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Dam MI, Ding BJ, Svensson GP, Wang HL, Melo DJ, Lassance JM, Zarbin PH, Löfstedt C. Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis: paving the way for biotechnological production. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:996-1007. [PMID: 37830147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera) is a key pest on sugarcane and other grasses in the Americas. Biological control as well as insecticide treatments are used for pest management, but economic losses are still significant. The use of female sex pheromones for mating disruption or mass trapping in pest management could be established for this species, provided that economical production of pheromone is available. RESULTS Combining in vivo labelling studies, differential expression analysis of transcriptome data and functional characterisation of insect genes in a yeast expression system, we reveal the biosynthetic pathway and identify the desaturase and reductase enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the main pheromone component (9Z,11E)-hexadecadienal, and minor components hexadecanal, (9Z)-hexadecenal and (11Z)-hexadecenal. We next demonstrate heterologous production of the corresponding alcohols of the pheromone components, by expressing multiple steps of the biosynthetic pathway in yeast. CONCLUSION Elucidation of the genetic basis of sex pheromone biosynthesis in D. saccharalis, and heterologous expression in yeast, paves the way for biotechnological production of the pheromone compounds needed for pheromone-based pest management of this species. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bao-Jian Ding
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Douglas J Melo
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Jean-Marc Lassance
- Département de gestion vétérinaire des Ressources Animales (DRA), University of Liege, Bât. B36 GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Paulo Hg Zarbin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Rebholz Z, Lancaster J, Larose H, Khrimian A, Luck K, Sparks ME, Gendreau KL, Shewade L, Köllner TG, Weber DC, Gundersen-Rindal DE, O'Maille P, Morozov AV, Tholl D. Ancient origin and conserved gene function in terpene pheromone and defense evolution of stink bugs and hemipteran insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 152:103879. [PMID: 36470318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insects use diverse arrays of small molecules such as metabolites of the large class of terpenes for intra- and inter-specific communication and defense. These molecules are synthesized by specialized metabolic pathways; however, the origin of enzymes involved in terpene biosynthesis and their evolution in insect genomes is still poorly understood. We addressed this question by investigating the evolution of isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (IDS)-like genes with terpene synthase (TPS) function in the family of stink bugs (Pentatomidae) within the large order of piercing-sucking Hemipteran insects. Stink bugs include species of global pest status, many of which emit structurally related 15-carbon sesquiterpenes as sex or aggregation pheromones. We provide evidence for the emergence of IDS-type TPS enzymes at the onset of pentatomid evolution over 100 million years ago, coinciding with the evolution of flowering plants. Stink bugs of different geographical origin maintain small IDS-type families with genes of conserved TPS function, which stands in contrast to the diversification of TPS genes in plants. Expanded gene mining and phylogenetic analysis in other hemipteran insects further provides evidence for an ancient emergence of IDS-like genes under presumed selection for terpene-mediated chemical interactions, and this process occurred independently from a similar evolution of IDS-type TPS genes in beetles. Our findings further suggest differences in TPS diversification in insects and plants in conjunction with different modes of gene functionalization in chemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarley Rebholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jason Lancaster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Hailey Larose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ashot Khrimian
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael E Sparks
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Kerry L Gendreau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Leena Shewade
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Donald C Weber
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Paul O'Maille
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA
| | - Alexandre V Morozov
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Center for Quantitative Biology, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8019, USA
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Petkevicius K, Wenning L, Kildegaard KR, Sinkwitz C, Smedegaard R, Holkenbrink C, Borodina I. Biosynthesis of insect sex pheromone precursors via engineered β-oxidation in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6660649. [PMID: 35948277 PMCID: PMC9435373 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating disruption with insect sex pheromones is an attractive and environmentally friendly technique for pest management. Several Lepidoptera sex pheromones have been produced in yeast, where biosynthesis could be accomplished by the expression of fatty acyl-CoA desaturases and fatty acyl-CoA reductases. In this study, we aimed to develop yeast Yarrowia lipolytica cell factories for producing Lepidoptera pheromones which biosynthesis additionally requires β-oxidation, such as (Z)-7-dodecenol (Z7-12:OH), (Z)-9-dodecenol (Z9-12:OH), and (Z)-7-tetradecenol (Z7-14:OH). We expressed fatty acyl-CoA desaturases from Drosophila melanogaster (Dmd9) or Lobesia botrana (Lbo_PPTQ) and fatty acyl-CoA reductase from Helicoverpa armigera (HarFAR) in combinations with 11 peroxisomal oxidases of different origins. Yeast cultivations were performed with supplementation of methyl myristate (14:Me). The oxidase Lbo_31670 from L. botrana provided the highest titers of (Z)-7-dodecenoate, (Z)-9-dodecenoate, and (Z)-7-tetradecenoate. However, no chain-shortened fatty alcohols were produced. The mutation of fatty acid synthase (Fas2pI1220F) to increase myristate production did not lead to targeted fatty alcohol production. The problem was solved by directing the reductase into peroxisomes, where the strain with Dmd9 produced 0.10 ± 0.02 mg/l of Z7-12:OH and 0.48 ± 0.03 mg/l of Z7-14:OH, while the strain with Lbo_PPTQ produced 0.21 ± 0.03 mg/l of Z9-12:OH and 0.40 ± 0.07 mg/l of Z7-14:OH. In summary, the engineering of β-oxidation in Y. lipolytica allowed expanding the portfolio of microbially produced insect sex pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Petkevicius
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,BioPhero ApS, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 4th, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Leonie Wenning
- BioPhero ApS, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 4th, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rune Smedegaard
- BioPhero ApS, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 4th, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,BioPhero ApS, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 4th, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Demski K, Ding BJ, Wang HL, Tran TNT, Durrett TP, Lager I, Löfstedt C, Hofvander P. Manufacturing specialized wax esters in plants. Metab Eng 2022; 72:391-402. [PMID: 35598886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biologically produced wax esters can fulfil different industrial purposes. These functionalities almost drove the sperm whale to extinction from hunting. After the ban on hunting, there is a niche in the global market for biolubricants with properties similar to spermaceti. Wax esters can also serve as a mechanism for producing insect sex pheromone fatty alcohols. Pheromone-based mating disruption strategies are in high demand to replace the toxic pesticides in agriculture and manage insect plagues threatening our food and fiber reserves. In this study we set out to investigate the possibilities of in planta assembly of wax esters, for specific applications, through transient expression of various mix-and-match combinations of genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our synthetic biology designs were outlined in order to pivot plant lipid metabolism into producing wax esters with targeted fatty acyl and fatty alcohols moieties. Through this approach we managed to obtain industrially important spermaceti-like wax esters enriched in medium-chain fatty acyl and/or fatty alcohol moieties of wax esters. Via employment of plant codon-optimized moth acyl-CoA desaturases we also managed to capture unusual, unsaturated fatty alcohol and fatty acyl moieties, structurally similar to moth pheromone compounds, in plant-accumulated wax esters. Comparison between outcomes of different experimental designs identified targets for stable transformation to accumulate specialized wax esters and helped us to recognize possible bottlenecks of such accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Bao-Jian Ding
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tam N T Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | | | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
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Xia YH, Ding BJ, Dong SL, Wang HL, Hofvander P, Löfstedt C. Release of moth pheromone compounds from Nicotiana benthamiana upon transient expression of heterologous biosynthetic genes. BMC Biol 2022; 20:80. [PMID: 35361182 PMCID: PMC8969271 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using genetically modified plants as natural dispensers of insect pheromones may eventually become part of a novel strategy for integrated pest management. RESULTS In the present study, we first characterized essential functional genes for sex pheromone biosynthesis in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, including two desaturase genes CsupYPAQ and CsupKPSE and a reductase gene CsupFAR2. Subsequently, we co-expressed CsupYPAQ and CsupFAR2 together with the previously characterized moth desaturase Atr∆11 in N. benthamiana. This resulted in the production of (Z)-11-hexadecenol together with (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the major pheromone component of C. suppressalis. Both compounds were collected from the transformed N. benthamiana headspace volatiles using solid-phase microextraction. We finally added the expression of a yeast acetyltransferase gene ATF1 and could then confirm also (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate release from the plant. CONCLUSIONS Our results pave the way for stable transformation of plants to be used as biological pheromone sources in different pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Xia
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bao-Jian Ding
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, CN-210095, China
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 101, SE-23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden.
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Ding B, Wang H, Al‐Saleh MA, Löfstedt C, Antony B. Bioproduction of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA), the major pheromone component of Plodia, Ephestia, and Spodoptera species in yeast. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1048-1059. [PMID: 34773383 PMCID: PMC9300079 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA, Z9,E12-14:OAc) is a major sex pheromone component for many stored-product moth species. This pheromone is used worldwide for mating disruption, detection, monitoring, and mass trapping in raw and processed food storage facilities. In this study, we demonstrate the biological production of ZETA pheromone by engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS We mined the pheromone gland transcriptome data of the almond moth, Ephestia (Cadra) cautella (Walker), to trace a novel E12 fatty acyl desaturase and expressed candidates heterologously in yeast and Sf9 systems. Furthermore, we demonstrated a tailor-made ZETA pheromone bioproduction in yeast through metabolic engineering using this E12 desaturase, in combination with three genes from various sources coding for a Z9 desaturase, a fatty acyl reductase, and an acetyltransferase, respectively. Electrophysiological assays (gas chromatography coupled to an electroantennographic detector) proved that the transgenic yeast-produced ZETA pheromone component elicits distinct antennal responses. CONCLUSION The reconstructed biosynthetic pathway in yeast efficiently produces ZETA pheromone, leaves an undetectable level of biosynthetic intermediates, and paves the way for the economically competitive high-demand ZETA pheromone's bioproduction technology for high-value storage pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Ali Al‐Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics LaboratoryCollege of Food and Agricultural SciencesRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics LaboratoryCollege of Food and Agricultural SciencesRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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Green Chemistry Production of Codlemone, the Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella), by Metabolic Engineering of the Oilseed Crop Camelina (Camelina sativa). J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:950-967. [PMID: 34762210 PMCID: PMC8642345 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pheromones have been used for pest control over several decades. The conventional synthesis of di-unsaturated pheromone compounds is usually complex and costly. Camelina (Camelina sativa) has emerged as an ideal, non-food biotech oilseed platform for production of oils with modified fatty acid compositions. We used Camelina as a plant factory to produce mono- and di-unsaturated C12 chain length moth sex pheromone precursors, (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid, by introducing a fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase FatB gene UcTE from California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) and a bifunctional ∆9 desaturase gene Cpo_CPRQ from the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Different transgene combinations were investigated for increasing pheromone precursor yield. The most productive Camelina line was engineered with a vector that contained one copy of UcTE and the viral suppressor protein encoding P19 transgenes and three copies of Cpo_CPRQ transgene. The T2 generation of this line produced 9.4% of (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and 5.5% of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid of the total fatty acids, and seeds were selected to advance top-performing lines to homozygosity. In the T4 generation, production levels of (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid remained stable. The diene acid together with other seed fatty acids were converted into corresponding alcohols, and the bioactivity of the plant-derived codlemone was confirmed by GC-EAD and a flight tunnel assay. Trapping in orchards and home gardens confirmed significant and specific attraction of C. pomonella males to the plant-derived codlemone.
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Yang Y, Luo L, Tian L, Zhao C, Niu H, Hu Y, Shi C, Xie W, Zhang Y. Function and Characterization Analysis of BodoOBP8 from Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) in the Recognition of Plant Volatiles and Sex Pheromones. INSECTS 2021; 12:879. [PMID: 34680648 PMCID: PMC8539145 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The belowground pest Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) has a sophisticated and sensitive olfactory system to detect semiochemical signals from the surrounding environment. In particular, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are crucial in capturing and transporting these semiochemical signals across the sensilla lymph to the corresponding odorant receptors. In this study, we cloned a full-length cDNA sequence of BodoOBP8 from B. odoriphaga. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that BodoOBP8 has the highest expression levels in males, with more pronounced expression in the male antennae than in other tissues. In this study, the recombinant protein BodoOBP8 was successfully expressed by a bacterial system to explore its function. Competitive binding assays with 33 host plant volatiles and one putative sex pheromone (n-heptadecane) revealed that purified BodoOBP8 strongly bound to two sulfur compounds (methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl disulfide) and to n-heptadecane; the corresponding dissolution constants (Ki) were 4.04, 6.73, and 4.04 μM, respectively. Molecular docking indicated that Ile96, Ile103, Ala107, and Leu111, located in the hydrophobic cavity of BodoOBP8, are the key residues mediating the interaction of BodoOBP8 with two sulfur compounds (methyl allyl disulfide and diallyl disulfide) and n-heptadecane. These results show that BodoOBP8 plays a role in the recognition of plant volatiles and sex pheromones, suggesting its application as a molecular target for the screening of B. odoriphaga attractants and repellents and facilitating a new mechanism of B. odoriphaga control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Liang Luo
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Lixia Tian
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Changwei Zhao
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Hongli Niu
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Caihua Shi
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (C.Z.); (H.N.); (Y.H.); (C.S.)
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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