomic regions of lncRNAs in OsMET1-2-/-. The positive correlation between the expression of lincRNAs and that of their proximal protein-coding genes was also analyzed. Our study shows that CG methylation negatively regulates the TE-related expression of lncRNA and demonstrates that CHH methylation is also involved in the regulation of lncRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juzuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaochong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongwei Xun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics and Evolution, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education (MOE) for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Balarezo-Cisneros LN, Parker S, Fraczek MG, Timouma S, Wang P, O’Keefe RT, Millar CB, Delneri D. Functional and transcriptional profiling of non-coding RNAs in yeast reveal context-dependent phenotypes and in trans effects on the protein regulatory network. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008761. [PMID: 33493158 PMCID: PMC7886133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including the more recently identified Stable Unannotated Transcripts (SUTs) and Cryptic Unstable Transcripts (CUTs), are increasingly being shown to play pivotal roles in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of genes in eukaryotes. Here, we carried out a large-scale screening of ncRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and provide evidence for SUT and CUT function. Phenotypic data on 372 ncRNA deletion strains in 23 different growth conditions were collected, identifying ncRNAs responsible for significant cellular fitness changes. Transcriptome profiles were assembled for 18 haploid ncRNA deletion mutants and 2 essential ncRNA heterozygous deletants. Guided by the resulting RNA-seq data we analysed the genome-wide dysregulation of protein coding genes and non-coding transcripts. Novel functional ncRNAs, SUT125, SUT126, SUT035 and SUT532 that act in trans by modulating transcription factors were identified. Furthermore, we described the impact of SUTs and CUTs in modulating coding gene expression in response to different environmental conditions, regulating important biological process such as respiration (SUT125, SUT126, SUT035, SUT432), steroid biosynthesis (CUT494, SUT053, SUT468) or rRNA processing (SUT075 and snR30). Overall, these data capture and integrate the regulatory and phenotypic network of ncRNAs and protein-coding genes, providing genome-wide evidence of the impact of ncRNAs on cellular homeostasis. A quarter of the yeast genome comprises non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs), which do not translate into proteins but are involved in the regulation of gene expression. ncRNAs can affect nearby genes by physically interfering with their transcription (cis mode of action), or they interact with DNA, proteins or other RNAs to regulate the expression of distant genes (trans mode of action). Examples of cis-acting ncRNAs have been broadly described, however, genome-wide studies to identify functional trans-acting ncRNAs involved in global gene regulation are still lacking. Here, we used a ncRNA yeast deletion collection to score ncRNA impact on cellular function in different environmental conditions. A group of 20 ncRNA deletion mutants with broad fitness diversity were selected to investigate the ncRNA effect on the protein and ncRNA expression network. We showed a high correlation between altered phenotypes and global transcriptional changes, in an environmental dependent manner. We confirmed the trans acting regulation of ncRNAs in the genome and their role in altering the expression of transcription factors. These findings support the notion of the involvement of ncRNAs in fine tuning cellular expression via regulation of transcription factors, as an advantageous RNA-mediated mechanism that can be fast and cost-effective for the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Natalia Balarezo-Cisneros
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Parker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin G. Fraczek
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Soukaina Timouma
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Wang
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond T. O’Keefe
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine B. Millar
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CM); (DD)
| | - Daniela Delneri
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CM); (DD)
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Liu JC, Li QJ, He MH, Hu C, Dai P, Meng FL, Zhou BO, Zhou JQ. Swc4 positively regulates telomere length independently of its roles in NuA4 and SWR1 complexes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 48:12792-12803. [PMID: 33270890 PMCID: PMC7736797 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are essential for genome integrality and stability. In order to identify genes that sustain telomere maintenance independently of telomerase recruitment, we have exploited the phenotype of over-long telomeres in the cells that express Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein, and examined 195 strains, in which individual non-essential gene deletion causes telomere shortening. We have identified 24 genes whose deletion results in dramatic failure of Cdc13-Est2 function, including those encoding components of telomerase, Yku, KEOPS and NMD complexes, as well as quite a few whose functions are not obvious in telomerase activity regulation. We have characterized Swc4, a shared subunit of histone acetyltransferase NuA4 and chromatin remodeling SWR1 (SWR1-C) complexes, in telomere length regulation. Deletion of SWC4, but not other non-essential subunits of either NuA4 or SWR1-C, causes significant telomere shortening. Consistently, simultaneous disassembly of NuA4 and SWR1-C does not affect telomere length. Interestingly, inactivation of Swc4 in telomerase null cells accelerates both telomere shortening and senescence rates. Swc4 associates with telomeric DNA in vivo, suggesting a direct role of Swc4 at telomeres. Taken together, our work reveals a distinct role of Swc4 in telomere length regulation, separable from its canonical roles in both NuA4 and SWR1-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cheng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qian-Jin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Can Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pengfei Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo O Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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Structural insights into telomere protection and homeostasis regulation by yeast CST complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:752-762. [PMID: 32661422 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Budding yeast Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 (CST) complex plays an essential role in telomere protection and maintenance. Despite extensive studies, only structural information of individual domains of CST is available; the architecture of CST still remains unclear. Here, we report crystal structures of Kluyveromyces lactis Cdc13-telomeric-DNA, Cdc13-Stn1 and Stn1-Ten1 complexes and propose an integrated model depicting how CST assembles and plays its roles at telomeres. Surprisingly, two oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) folds of Cdc13 (OB2 and OB4), previously believed to mediate Cdc13 homodimerization, actually form a stable intramolecular interaction. This OB2-OB4 module of Cdc13 is required for the Cdc13-Stn1 interaction that assembles CST into an architecture with a central ring-like core and multiple peripheral modules in a 2:2:2 stoichiometry. Functional analyses indicate that this unique CST architecture is essential for both telomere capping and homeostasis regulation. Overall, our results provide fundamentally valuable structural information regarding the CST complex and its roles in telomere biology.
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10
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Kyriakou D, Constantinou M, Kirmizis A. Synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) interaction data of Hmt1 arginine methyltransferase. Data Brief 2020; 31:105885. [PMID: 32637492 PMCID: PMC7330151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of methyl groups on arginine residues is catalysed by Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMTs). However, the regulatory mechanisms that dictate the levels of protein arginine methylation within cells are still not completely understood. We employed Synthetic Dosage Lethality (SDL) screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for the identification of putative regulators of arginine methylation mediated by Hmt1 (HnRNP methyltransferase 1), ortholog of human PRMT1. We developed an SDL array of 4548 yeast strains in which each strain contained a single non-essential gene deletion, in combination with a galactose-inducible construct overexpressing wild-type (WT) Hmt1-HZ tagged protein. We identified 129 consistent SDL interactions for WT Hmt1-HZ which represented genes whose deletion displayed significant growth reduction when combined with WT Hmt1 overexpression. To identify among the SDL interactions those that were dependent on the methyltransferase activity of Hmt1, SDL screens were repeated using an array overexpressing a catalytically inactive Hmt1(G68R)-HZ protein. Furthermore, an additional SDL control screen was performed using an array overexpressing only the protein tag HZ (His6—HA-ZZ) to eliminate false-positive SDL interactions. This analysis has led to a dataset of 50 high-confidence SDL interactions of WT Hmt1 which enrich eight Gene Ontology biological process terms. This dataset can be further exploited in biochemical and functional studies to illuminate which of the SDL interactors of Hmt1 correspond to factors implicated in the regulation of Hmt1-mediated arginine methylation and reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kyriakou
- EFEVRE TECH LTD, Larnaca, Cyprus.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Ave, Nicosia, Aglantzia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Mamantia Constantinou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Ave, Nicosia, Aglantzia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Ave, Nicosia, Aglantzia 2109, Cyprus
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11
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Bheda P, Aguilar-Gómez D, Becker NB, Becker J, Stavrou E, Kukhtevich I, Höfer T, Maerkl S, Charvin G, Marr C, Kirmizis A, Schneider R. Single-Cell Tracing Dissects Regulation of Maintenance and Inheritance of Transcriptional Reinduction Memory. Mol Cell 2020; 78:915-925.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Sosa Ponce ML, Moradi-Fard S, Zaremberg V, Cobb JA. SUNny Ways: The Role of the SUN-Domain Protein Mps3 Bridging Yeast Nuclear Organization and Lipid Homeostasis. Front Genet 2020; 11:136. [PMID: 32184804 PMCID: PMC7058695 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mps3 is a SUN (Sad1-UNC-84) domain-containing protein that is located in the inner nuclear membrane (INM). Genetic screens with multiple Mps3 mutants have suggested that distinct regions of Mps3 function in relative isolation and underscore the broad involvement of Mps3 in multiple pathways including mitotic spindle formation, telomere maintenance, and lipid metabolism. These pathways have largely been characterized in isolation, without a holistic consideration for how key regulatory events within one pathway might impinge on other aspects of biology at the nuclear membrane. Mps3 is uniquely positioned to function in these multiple pathways as its N- terminus is in the nucleoplasm, where it is important for telomere anchoring at the nuclear periphery, and its C-terminus is in the lumen, where it has links with lipid metabolic processes. Emerging work suggests that the role of Mps3 in nuclear organization and lipid homeostasis are not independent, but more connected. For example, a failure in regulating Mps3 levels through the cell cycle leads to nuclear morphological abnormalities and loss of viability, suggesting a link between the N-terminal domain of Mps3 and nuclear envelope homeostasis. We will highlight work suggesting that Mps3 is pivotal factor in communicating events between the nucleus and the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Sosa Ponce
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Moradi-Fard
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Cobb
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Wang Z, Jiang Y, Wu H, Xie X, Huang B. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Prediction of Long Non-coding RNAs Involved in the Heat Stress Response in Metarhizium robertsii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2336. [PMID: 31649657 PMCID: PMC6794563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in stress responses. To date, only a few studies have reported the role of lncRNAs in insect-pathogenic fungi. Here, we report a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of lncRNAs produced in response to heat stress in Metarhizium robertsii, a model insect-pathogenic fungus, using strand-specific RNA sequencing. A total of 1655 lncRNAs with 1742 isoforms were identified, of which 1081 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were characterized as being heat responsive. By characterizing their genomic structures and expression patterns, we found that the lncRNAs possessed shorter transcripts, fewer exons, and lower expression levels than the protein-coding genes in M. robertsii. Furthermore, target prediction analysis of the lncRNAs revealed thousands of potential DE lncRNA–messenger RNA (mRNA) pairs, among which 5381 pairs function in the cis-regulatory mode. Further pathway enrichment analysis of the corresponding cis-regulated target genes showed that the targets were significantly enriched in the following biological pathways: the Hippo signaling pathway and cell cycle. This finding suggested that these DE lncRNAs control the expression of their corresponding neighboring genes primarily through environmental information processing and cellular processes. Moreover, only 26 trans-regulated lncRNA–mRNA pairs were determined. In addition, among the targets of heat-responsive lncRNAs, two classic genes that may be involved in the response to heat stress were also identified, including hsp70 (XM_007821830 and XM_007825705). These findings expand our knowledge of lncRNAs as important regulators of the response to heat stress in filamentous fungi, including M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyun Xie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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14
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A current view on long noncoding RNAs in yeast and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7319-7331. [PMID: 29974182 PMCID: PMC6097775 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial players in epigenetic regulation. They were initially discovered in human, yet they emerged as common factors involved in a number of central cellular processes in several eukaryotes. For example, in the past decade, research on lncRNAs in yeast has steadily increased. Several examples of lncRNAs were described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Also, screenings for lncRNAs in ascomycetes were performed and, just recently, the first full characterization of a lncRNA was performed in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. In this review, we provide a broad overview about currently known fugal lncRNAs. We make an attempt to categorize them according to their functional context, regulatory strategies or special properties. Moreover, the potential of lncRNAs as a biotechnological tool is discussed.
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15
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Yeast KEOPS complex regulates telomere length independently of its t 6A modification function. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:247-257. [PMID: 29804714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the highly conserved Sua5 and KEOPS complex (including five subunits Kae1, Bud32, Cgi121, Pcc1 and Gon7) catalyze a universal tRNA modification, namely N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A), and regulate telomere replication and recombination. However, whether telomere regulation function of Sua5 and KEOPS complex depends on the t6A modification activity remains unclear. Here we show that Sua5 and KEOPS regulate telomere length in the same genetic pathway. Interestingly, the telomere length regulation by KEOPS is independent of its t6A biosynthesis activity. Cytoplasmic overexpression of Qri7, a functional counterpart of KEOPS in mitochondria, restores cytosolic tRNA t6A modification and cell growth, but is not sufficient to rescue telomere length in the KEOPS mutant kae1Δ cells, indicating that a t6A modification-independent function is responsible for the telomere regulation. The results of our in vitro biochemical and in vivo genetic assays suggest that telomerase RNA TLC1 might not be modified by Sua5 and KEOPS. Moreover, deletion of KEOPS subunits results in a dramatic reduction of telomeric G-overhang, suggesting that KEOPS regulates telomere length by promoting G-overhang generation. These findings support a model in which KEOPS regulates telomere replication independently of its function on tRNA modification.
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16
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Parker S, Fraczek MG, Wu J, Shamsah S, Manousaki A, Dungrattanalert K, de Almeida RA, Invernizzi E, Burgis T, Omara W, Griffiths-Jones S, Delneri D, O’Keefe RT. Large-scale profiling of noncoding RNA function in yeast. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007253. [PMID: 29529031 PMCID: PMC5864082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of cellular function. We have exploited the recently developed barcoded ncRNA gene deletion strain collections in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the numerous ncRNAs in yeast with no known function. The ncRNA deletion collection contains deletions of tRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, stable unannotated transcripts (SUTs), cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) and other annotated ncRNAs encompassing 532 different individual ncRNA deletions. We have profiled the fitness of the diploid heterozygous ncRNA deletion strain collection in six conditions using batch and continuous liquid culture, as well as the haploid ncRNA deletion strain collections arrayed individually onto solid rich media. These analyses revealed many novel environmental-specific haplo-insufficient and haplo-proficient phenotypes providing key information on the importance of each specific ncRNA in every condition. Co-fitness analysis using fitness data from the heterozygous ncRNA deletion strain collection identified two ncRNA groups required for growth during heat stress and nutrient deprivation. The extensive fitness data for each ncRNA deletion strain has been compiled into an easy to navigate database called Yeast ncRNA Analysis (YNCA). By expanding the original ncRNA deletion strain collection we identified four novel essential ncRNAs; SUT527, SUT075, SUT367 and SUT259/691. We defined the effects of each new essential ncRNA on adjacent gene expression in the heterozygote background identifying both repression and induction of nearby genes. Additionally, we discovered a function for SUT527 in the expression, 3' end formation and localization of SEC4, an essential protein coding mRNA. Finally, using plasmid complementation we rescued the SUT075 lethal phenotype revealing that this ncRNA acts in trans. Overall, our findings provide important new insights into the function of ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Parker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin G. Fraczek
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Wu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Shamsah
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alkisti Manousaki
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kobchai Dungrattanalert
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rogerio Alves de Almeida
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Invernizzi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Burgis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Walid Omara
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Delneri
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond T. O’Keefe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Parker S, Fraczek MG, Wu J, Shamsah S, Manousaki A, Dungrattanalert K, de Almeida RA, Estrada-Rivadeneyra D, Omara W, Delneri D, O'Keefe RT. A resource for functional profiling of noncoding RNA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1166-1171. [PMID: 28468764 PMCID: PMC5513061 DOI: 10.1261/rna.061564.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are extensively transcribed, generating many different RNAs with no known function. We have constructed 1502 molecular barcoded ncRNA gene deletion strains encompassing 443 ncRNAs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as tools for ncRNA functional analysis. This resource includes deletions of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and other annotated ncRNAs as well as the more recently identified stable unannotated transcripts (SUTs) and cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) whose functions are largely unknown. Specifically, deletions have been constructed for ncRNAs found in the intergenic regions, not overlapping genes or their promoters (i.e., at least 200 bp minimum distance from the closest gene start codon). The deletion strains carry molecular barcodes designed to be complementary with the protein gene deletion collection enabling parallel analysis experiments. These strains will be useful for the numerous genomic and molecular techniques that utilize deletion strains, including genome-wide phenotypic screens under different growth conditions, pooled chemogenomic screens with drugs or chemicals, synthetic genetic array analysis to uncover novel genetic interactions, and synthetic dosage lethality screens to analyze gene dosage. Overall, we created a valuable resource for the RNA community and for future ncRNA research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Wu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Shamsah
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rogerio Alves de Almeida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Estrada-Rivadeneyra
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Walid Omara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya 11432, Egypt
| | | | - Raymond T O'Keefe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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