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Mitchell LJ, Phelan A, Cortesi F, Marshall NJ, Chung WS, Osorio DC, Cheney KL. Ultraviolet vision in anemonefish improves colour discrimination. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247425. [PMID: 38586934 PMCID: PMC11057877 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In many animals, ultraviolet (UV) vision guides navigation, foraging, and communication, but few studies have addressed the contribution of UV signals to colour vision, or measured UV discrimination thresholds using behavioural experiments. Here, we tested UV colour vision in an anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) using a five-channel (RGB-V-UV) LED display. We first determined that the maximal sensitivity of the A. ocellaris UV cone was ∼386 nm using microspectrophotometry. Three additional cone spectral sensitivities had maxima at ∼497, 515 and ∼535 nm. We then behaviourally measured colour discrimination thresholds by training anemonefish to distinguish a coloured target pixel from grey distractor pixels of varying intensity. Thresholds were calculated for nine sets of colours with and without UV signals. Using a tetrachromatic vision model, we found that anemonefish were better (i.e. discrimination thresholds were lower) at discriminating colours when target pixels had higher UV chromatic contrast. These colours caused a greater stimulation of the UV cone relative to other cone types. These findings imply that a UV component of colour signals and cues improves their detectability, which likely increases the prominence of anemonefish body patterns for communication and the silhouette of zooplankton prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J. Mitchell
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amelia Phelan
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - N. Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wen-sung Chung
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C. Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Karen L. Cheney
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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2
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Hayashi K, Locke NJM, Laudet V. Counting Nemo: anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris identify species by number of white bars. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246357. [PMID: 38301046 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The brilliant colors of coral reef fish have received much research attention. This is well exemplified by anemonefish, which have distinct white bar patterns and inhabit host anemones and defend them as a territory. The 28 described species have between 0 and 3 white bars present, which has been suggested to be important for species recognition. In the present study, we found that Amphiprion ocellaris (a species that displays three white bars) hatched and reared in aquaria, when faced with an intruder fish, attacked their own species more frequently than other species of intruding anemonefish. Additionally, we explicitly tested whether this species could distinguish models with different numbers of bars. For this, 120 individuals of A. ocellaris were presented with four different models (no bars, and 1, 2 and 3 bars) and we compared whether the frequency of aggressive behavior towards the model differed according to the number of bars. The frequency of aggressive behavior toward the 3-bar model was the same as against living A. ocellaris, and was higher than towards any of the other models. We conclude that A. ocellaris use the number of white bars as a cue to identify and attack only competitors that might use the same host. We considered this as an important behavior for efficient host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kina Hayashi
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Noah J M Locke
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dah-Uen Rd, Jiau Shi, I-Lan 262, Taiwan
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3
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Staps M, Miller PW, Tarnita CE, Mallarino R. Development shapes the evolutionary diversification of rodent stripe patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312077120. [PMID: 37871159 PMCID: PMC10636316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312077120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate groups have evolved strikingly diverse color patterns. However, it remains unknown to what extent the diversification of such patterns has been shaped by the proximate, developmental mechanisms that regulate their formation. While these developmental mechanisms have long been inaccessible empirically, here we take advantage of recent insights into rodent pattern formation to investigate the role of development in shaping pattern diversification across rodents. Based on a broad survey of museum specimens, we first establish that various rodents have independently evolved diverse patterns consisting of longitudinal stripes, varying across species in number, color, and relative positioning. We then interrogate this diversity using a simple model that incorporates recent molecular and developmental insights into stripe formation in African striped mice. Our results suggest that, on the one hand, development has facilitated pattern diversification: The diversity of patterns seen across species can be generated by a single developmental process, and small changes in this process suffice to recapitulate observed evolutionary changes in pattern organization. On the other hand, development has constrained diversification: Constraints on stripe positioning limit the scope of evolvable patterns, and although pattern organization appears at first glance phylogenetically unconstrained, development turns out to impose a cryptic constraint. Altogether, this work reveals that pattern diversification in rodents can in part be explained by the underlying development and illustrates how pattern formation models can be leveraged to interpret pattern evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn Staps
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Pearson W. Miller
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY10010
| | - Corina E. Tarnita
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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4
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Herrera M, Ravasi T, Laudet V. Anemonefishes: A model system for evolutionary genomics. F1000Res 2023; 12:204. [PMID: 37928172 PMCID: PMC10624958 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130752.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemonefishes are an iconic group of coral reef fish particularly known for their mutualistic relationship with sea anemones. This mutualism is especially intriguing as it likely prompted the rapid diversification of anemonefish. Understanding the genomic architecture underlying this process has indeed become one of the holy grails of evolutionary research in these fishes. Recently, anemonefishes have also been used as a model system to study the molecular basis of highly complex traits such as color patterning, social sex change, larval dispersal and life span. Extensive genomic resources including several high-quality reference genomes, a linkage map, and various genetic tools have indeed enabled the identification of genomic features controlling some of these fascinating attributes, but also provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to changing environments. Here, we review the latest findings and new avenues of research that have led to this group of fish being regarded as a model for evolutionary genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Herrera
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dah-Uen Rd, Jiau Shi I-Lan 262, Taiwan
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5
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Moore B, Herrera M, Gairin E, Li C, Miura S, Jolly J, Mercader M, Izumiyama M, Kawai E, Ravasi T, Laudet V, Ryu T. The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into the melanic pigmentation of anemonefish. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:6982751. [PMID: 36626199 PMCID: PMC9997566 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anemonefish are an emerging group of model organisms for studying genetic, ecological, evolutionary, and developmental traits of coral reef fish. The yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii possesses species-specific characteristics such as inter-species co-habitation, high intra-species color variation, no anemone specificity, and a broad geographic distribution, that can increase our understanding of anemonefish evolutionary history, behavioral strategies, fish-anemone symbiosis, and color pattern evolution. Despite its position as an emerging model species, the genome of A. clarkii is yet to be published. Using PacBio long-read sequencing and Hi-C chromatin capture technology, we generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly initially comprised of 1,840 contigs with an N50 of 1,203,211 bp. These contigs were successfully anchored into 24 chromosomes of 843,582,782 bp and annotated with 25,050 protein-coding genes encompassing 97.0% of conserved actinopterygian genes, making the quality and completeness of this genome the highest among all published anemonefish genomes to date. Transcriptomic analysis identified tissue-specific gene expression patterns, with the brain and optic lobe having the largest number of expressed genes. Further analyses revealed higher copy numbers of erbb3b (a gene involved in melanocyte development) in A. clarkii compared with other anemonefish, thus suggesting a possible link between erbb3b and the natural melanism polymorphism observed in A. clarkii. The publication of this high-quality genome, along with A. clarkii's many unique traits, position this species as an ideal model organism for addressing scientific questions across a range of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Moore
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Marcela Herrera
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Emma Gairin
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chengze Li
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Saori Miura
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Jolly
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Manon Mercader
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Michael Izumiyama
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Erina Kawai
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.,Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, I-Lan 262, Taiwan
| | - Taewoo Ryu
- Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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6
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Mitchell LJ, Cortesi F, Marshall NJ, Cheney KL. Higher ultraviolet skin reflectance signals submissiveness in the anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:19-32. [PMID: 36789393 PMCID: PMC9918861 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) vision is widespread among teleost fishes, of which many exhibit UV skin colors for communication. However, aside from its role in mate selection, few studies have examined the information UV signaling conveys in other socio-behavioral contexts. Anemonefishes (subfamily, Amphiprioninae) live in a fascinating dominance hierarchy, in which a large female and male dominate over non-breeding subordinates, and body size is the primary cue for dominance. The iconic orange and white bars of anemonefishes are highly UV-reflective, and their color vision is well tuned to perceive the chromatic contrast of skin, which we show here decreases in the amount of UV reflectance with increasing social rank. To test the function of their UV-skin signals, we compared the outcomes of staged contests over dominance between size-matched Barrier Reef anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos) in aquarium chambers viewed under different UV-absorbing filters. Fish under UV-blocking filters were more likely to win contests, where fish under no-filter or neutral-density filter were more likely to submit. For contests between fish in no-filter and neutral density filter treatments, light treatment had no effect on contest outcome (win/lose). We also show that sub-adults were more aggressive toward smaller juveniles placed under a UV filter than a neutral density filter. Taken together, our results show that UV reflectance or UV contrast in anemonefish can modulate aggression and encode dominant and submissive cues, when changes in overall intensity are controlled for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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7
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Hayashi K, Tachihara K, Reimer JD, Laudet V. Colour patterns influence symbiosis and competition in the anemonefish-host anemone symbiosis system. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221576. [PMID: 36196541 PMCID: PMC9532990 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour patterns in fish are often used as an important medium for communication. Anemonefish, characterized by specific patterns of white bars, inhabit host anemones and defend the area around an anemone as their territory. The host anemone is used not only by the anemonefish, but also by other fish species that use anemones as temporary shelters. Anemonefish may be able to identify potential competitors by their colour patterns. We first examined the colour patterns of fish using host anemones inhabited by Amphiprion ocellaris as shelter and compared them with the patterns of fish using surrounding scleractinian corals. There were no fish with bars sheltering in host anemones, although many fish with bars were found in surrounding corals. Next, two fish models, one with white bars and the other with white stripes on a black background, were presented to an A. ocellaris colony. The duration of aggressive behaviour towards the bar model was significantly longer than that towards the stripe model. We conclude that differences in aggressive behaviour by the anemonefish possibly select the colour patterns of cohabiting fish. This study indicates that colour patterns may influence not only intraspecific interactions but also interspecific interactions in coral reef ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kina Hayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tachihara
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dah-Uen Rd, Jiau Shi I-Lan 262, Taiwan
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8
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de Gier W, Groenhof M, Fransen CH. Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae). CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-bja10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Marine symbiotic Palaemonidae, comprising over 600 species, live in association with marine invertebrates of different phyla, like Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Porifera, and Tunicata. A phylogenetic study is performed on a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated endosymbiotic shrimp species (Caridea: Palaemonidae), using morphological and molecular data. A Total Evidence approach is used in order to include all currently known ingroup species in an evolutionary framework. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses are performed to identify host-switching events and ancestral ranges. The clade, including Ascidonia, Conchodytes, Dactylonia, Odontonia, and Pontonia, and various smaller genera, is recovered as monophyletic, with an ascidian-associated ancestral host state. At least six interphylum host switches are tentatively identified, with members of Odontonia and Notopontonia switching back to an ascidian host affiliation after the ancestral host switch of the clade including Conchodytes, Odontonia and related genera, from an ascidian- to a bivalve host. The clade including Ascidonia and Pontonia was recovered to have an ancestor with an East Pacific/Atlantic distribution. The other studied genera remained in the original ancestral Indo-West Pacific range. We hypothesize that similar internal environments of shrimp hosts from different phyla will function as hot spots for interphylum host switching in various lineages of symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner de Gier
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Mike Groenhof
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Hemingson CR, Mihalitsis M, Bellwood DR. Are fish communities on coral reefs becoming less colourful? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3321-3332. [PMID: 35294088 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An organism's colouration is often linked to the environment in which it lives. The fishes that inhabit coral reefs are extremely diverse in colouration, but the specific environmental factors that support this extreme diversity remain unclear. Interestingly, much of the aesthetic and intrinsic value humans place on coral reefs (a core ecosystem service they provide) is based on this extreme diversity of colours. However, like many processes on coral reefs, the relationship between colouration and the environment is likely to be impacted by global environmental change. Using a novel community-level measure of fish colouration, as perceived by humans, we explore the potential links between fish community colouration and the environment. We then asked if this relationship is impacted by human-induced environmental disturbances, e.g. mass coral bleaching events, using a community-level dataset spanning 27 years on the Great Barrier Reef. We found that the diversity of colours found within a fish community is directly related to the composition of the local environment. Areas with a higher cover of structurally complex corals contained fish species with more diverse and brighter colourations. Most notably, fish community colouration contracted significantly in the years following the 1998 global coral bleaching event. Fishes with colouration directly appealing to human aesthetics are becoming increasingly rare, with the potential for marked declines in the perceived colour of reef fish communities in the near future. Future reefs may not be the colourful ecosystems we recognize today, representing the loss of a culturally significant ecosystem service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hemingson
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Function, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Michalis Mihalitsis
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Function, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Function, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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10
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Mitchell LJ, Tettamanti V, Rhodes JS, Marshall NJ, Cheney KL, Cortesi F. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated generation of biallelic F0 anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) mutants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261331. [PMID: 34910772 PMCID: PMC8673619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic manipulation is a useful approach for elucidating the molecular pathways underlying aspects of development, physiology, and behaviour. However, a lack of gene-editing tools appropriated for use in reef fishes has meant the genetic underpinnings for many of their unique traits remain to be investigated. One iconic group of reef fishes ideal for applying this technique are anemonefishes (Amphiprioninae) as they are widely studied for their symbiosis with anemones, sequential hermaphroditism, complex social hierarchies, skin pattern development, and vision, and are raised relatively easily in aquaria. In this study, we developed a gene-editing protocol for applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the false clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris. Microinjection of zygotes was used to demonstrate the successful use of our CRISPR/Cas9 approach at two separate target sites: the rhodopsin-like 2B opsin encoding gene (RH2B) involved in vision, and Tyrosinase-producing gene (tyr) involved in the production of melanin. Analysis of the sequenced target gene regions in A. ocellaris embryos showed that uptake was as high as 73.3% of injected embryos. Further analysis of the subcloned mutant gene sequences combined with amplicon shotgun sequencing revealed that our approach had a 75% to 100% efficiency in producing biallelic mutations in F0 A. ocellaris embryos. Moreover, we clearly show a loss-of-function in tyr mutant embryos which exhibited typical hypomelanistic phenotypes. This protocol is intended as a useful starting point to further explore the potential application of CRISPR/Cas9 in A. ocellaris, as a platform for studying gene function in anemonefishes and other reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J. Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Valerio Tettamanti
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin S. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - N. Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen L. Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Yamanaka S, Okada Y, Furuta T, Kinoshita M. Establishment of culture and microinjection methods for false clownfish embryos without parental care. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:459-466. [PMID: 34786704 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anemonefish, including the false clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris, are attractive model organisms because of their unique features, such as sex change and brilliant color patterns in mutants. However, anemonefish are not widely used to study gene function using reverse genetic approaches owing to microinjection difficulties and subsequent rearing and hatching of embryos without parental care. A. ocellaris embryos are spawned on a hard substrate and cared for by their parents until hatching. However, the eggs need to be detached from the substrate and raised without their parents to perform successful microinjection. We established a method to culture and hatch A. ocellaris embryos without spawning substrates or parental care. We found that changing water and generating water flow are critical for culturing the embryos, and that water flow (as physical stimulation) and complete darkness in the dark period are necessary for successful hatching. We further investigated the effectiveness of microinjection into the yolk sac of fertilized eggs rather than into the cytoplasm, which makes microinjection easier. A reporter RNA injected into the yolk sac was transferred to the cytoplasm and translated, indicating that yolk sac microinjection is an efficient alternative as has been used for zebrafish. These findings highlight the potential of A. ocellaris as an experimental model organism for reverse genetics, and our methods could be applied to other anemonefish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakuto Yamanaka
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Furuta
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Salis P, Lee S, Roux N, Lecchini D, Laudet V. The real Nemo movie: Description of embryonic development in Amphiprion ocellaris from first division to hatching. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1651-1667. [PMID: 33899313 PMCID: PMC8597122 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amphiprion ocellaris is one of the rare reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. It is increasingly used as a model species for Eco-Evo-Devo. Therefore, it is important to have an embryonic development table based on high quality images that will allow for standardized sampling by the scientific community. RESULTS Here we provide high-resolution time-lapse videos to accompany a detailed description of embryonic development in A ocellaris. We describe a series of developmental stages and we define six broad periods of embryogenesis: zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and organogenesis that we further subdivide into 32 stages. These periods highlight the changing spectrum of major developmental processes that occur during embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS We provide an easy system for the determination of embryonic stages, enabling the development of A ocellaris as a coral reef fish model species. This work will facilitate evolutionary development studies, in particular studies of the relationship between climate change and developmental trajectories in the context of coral reefs. Thanks to its lifestyle, complex behavior, and ecology, A ocellaris will undoubtedly become a very attractive model in a wide range of biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls‐sur‐Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOMSorbonne Université ParisBanyuls‐sur‐MerFrance
- EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBEPSL UniversityMooreaFrench Polynesia
| | - Shu‐hua Lee
- Lab of Marine Eco‐Evo‐Devo, Marine Research StationInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls‐sur‐Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOMSorbonne Université ParisBanyuls‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - David Lecchini
- EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBEPSL UniversityMooreaFrench Polynesia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Lab of Marine Eco‐Evo‐Devo, Marine Research StationInstitute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Marine Eco‐Evo‐Devo UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOnna sonOkinawaJapan
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13
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Schwartz ST, Alfaro ME. Sashimi
: A toolkit for facilitating high‐throughput organismal image segmentation using deep learning. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T. Schwartz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Michael E. Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California USA
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14
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Klann M, Mercader M, Carlu L, Hayashi K, Reimer JD, Laudet V. Variation on a theme: pigmentation variants and mutants of anemonefish. EvoDevo 2021; 12:8. [PMID: 34147131 PMCID: PMC8214269 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation patterning systems are of great interest to understand how changes in developmental mechanisms can lead to a wide variety of patterns. These patterns are often conspicuous, but their origins remain elusive for many marine fish species. Dismantling a biological system allows a better understanding of the required components and the deciphering of how such complex systems are established and function. Valuable information can be obtained from detailed analyses and comparisons of pigmentation patterns of mutants and/or variants from normal patterns. Anemonefishes have been popular marine fish in aquaculture for many years, which has led to the isolation of several mutant lines, and in particular color alterations, that have become very popular in the pet trade. Additionally, scattered information about naturally occurring aberrant anemonefish is available on various websites and image platforms. In this review, the available information on anemonefish color pattern alterations has been gathered and compiled in order to characterize and compare different mutations. With the global picture of anemonefish mutants and variants emerging from this, such as presence or absence of certain phenotypes, information on the patterning system itself can be gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Klann
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Manon Mercader
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Lilian Carlu
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Kina Hayashi
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Lab, Graduate School of the Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Lab, Graduate School of the Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (ICOB), Academia Sinica, 23-10, Dah-Uen Rd, Jiau Shi, I-Lan 262, I-Lan, Taiwan.
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15
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Wang C, Lu B, Li T, Liang G, Xu M, Liu X, Tao W, Zhou L, Kocher TD, Wang D. Nile Tilapia: A Model for Studying Teleost Color Patterns. J Hered 2021; 112:469-484. [PMID: 34027978 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse color patterns of cichlid fishes play an important role in mate choice and speciation. Here we develop the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a model system for studying the developmental genetics of cichlid color patterns. We identified 4 types of pigment cells: melanophores, xanthophores, iridophores and erythrophores, and characterized their first appearance in wild-type fish. We mutated 25 genes involved in melanogenesis, pteridine metabolism, and the carotenoid absorption and cleavage pathways. Among the 25 mutated genes, 13 genes had a phenotype in both the F0 and F2 generations. None of F1 heterozygotes had phenotype. By comparing the color pattern of our mutants with that of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp), a natural mutant produced during hybridization of tilapia species, we found that the pigmentation of the body and eye is controlled by different genes. Previously studied genes like mitf, kita/kitlga, pmel, tyrb, hps4, gch2, csf1ra, pax7b, and bco2b were proved to be of great significance for color patterning in tilapia. Our results suggested that tilapia, a fish with 4 types of pigment cells and a vertically barred wild-type color pattern, together with various natural and artificially induced color gene mutants, can serve as an excellent model system for study color patterning in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas D Kocher
- the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Thyroid hormones regulate the formation and environmental plasticity of white bars in clownfishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101634118. [PMID: 34031155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining how plasticity of developmental traits responds to environmental conditions is a challenge that must combine evolutionary sciences, ecology, and developmental biology. During metamorphosis, fish alter their morphology and color pattern according to environmental cues. We observed that juvenile clownfish (Amphiprion percula) modulate the developmental timing of their adult white bar formation during metamorphosis depending on the sea anemone species in which they are recruited. We observed an earlier formation of white bars when clownfish developed with Stichodactyla gigantea (Sg) than with Heteractis magnifica (Hm). As these bars, composed of iridophores, form during metamorphosis, we hypothesized that timing of their development may be thyroid hormone (TH) dependent. We treated clownfish larvae with TH and found that white bars developed earlier than in control fish. We further observed higher TH levels, associated with rapid white bar formation, in juveniles recruited in Sg than in Hm, explaining the faster white bar formation. Transcriptomic analysis of Sg recruits revealed higher expression of duox, a dual oxidase implicated in TH production as compared to Hm recruits. Finally, we showed that duox is an essential regulator of iridophore pattern timing in zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that TH controls the timing of adult color pattern formation and that shifts in duox expression and TH levels are associated with ecological differences resulting in divergent ontogenetic trajectories in color pattern development.
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17
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Tang KL, Stiassny MLJ, Mayden RL, DeSalle R. Systematics of Damselfishes. ICHTHYOLOGY & HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1643/i2020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Tang
- University of Michigan–Flint, Department of Biology, 303 East Kearsley St., Flint, Michigan 48502; . Send reprint requests to this address
| | - Melanie L. J. Stiassny
- American Museum of Natural History, Department of Ichthyology, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, New York 10024;
| | - Richard L. Mayden
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63103;
| | - Robert DeSalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, New York 10024;
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18
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Hemingson CR, Siqueira AC, Cowman PF, Bellwood DR. Drivers of eyespot evolution in coral reef fishes. Evolution 2021; 75:903-914. [PMID: 33600608 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evolution via natural selection has continually shaped the coloration of numerous organisms. One coloration of particular importance is the eyespot: a phylogenetically widespread, conspicuous marking that has been shown to effectively reduce predation, often through its resemblance to the eye. Although widely studied, most research has been experimental in nature. We approach eyespots using a comparative phylogenetic framework that is global in scope. Herein, we identify the potential drivers of eyespot evolution in coral reef fishes; essentially the rules that govern their appearance in this group of organisms. We surveyed 2664 reef fish species (42% of all described reef fish species) and found that eyespots are present in approximately one in every 10 species. Most eyespots occur in closely related species and have been present in some families for over 50 million years. Focusing on damselfishes (family: Pomacentridae) as a study group, we reveal that eyespots are rare in planktivorous species, which is likely driven by the predation risk associated with their feeding location. Using a heatmapping technique, we also show that the location of eyespots is fundamentally different in active fishes that swim above the benthos vs. cryptobenthic fishes that rest on the benthos. These location differences may reflect different functions of eyespots among reef fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hemingson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Alexandre C Siqueira
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Peter F Cowman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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19
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Roux N, Logeux V, Trouillard N, Pillot R, Magré K, Salis P, Lecchini D, Besseau L, Laudet V, Romans P. A star is born again: Methods for larval rearing of an emerging model organism, the False clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2021; 336:376-385. [PMID: 33539680 PMCID: PMC8248105 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As interest increases in ecological, evolutionary, and developmental biology (Eco‐Evo‐Devo), wild species are increasingly used as experimental models. However, we are still lacking a suitable model for marine fish species, as well as coral reef fishes that can be reared at laboratory scales. Extensive knowledge of the life cycle of anemonefishes, and the peculiarities of their biology, make them relevant marine fish models for developmental biology, ecology, and evolutionary sciences. Here, we present standard methods to maintain breeding pairs of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris in captivity, obtain regular good quality spawning, and protocols to ensure larval survival throughout rearing. We provide a detailed description of the anemonefish husbandry system and life prey culturing protocols. Finally, a “low‐volume” rearing protocol useful for the pharmacological treatment of larvae is presented. Such methods are important as strict requirements for large volumes in rearing tanks often inhibit continuous treatments with expensive or rare compounds. This paper describes how to set up a rearing system for anemone fishes at the laboratory scale as this species is becoming a relevant marine fish model to tackle Eco‐Evo‐Devo questions. We detail two rearing methods, one consisting of classical rearing conditions and the other one consisting of low‐volume conditions (500 ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Roux
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Valentin Logeux
- CNRS, FR3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nancy Trouillard
- CNRS, FR3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Rémi Pillot
- CNRS, FR3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Kévin Magré
- CNRS, FR3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pauline Salis
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,EPHE-UPVD-CNRS-USR 3278 CRIOBE BP 1013, PSL Research University, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - David Lecchini
- EPHE-UPVD-CNRS-USR 3278 CRIOBE BP 1013, PSL Research University, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Laurence Besseau
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan.,Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Pascal Romans
- CNRS, FR3724, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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20
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Roux N, Salis P, Lee SH, Besseau L, Laudet V. Anemonefish, a model for Eco-Evo-Devo. EvoDevo 2020; 11:20. [PMID: 33042514 PMCID: PMC7539381 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemonefish, are a group of about 30 species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) that have long aroused the interest of coral reef fish ecologists. Combining a series of original biological traits and practical features in their breeding that are described in this paper, anemonefish are now emerging as an experimental system of interest for developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary sciences. They are small sized and relatively easy to breed in specific husbandries, unlike the large-sized marine fish used for aquaculture. Because they live in highly structured social groups in sea anemones, anemonefish allow addressing a series of relevant scientific questions such as the social control of growth and sex change, the mechanisms controlling symbiosis, the establishment and variation of complex color patterns, and the regulation of aging. Combined with the use of behavioral experiments, that can be performed in the lab or directly in the wild, as well as functional genetics and genomics, anemonefish provide an attractive experimental system for Eco-Evo-Devo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Roux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR « Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins », BIOM, 1, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pauline Salis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR « Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins », BIOM, 1, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Lab of Marine Eco-Evo-Devo, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR « Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins », BIOM, 1, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Lab of Marine Eco-Evo-Devo, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna son, Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
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21
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Lewis JJ, Van Belleghem SM. Mechanisms of Change: A Population-Based Perspective on the Roles of Modularity and Pleiotropy in Diversification. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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22
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Cortesi F, Mitchell LJ, Tettamanti V, Fogg LG, de Busserolles F, Cheney KL, Marshall NJ. Visual system diversity in coral reef fishes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 106:31-42. [PMID: 32593517 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are one of the most species rich and colourful habitats on earth and for many coral reef teleosts, vision is central to their survival and reproduction. The diversity of reef fish visual systems arises from variations in ocular and retinal anatomy, neural processing and, perhaps most easily revealed by, the peak spectral absorbance of visual pigments. This review examines the interplay between retinal morphology and light environment across a number of reef fish species, but mainly focusses on visual adaptations at the molecular level (i.e. visual pigment structure). Generally, visual pigments tend to match the overall light environment or micro-habitat, with fish inhabiting greener, inshore waters possessing longer wavelength-shifted visual pigments than open water blue-shifted species. In marine fishes, particularly those that live on the reef, most species have between two (likely dichromatic) to four (possible tetrachromatic) cone spectral sensitivities and a single rod for crepuscular vision; however, most are trichromatic with three spectral sensitivities. In addition to variation in spectral sensitivity number, spectral placement of the absorbance maximum (λmax) also has a surprising degree of variability. Variation in ocular and retinal anatomy is also observed at several levels in reef fishes but is best represented by differences in arrangement, density and distribution of neural cell types across the retina (i.e. retinal topography). Here, we focus on the seven reef fish families most comprehensively studied to date to examine and compare how behaviour, environment, activity period, ontogeny and phylogeny might interact to generate the exceptional diversity in visual system design that we observe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cortesi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Laurie J Mitchell
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Valerio Tettamanti
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lily G Fogg
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fanny de Busserolles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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23
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Haupaix N, Manceau M. The embryonic origin of periodic color patterns. Dev Biol 2020; 460:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Liang Y, Gerwin J, Meyer A, Kratochwil CF. Developmental and Cellular Basis of Vertical Bar Color Patterns in the East African Cichlid Fish Haplochromis latifasciatus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:62. [PMID: 32117987 PMCID: PMC7026194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The East African adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes are renowned for their diversity in coloration. Yet, the developmental basis of pigment pattern formation remains largely unknown. One of the most common melanic patterns in cichlid fishes are vertical bar patterns. Here we describe the ontogeny of this conspicuous pattern in the Lake Kyoga species Haplochromis latifasciatus. Beginning with the larval stages we tracked the formation of this stereotypic color pattern and discovered that its macroscopic appearance is largely explained by an increase in melanophore density and accumulation of melanin during the first 3 weeks post-fertilization. The embryonal analysis is complemented with cytological quantifications of pigment cells in adult scales and the dermis beneath the scales. In adults, melanic bars are characterized by a two to threefold higher density of melanophores than in the intervening yellow interbars. We found no strong support for differences in other pigment cell types such as xanthophores. Quantitative PCRs for twelve known pigmentation genes showed that expression of melanin synthesis genes tyr and tyrp1a is increased five to sixfold in melanic bars, while xanthophore and iridophore marker genes are not differentially expressed. In summary, we provide novel insights on how vertical bars, one of the most widespread vertebrate color patterns, are formed through dynamic control of melanophore density, melanin synthesis and melanosome dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Liang
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jan Gerwin
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claudius F Kratochwil
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Medina I, Vega-Trejo R, Wallenius T, Symonds MRE, Stuart-Fox D. From cryptic to colorful: Evolutionary decoupling of larval and adult color in butterflies. Evol Lett 2019; 4:34-43. [PMID: 32055409 PMCID: PMC7006464 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals undergo complete metamorphosis, where larval forms change abruptly in adulthood. Color change during ontogeny is common, but there is little understanding of evolutionary patterns in these changes. Here, we use data on larval and adult color for 246 butterfly species (61% of all species in Australia) to test whether the evolution of color is coupled between life stages. We show that adults are more variable in color across species than caterpillars and that male adult color has lower phylogenetic signal. These results suggest that sexual selection is driving color diversity in male adult butterflies at a broad scale. Moreover, color similarities between species at the larval stage do not predict color similarities at the adult stage, indicating that color evolution is decoupled between young and adult forms. Most species transition from cryptic coloration as caterpillars to conspicuous coloration as adults, but even species with conspicuous caterpillars change to different conspicuous colors as adults. The use of high‐contrast coloration is correlated with body size in caterpillars but not adults. Taken together, our results suggest a change in the relative importance of different selective pressures at different life stages, resulting in the evolutionary decoupling of coloration through ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Regina Vega-Trejo
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Australian National University Acton Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia.,Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Wallenius
- Division of Ecology and Evolution Australian National University Acton Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria 3125 Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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26
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Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Zebrafish Pigment Pattern Formation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Adult Form. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:505-530. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate pigment patterns are diverse and fascinating adult traits that allow animals to recognize conspecifics, attract mates, and avoid predators. Pigment patterns in fish are among the most amenable traits for studying the cellular basis of adult form, as the cells that produce diverse patterns are readily visible in the skin during development. The genetic basis of pigment pattern development has been most studied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish adults have alternating dark and light horizontal stripes, resulting from the precise arrangement of three main classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. The coordination of adult pigment cell lineage specification and differentiation with specific cellular interactions and morphogenetic behaviors is necessary for stripe development. Besides providing a nice example of pattern formation responsible for an adult trait of zebrafish, stripe-forming mechanisms also provide a conceptual framework for posing testable hypotheses about pattern diversification more broadly. Here, we summarize what is known about lineages and molecular interactions required for pattern formation in zebrafish, we review some of what is known about pattern diversification in Danio, and we speculate on how patterns in more distant teleosts may have evolved to produce a stunningly diverse array of patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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27
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A detailed investigation of the visual system and visual ecology of the Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16459. [PMID: 31712572 PMCID: PMC6848076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision plays a major role in the life of most teleosts, and is assumingly well adapted to each species ecology and behaviour. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we scrutinised several aspects of the visual system and ecology of the Great Barrier Reef anemonefish, Amphiprion akindynos, including its orange with white patterning, retinal anatomy and molecular biology, its symbiosis with anemones and sequential hermaphroditism. Amphiprion akindynos possesses spectrally distinct visual pigments and opsins: one rod opsin, RH1 (498 nm), and five cone opsins, SWS1 (370 nm), SWS2B (408 nm), RH2B (498 nm), RH2A (520 nm), and LWS (554 nm). Cones were arranged in a regular mosaic with each single cone surrounded by four double cones. Double cones mainly expressed RH2B (53%) in one member and RH2A (46%) in the other, matching the prevailing light. Single cones expressed SWS1 (89%), which may serve to detect zooplankton, conspecifics and the host anemone. Moreover, a segregated small fraction of single cones coexpressed SWS1 with SWS2B (11%). This novel visual specialisation falls within the region of highest acuity and is suggested to increase the chromatic contrast of Amphiprion akindynos colour patterns, which might improve detection of conspecifics.
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28
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Alfaro ME, Karan EA, Schwartz ST, Shultz AJ. The Evolution of Color Pattern in Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:604-615. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coral reef fishes constitute one of the most diverse assemblages of vertebrates on the planet. Color patterns are known to serve a number of functions including intra- and inter-specific signaling, camouflage, mimicry, and defense. However, the relative importance of these and other factors in shaping color pattern evolution is poorly understood. Here we conduct a comparative phylogenetic analysis of color pattern evolution in the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Using recently developed tools for quantifying color pattern geometry as well as machine learning approaches, we investigate the tempo of evolution of color pattern elements and test whether ecological variables relating to defense, depth, and social behavior predict color pattern evolution. Butterflyfishes exhibit high diversity in measures of chromatic conspicuousness and the degrees of fine versus gross scale color patterning. Surprisingly, most diversity in color pattern was not predicted by any of the measures of ecology in our study, although we did find a significant but weak relationship between the level of fine scale patterning and some aspects of defensive morphology. We find that the tempo of color pattern diversification in butterflyfishes has increased toward the present and suggest that rapid evolution, presumably in response to evolutionary pressures surrounding speciation and lineage divergence, has effectively decoupled color pattern geometry from some aspects of ecology. Machine learning classification of color pattern appears to rely on a set of features that are weakly correlated with current color pattern geometry descriptors, but that may be better suited for the detection of discrete components of color pattern. A key challenge for future studies lies in determining whether rapid evolution has generally decoupled color patterns from ecology, or whether convergence in function produces convergence in color pattern at phylogenetic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Terasaki 2149, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Karan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Terasaki 2149, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shawn T Schwartz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Terasaki 2149, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison J Shultz
- Ornithology Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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29
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Lewis VM, Saunders LM, Larson TA, Bain EJ, Sturiale SL, Gur D, Chowdhury S, Flynn JD, Allen MC, Deheyn DD, Lee JC, Simon JA, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Raible DW, Parichy DM. Fate plasticity and reprogramming in genetically distinct populations of Danio leucophores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11806-11811. [PMID: 31138706 PMCID: PMC6575160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901021116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genetic and cellular bases of adult form remains a fundamental goal at the intersection of developmental and evolutionary biology. The skin pigment cells of vertebrates, derived from embryonic neural crest, are a useful system for elucidating mechanisms of fate specification, pattern formation, and how particular phenotypes impact organismal behavior and ecology. In a survey of Danio fishes, including the zebrafish Danio rerio, we identified two populations of white pigment cells-leucophores-one of which arises by transdifferentiation of adult melanophores and another of which develops from a yellow-orange xanthophore or xanthophore-like progenitor. Single-cell transcriptomic, mutational, chemical, and ultrastructural analyses of zebrafish leucophores revealed cell-type-specific chemical compositions, organelle configurations, and genetic requirements. At the organismal level, we identified distinct physiological responses of leucophores during environmental background matching, and we showed that leucophore complement influences behavior. Together, our studies reveal independently arisen pigment cell types and mechanisms of fate acquisition in zebrafish and illustrate how concerted analyses across hierarchical levels can provide insights into phenotypes and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Tracy A Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Emily J Bain
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Dvir Gur
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sarwat Chowdhury
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jessica D Flynn
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael C Allen
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julian A Simon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - David W Raible
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903;
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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30
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Roux N, Salis P, Lambert A, Logeux V, Soulat O, Romans P, Frédérich B, Lecchini D, Laudet V. Staging and normal table of postembryonic development of the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:545-568. [PMID: 31070818 PMCID: PMC6771578 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris is one of the rare coral reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. With relatively short embryonic and larval development, it could be used as a model species to study the impact of global changes such as temperature rise or anthropogenic threats (eg, pollution) on the postembryonic development at molecular and endocrinological levels. Establishing a developmental table allows us to standardize sampling for the scientific community willing to conduct experiments on this species on different areas: ecology, evolution, and developmental biology. Results Here, we describe the postembryonic developmental stages for the clownfish A. ocellaris from hatching to juvenile stages (30 days posthatching). We quantitatively followed the postembryonic growth and described qualitative traits: head, paired and unpaired fins, notochord flexion, and pigmentation changes. The occurrence of these changes over time allowed us to define seven stages, for which we provide precise descriptions. Conclusions Our work gives an easy system to determine A. ocellaris postembryonic stages allowing, thus, to develop this species as a model species for coral reef fishes. In light of global warming, the access to the full postembryonic development stages of coral reef fish is important to determine stressors that can affect such processes. Seven developmental stages have been identified to describe the larval development of the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. Clownfish larvae undergo two distinct developmental growth phases that correspond to growth and metamorphosis. A dichotomous key determination has been created to assist users in identifying the various developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentin Logeux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier Soulat
- Aquarium de Canet-en-Roussillon, Canet-en-Roussillon, France
| | - Pascal Romans
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, FOCUS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Lecchini
- PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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31
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Magic Traits in Magic Fish: Understanding Color Pattern Evolution Using Reef Fish. Trends Genet 2019; 35:265-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Salis P, Lorin T, Lewis V, Rey C, Marcionetti A, Escande ML, Roux N, Besseau L, Salamin N, Sémon M, Parichy D, Volff JN, Laudet V. Developmental and comparative transcriptomic identification of iridophore contribution to white barring in clownfish. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:391-402. [PMID: 30633441 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Actinopterygian fishes harbor at least eight distinct pigment cell types, leading to a fascinating diversity of colors. Among this diversity, the cellular origin of the white color appears to be linked to several pigment cell types such as iridophores or leucophores. We used the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris, which has a color pattern consisting of white bars over a darker body, to characterize the pigment cells that underlie the white hue. We observe by electron microscopy that cells in white bars are similar to iridophores. In addition, the transcriptomic signature of clownfish white bars exhibits similarities with that of zebrafish iridophores. We further show by pharmacological treatments that these cells are necessary for the white color. Among the top differentially expressed genes in white skin, we identified several genes (fhl2a, fhl2b, saiyan, gpnmb, and apoD1a) and show that three of them are expressed in iridophores. Finally, we show by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that these genes are critical for iridophore development in zebrafish. Our analyses provide clues to the genomic underpinning of color diversity and allow identification of new iridophore genes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Thibault Lorin
- IGFL, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Victor Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Carine Rey
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, LBMC, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.,LBBE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Marcionetti
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Line Escande
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Sémon
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, LBMC, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - David Parichy
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- IGFL, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5242 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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