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Zhang Q, Jiao L, Chen Q, Bulstra CA, Geldsetzer P, de Oliveira T, Yang J, Wang C, Bärnighausen T, Chen S. COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:189. [PMID: 39030630 PMCID: PMC11264703 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a large mortality and morbidity burden globally. For individuals, a strong immune response is the most effective means to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. To inform clinical case management of COVID-19, development of improved vaccines, and public health policy, a better understanding of antibody response dynamics and duration following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after vaccination is imperatively needed. METHODS We systematically analyzed antibody response rates in naturally infected COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. Specifically, we searched all published and pre-published literature between 1 December 2019 and 31 July 2023 using MeSH terms and "all field" terms comprising "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2," and "antibody response" or "immunity response" or "humoral immune." We included experimental and observational studies that provided antibody positivity rates following natural COVID-19 infection or vaccination. A total of 44 studies reporting antibody positivity rate changes over time were included. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed that within the first week after COVID-19 symptom onset/diagnosis or vaccination, antibody response rates in vaccinated individuals were lower than those in infected patients (p < 0.01), but no significant difference was observed from the second week to the sixth month. IgG, IgA, and IgM positivity rates increased during the first 3 weeks; thereafter, IgG positivity rates were maintained at a relatively high level, while the IgM seroconversion rate dropped. CONCLUSIONS Antibody production following vaccination might not occur as quickly or strongly as after natural infection, and the IgM antibody response was less persistent than the IgG response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lirui Jiao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qiushi Chen
- The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A Bulstra
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Juntao Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Simiao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130/3, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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Çulpan HC, Aydın SN, Uygur A, Sayılı U, Şeker E, Balkan İİ, Karaali R, Budak B, Keskindemirci Y, Saltoğlu N, Can G. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and the CoronaVac vaccines and boosters in healthcare workers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2275445. [PMID: 37964650 PMCID: PMC10653742 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2275445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence on the waning protection of COVID-19 vaccines has been reviewed by the World Health Organization and has led to consideration of the need for booster doses. This study aimed to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19, and the COVID-19 infections among healthcare workers who received various types (inactive or m-RNA) and doses (2 to 4 doses) of the COVID-19 vaccine. The study was conducted with a total of 3,009 healthcare workers between August 1 and November 30, 2021 at a university hospital. Six different vaccination statuses were evaluated in the study. The effectiveness for COVID-19 infection, after adjusting for age, sex, and position, was highest in those who received two doses of CoronaVac and two doses of BNT162b2 (89.3%, 95% CI 72.2-95.9%) and was lowest in those who received two doses of CoronaVac (29%, 95% CI - 8-53%). The adjusted effectiveness of two doses of CoronaVac for COVID-19 infection was not significant (21.0%, 95% CI - 20.7-48.3%) but increased significantly with a booster dose of CoronaVac or BNT162b2. One or two doses of the BNT162b2 booster demonstrated higher effectiveness in comparison to a single dose of the CoronaVac booster. These results indicate the need for a booster dose, and heterologous boosting with BNT162b2 may be a better option for higher effectiveness for those who received two doses of CoronaVac. Future studies should evaluate the need for further booster doses and their long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sümeyye Nur Aydın
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Abdulkerim Uygur
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Uğurcan Sayılı
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Erkam Şeker
- Department of Biomedical Computing, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - İ̇lker İnanç Balkan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Rıdvan Karaali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Beyhan Budak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Yılmaz Keskindemirci
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Neşe Saltoğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Günay Can
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Muslimah AH, Tiara MR, Djauhari H, Dewantara MH, Susandi E, Indrati AR, Alisjahbana B, Soeroto AY, Wisaksana R. High Levels of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) Antibodies One Year Post Booster Vaccinations among Hospital Workers in Indonesia: Was the Second Booster Needed? Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1300. [PMID: 37631868 PMCID: PMC10457959 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2022, Indonesia prioritized healthcare workers to receive the second booster dose. We conducted a sequential serosurvey to understand the dynamics of the antibody titers. The first serosurvey, which was conducted in June 2021, 1-6 months after Sinovac vaccination, showed a median antibody level of 41.4 BAU/mL (interquartile range (IQR): 10-629.4 BAU/mL). The second serosurvey was conducted one month (August 2021) after the first Moderna booster vaccine and showed a median level of 4000 BAU/mL (IQR: 3081-4000 BAU/mL). The last serosurvey was conducted a year (August 2022) after the booster and showed a median level of 4000 BAU/mL (IQR: 4000-4000 BAU/mL). In this last survey, only 39 (11.9%) of healthcare workers had antibody levels below the maximum level of 4000 BAU/mL. Thus, one year after the first booster dose, we did not observe the waning of antibody levels. The average increase was perhaps because of natural infection. Based on these considerations, we believe that a second booster dose was not necessary for this category of subjects at that time. Because vaccine supply is often limited, priority could be given to the general population or other high-risk patient groups with low antibody titers based on serological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila Hanifan Muslimah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Marita Restie Tiara
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Hofiya Djauhari
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Hafizh Dewantara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Evan Susandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Agnes Rengga Indrati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Arto Yuwono Soeroto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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González RI, Moya PS, Bringa EM, Bacigalupe G, Ramírez-Santana M, Kiwi M. Model based on COVID-19 evidence to predict and improve pandemic control. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286747. [PMID: 37319168 PMCID: PMC10270358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the extensive data accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic, we put forward simple to implement indicators, that should alert authorities and provide early warnings of an impending sanitary crisis. In fact, Testing, Tracing, and Isolation (TTI) in conjunction with disciplined social distancing and vaccination were expected to achieve negligible COVID-19 contagion levels; however, they proved to be insufficient, and their implementation has led to controversial social, economic and ethical challenges. This paper focuses on the development of simple indicators, based on the experience gained by COVID-19 data, which provide a sort of yellow light as to when an epidemic might expand, despite some short term decrements. We show that if case growth is not stopped during the 7 to 14 days after onset, the growth risk increases considerably, and warrants immediate attention. Our model examines not only the COVID contagion propagation speed, but also how it accelerates as a function of time. We identify trends that emerge under the various policies that were applied, as well as their differences among countries. The data for all countries was obtained from ourworldindata.org. Our main conclusion is that if the reduction spread is lost during one, or at most two weeks, urgent measures should be implemented to avoid scenarios in which the epidemic gains strong impetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael I. González
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo S. Moya
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo M. Bringa
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Bacigalupe
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
- CreaSur, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Miguel Kiwi
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Méndez C, Peñaloza HF, Schultz BM, Piña-Iturbe A, Ríos M, Moreno-Tapia D, Pereira-Sánchez P, Leighton D, Orellana C, Covarrubias C, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Duarte LF, Rivera-Pérez D, Vázquez Y, Cabrera A, Bustos S, Iturriaga C, Urzua M, Navarrete MS, Rojas Á, Fasce RA, Fernández J, Mora J, Ramírez E, Gaete-Argel A, Acevedo M, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Weiskopf D, Grifoni A, Sette A, Zeng G, Meng W, González-Aramundiz JV, González PA, Abarca K, Melo-González F, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Humoral and cellular response induced by a second booster of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104563. [PMID: 37099842 PMCID: PMC10129368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Omicron variant has challenged the control of the COVID-19 pandemic due to its immuno-evasive properties. The administration of a booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine showed positive effects in the immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2, effect that is even enhanced after the administration of a second booster. METHODS During a phase-3 clinical trial, we evaluated the effect of a second booster of CoronaVac®, an inactivated vaccine administered 6 months after the first booster, in the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 (n = 87). In parallel, cellular immunity (n = 45) was analyzed in stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells by flow cytometry and ELISPOT. FINDINGS Although a 2.5-fold increase in neutralization of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was observed after the second booster when compared with prior its administration (Geometric mean units p < 0.0001; Geometric mean titer p = 0.0002), a poor neutralization against the Omicron variant was detected. Additionally, the activation of specific CD4+ T lymphocytes remained stable after the second booster and, importantly, equivalent activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes against the Omicron variant and the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 were found. INTERPRETATION Although the neutralizing response against the Omicron variant after the second booster of CoronaVac® was slightly increased, these levels are far from those observed against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and could most likely fail to neutralize the virus. In contrast, a robust CD4+T cell response may confer protection against the Omicron variant. FUNDING The Ministry of Health, Government of Chile, the Confederation of Production and Commerce, Chile and SINOVAC Biotech.NIHNIAID. The Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Méndez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Piña-Iturbe
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Ríos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Moreno-Tapia
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Pereira-Sánchez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diane Leighton
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Orellana
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Covarrubias
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yaneisi Vázquez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Cabrera
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Bustos
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Iturriaga
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Urzua
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María S Navarrete
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, División de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Rojas
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Adulto, División de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Fasce
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Judith Mora
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramírez
- Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mónica Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Virología Molecular y Celular, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - José V González-Aramundiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Abarca
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Deng X, Zhao Y, Wang S, He H, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Yan R, Tang X, Zhu Y, Xu X. Assessing COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy Using the Modified 5C Scale in Zhejiang Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030706. [PMID: 36992290 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the rollout of a booster campaign to promote immunity against COVID-19 in China, this study aimed to assess booster hesitancy among adults who were fully vaccinated with primary doses across Zhejiang Province. Firstly, the modified 5C scale developed by a German research team was assessed for reliability and validity via a pre-survey in Zhejiang Province. Then, a 30-item questionnaire was established to conduct online and offline surveys during 10 November to 15 December 2021. Demographic characteristics and information on previous vaccination experience, vaccine type of primary doses, attitudes towards booster doses and awareness of SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. Chi-square tests, pairwise comparison and multivariate logistic regression were performed in data analysis. In total, 4039 valid questionnaires were analyzed, with booster hesitancy of 14.81%. Dissatisfaction with previous vaccination experience of primary doses (ORs = 1.771~8.025), less confidence in COVID-19 vaccines (OR = 3.511, 95%CI: 2.874~4.310), younger age compared to the elderly aged 51-60 years old (2.382, 1.274~4.545), lower education level (ORs = 1.707~2.100), weaker awareness of social responsibility of prevention and control of COVID-19 (1.587, 1.353~1.859), inconvenience of booster vaccination (1.539, 1.302~1.821), complacency regarding vaccine efficacy as well as self-health status (1.224, 1.056~1.415) and excessive trade-offs before vaccination (1.184, 1.005~1.398) were positively associated with booster hesitancy. Therefore, intelligent means should be strengthened to optimize vaccination services. More influential experts and other significant figures should be supported to promote timely evidence-based information via various media platforms to reduce public hesitancy and increase booster uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Deng
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yuchen Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shenyu Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hanqing He
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xuewen Tang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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Filardi BA, Monteiro VS, Schwartzmann PV, do Prado Martins V, Zucca LER, Baiocchi GC, Malik AA, Silva J, Hahn AM, Chen NFG, Pham K, Pérez-Then E, Miric M, Brache V, Cochon L, Larocca RA, Mendez RDR, Bardini Silveira D, Pinto AR, Croda J, Yildirim I, Omer SB, Ko AI, Vermund SH, Grubaugh ND, Iwasaki A, Lucas C, Vogels CBF, Breban M, Koch TR, Chaguza C, Tikhonova I, Castaldi C, Mane S, De Kumar B, Ferguson D, Kerantzas N, Peaper D, Landry ML, Schulz W. Age-dependent impairment in antibody responses elicited by a homologous CoronaVac booster dose. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade6023. [PMID: 36791210 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages resulted in increased transmission rates and reduced protection from vaccines. To counteract these effects, multiple booster strategies were used in different countries, although data comparing their efficiency in improving protective immunity remain sparse, especially among vulnerable populations, including older adults. The inactivated CoronaVac vaccine was among the most widely distributed vaccine worldwide and was essential in the early control of SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalizations and deaths. However, it is not well understood whether homologous versus heterologous booster doses in those fully vaccinated with CoronaVac induce distinct humoral responses or whether these responses vary across age groups. We analyzed plasma antibody responses from CoronaVac-vaccinated younger or older individuals who received a homologous CoronaVac or heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster vaccine. All three evaluated boosters resulted in increased virus-specific IgG titers 28 days after the booster dose. However, we found that both IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike or RBD and neutralization titers against Omicron sublineages were substantially reduced in participants who received homologous CoronaVac compared with the heterologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 booster. This effect was specifically prominent in recipients >50 years of age. In this group, the CoronaVac booster induced low virus-specific IgG titers and failed to elevate neutralization titers against any Omicron sublineage. Our results point to the notable inefficiency of CoronaVac immunization and boosting in mounting protective antiviral humoral immunity, particularly among older adults, during the Omicron wave. These observations also point to benefits of heterologous regimens in high-risk populations fully vaccinated with CoronaVac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Andraus Filardi
- Instituto do Cancer Brasil - Unidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Vellosa Schwartzmann
- Intensive Cardiac Unit, Hospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Advanced Research Center - CAPED, Centro Médico Ribeirão Shopping, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Crispim Baiocchi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amyn A Malik
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julio Silva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anne M Hahn
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas F G Chen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kien Pham
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eddy Pérez-Then
- Ministry of Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.,Two Oceans in Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Marija Miric
- Two Oceans in Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Vivian Brache
- Profamilia, Biomedical Research Department, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Leila Cochon
- Intensive Cardiac Unit, Hospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Larocca
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Douglas Bardini Silveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo Roberto Pinto
- Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sten H Vermund
- Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Multiple vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been evaluated in clinical trials. However, trials addressing the immune response in the pediatric population are scarce. The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in a phase 1/2 clinical trial in a pediatric cohort in China. Here, we report interim safety and immunogenicity results of a phase 3 clinical trial for CoronaVac in healthy children and adolescents in Chile. Participants 3 to 17 years old received two doses of CoronaVac in a 4-week interval until 31 December 2021. Local and systemic adverse reactions were registered for volunteers who received one or two doses of CoronaVac. Whole-blood samples were collected from a subgroup of 148 participants for humoral and cellular immunity analyses. The main adverse reaction reported after the first and second doses was pain at the injection site. Four weeks after the second dose, an increase in neutralizing antibody titer was observed in subjects relative to their baseline visit. Similar results were found for activation of specific CD4+ T cells. Neutralizing antibodies were identified against the Delta and Omicron variants. However, these titers were lower than those for the D614G strain. Importantly, comparable CD4+ T cell responses were detected against these variants of concern. Therefore, CoronaVac is safe and immunogenic in subjects 3 to 17 years old, inducing neutralizing antibody secretion and activating CD4+ T cells against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under no. NCT04992260.) IMPORTANCE This work evaluated the immune response induced by two doses of CoronaVac separated by 4 weeks in healthy children and adolescents in Chile. To date, few studies have described the effects of CoronaVac in the pediatric population. Therefore, it is essential to generate knowledge regarding the protection of vaccines in this population. Along these lines, we reported the anti-S humoral response and cellular immune response to several SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been published and recently studied. Here, we show that a vaccination schedule consisting of two doses separated by 4 weeks induces the secretion of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, CoronaVac induces the activation of CD4+ T cells upon stimulation with peptides from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2. These results indicate that, even though the neutralizing antibody response induced by vaccination decreases against the Delta and Omicron variants, the cellular response against these variants is comparable to the response against the ancestral strain D614G, even being significantly higher against Omicron.
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9
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Lau CS, Thundyil J, Oh MLH, Phua SK, Liang YL, Li Y, Huo J, Huang Y, Zhang B, Xu S, Aw TC. Neutralizing and Total/IgG Spike Antibody Responses Following Homologous CoronaVac vs. BNT162b2 Vaccination Up to 90 Days Post-Booster. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:70. [PMID: 36412836 PMCID: PMC9680337 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We documented the total spike antibody (S-Ab), IgG S-Ab and neutralizing antibody (N-Ab) responses of BNT162b2/CoronaVac vaccinees up to 90 days post-booster dose. METHODS We included 32 homologous regimen CoronaVac vaccinees and 136 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccinees. We tested their total S-Ab (Roche), IgG (Abbott) and N-Ab (Snibe) levels at set time points from January 2021 to April 2022. All subjects were deemed to be COVID-19-naïve either via clinical history (CoronaVac vaccinees) or nucleocapsid antibody testing (BNT162b2 vaccinees). RESULTS All antibodies peaked 20-30 days post-inoculation. In BNT162b2 vaccinees, all post-booster antibodies were significantly higher than second-dose peaks. In CoronaVac vaccinees, IgG showed no significant differences between peak third-/second-dose titers (difference of 56.0 BAU/mL, 95% CI of -17.1 to 129, p = 0.0894). The post-vaccination titers of all antibodies in BNT162b2 vaccinees were significantly higher than those in CoronaVac vaccinees at all time points. Post-booster, all antibodies declined in 90 days; the final total/IgG/N-Ab titers were 7536 BAU/mL, 1276 BAU/mL and 12.5 μg/mL in BNT162b2 vaccinees and 646 BAU/mL, 62.4 BAU/mL and 0.44 μg/mL in CoronaVac vaccinees. CONCLUSION The mRNA vaccine generated more robust total S-Ab, IgG and N-Ab responses after the second and third vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Shern Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - John Thundyil
- Medical Affairs, Abbott, Singapore 189352, Singapore
| | - May Lin Helen Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Soon Kieng Phua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Ya Li Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
| | - Yanfeng Li
- GenScript Biotech (Singapore) Pte Ltd., Singapore 349248, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Huo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tar Choon Aw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Academic Pathology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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10
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Vargas-Herrera N, Fernández-Navarro M, Cabezudo NE, Soto-Becerra P, Solís-Sánchez G, Escobar-Agreda S, Silva-Valencia J, Pampa-Espinoza L, Bado-Pérez R, Solari L, Araujo-Castillo RV. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine for COVID-19 after a primary regimen with BBIBP-CorV or BNT162b2 vaccines in Lima, Peru. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268419. [PMID: 36251630 PMCID: PMC9576087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of a third (booster) dose of COVID-19 vaccines in Peru initially employed the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine. The national vaccination program started with healthcare workers (HCW) who received BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine as primary regimen and elderly people previously immunized with BNT162b2. This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the "booster" dose in these two groups in Lima, Peru. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study, recruiting participants from November to December of 2021 in Lima, Peru. We evaluated immunogenicity and reactogenicity in HCW and elderly patients previously vaccinated with either two doses of BBIBP-CorV (heterologous regimen) or BTN162b2 (homologous regimen). Immunogenicity was measured by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels immediately before boosting dose and 14 days later. IgG geometric means (GM) and medians were obtained, and modeled using ANCOVA and quantile regressions. RESULTS The GM of IgG levels increased significantly after boosting: from 28.5±5.0 AU/mL up to 486.6±1.2 AU/mL (p<0.001) which corresponds to a 17-fold increase. The heterologous vaccine regimen produced higher GM of post-booster anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, eliciting a 13% increase in the geometric mean ratio (95%CI: 1.02-1.27) and a median difference of 92.3 AU/ml (95%CI: 24.9-159.7). Both vaccine regimens were safe and well tolerated. Previous COVID-19 infection was also associated with higher pre and post-booster IgG GM levels. CONCLUSION Although both boosting regimens were highly immunogenic, two doses of BBIBP-CorV boosted with BTN162b2 produced a stronger IgG antibody response than the homologous BNT162b2 regimen in the Peruvian population. Additionally, both regimens were mildly reactogenic and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nestor E. Cabezudo
- Measles and Rubella National Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), Seguro Social de Salud del Peru (ESSALUD), Lima, Peru
| | - Gilmer Solís-Sánchez
- Oficina General de Investigación y Transferencia Tecnológica, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Bado-Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Ministerio de Salud – Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Lely Solari
- Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
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11
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Clavero R, Parra-Lucares A, Méndez-Valdés G, Villa E, Bravo K, Mondaca E, Aranda J, Brignardello R, Gajardo C, Ordenes A, Colombo E, Tapia J, Etcheverry A, Zúñiga J, Toro L. Humoral Immune Response of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac Vaccinations in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091542. [PMID: 36146621 PMCID: PMC9503801 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CoronaVac vaccine is the most used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine worldwide. Previous data indicate that this vaccine produces a lower immune response than RNA vaccines such as BNT162b2. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have an increased rate of COVID-19 and a reduced immune response to vaccinations. Currently, there is little data on this population’s immune response induced by CoronaVac. Methods: This study involved a prospective cohort of ESRD patients in chronic hemodialysis who received a two-dose immunization scheme of either CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) or BNT162b2 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech). We measured the plasma levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. We determined antibody titers before immunization, 2 and 4 months after two doses, plus 4 months after a booster dose. Results: We evaluated 208 patients in three hemodialysis centers. The mean age was 62.6 ± 15.6 years, of whom 91 were female (41.75%). Eighty-one patients (38.94%) received the BNT162b2 vaccine and 127 (61.06%) received the CoronaVac vaccine. Patients who received the BNT162b2 vaccine had a higher humoral response compared to those who received the CoronaVac vaccine (4 months after the second dose: BNT162b2: 88.89%, CoronaVac: 51.97%, p < 0.001; 4 months after the booster: BNT162b2: 98.77%, CoronaVac: 86.61%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the CoronaVac vaccine induced a lower humoral response than the BNT162b2 vaccine in ESRD patients on hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Clavero
- Fuerza de Trabajo Anti-COVID-19 (FUTAC Team), Sociedad Chilena de Nefrología, Santiago 7500781, Chile
- Hospital Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar 2570017, Chile
- Centro Renal SpA, Valparaíso 2361843, Chile
| | - Alfredo Parra-Lucares
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
- MD PhD Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | - Gabriel Méndez-Valdés
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | - Eduardo Villa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | - Karin Bravo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luis Toro
- Fuerza de Trabajo Anti-COVID-19 (FUTAC Team), Sociedad Chilena de Nefrología, Santiago 7500781, Chile
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clinico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile
- Critical Care Center, Clinica Las Condes, Santiago 7591047, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29788423
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