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Drag M, Tielemans E, Mitchell E, McCall JW, Targa N, Bruner R, Yoon S, Colley B, Fankhauser B. Safety of an oral combination of moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105271. [PMID: 38631075 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
NexGard®PLUS (moxidectin, afoxolaner, and pyrantel pamoate), is an oral combination product for dogs indicated for the prevention of heartworm disease, the treatment and prevention of flea and tick infestations, and the treatment of gastro-intestinal nematode infections. The safety of this product in dogs was evaluated in three studies. Study #1 was a margin-of-safety study conducted in puppies, dosed six times at 28-day intervals at 1X, 3X, or 5X multiples of the maximum exposure dose (equivalent to 24 μg/kg moxidectin, 5 mg/kg afoxolaner, and 10 mg/kg pyrantel). In Study #2, the product was administered to ABCB1-deficient collie dogs at a 1X dose twice at a 28-day interval, and at a 3X or 5X dose once. Study #3 evaluated the safety of the product at 1X and 3X doses administered three times at 4-week intervals, to dogs harboring adult Dirofilaria immitis. In the three studies, the safety was evaluated on the basis of multiple clinical observations and physical examinations, including a complete assessment of toxicity to macrocyclic lactones, and on comprehensive clinical and anatomical pathology evaluations in Study #1. No clinically significant combination product-related effects were observed in any of the three studies. No signs of macrocyclic lactone toxicity were observed in the ABCB1-deficient collie dogs. Some mild and self-resolving instances of emesis or diarrhea were occasionally observed in the 3X and 5X dosed dogs. NexGard® PLUS was demonstrated to be safe following multiple administrations in puppies, in ABCB1-deficient collie dogs, and in microfilaremic dogs infected with adult D. immitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Drag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (BI AH), 6498 Jade Rd, Fulton, MO 65251, USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Elizabeth Mitchell
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - John W McCall
- TRS Labs, Inc, 215 Paradise Blvd, Athens, GA 30607, USA
| | - Norba Targa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Richard Bruner
- Research Pathology Associates, LLC, 401 Augusta Road, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Stephen Yoon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
| | - Beth Colley
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (BI AH), 6498 Jade Rd, Fulton, MO 65251, USA
| | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA
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Gedye K, Poole-Crowe E, Shepherd M, Wilding A, Parton K, Lopez-Villalobos N, Cave N. Prevalence of the ABCB1-1Δ gene mutation in a sample of New Zealand Huntaway dogs. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:133-136. [PMID: 36786530 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2181238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence of the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1-1Δ mutation (ABCB1-1Δ; previously Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1) mutation) in a cohort of New Zealand Huntaway dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were opportunistically collected from Huntaway dogs (n = 189) from throughout New Zealand. Buccal swabs were collected from 42 Huntaways from the Wairarapa region and 147 blood samples from Huntaways from the Gisborne, Waikato, Manawatū/Whanganui, Hawkes Bay, Canterbury and Otago regions. DNA was extracted from all samples and tested for the presence of the ABCB1-1Δ allele. RESULTS Of 189 Huntaway dogs that were tested, two were found to be heterozygous carriers of the ABCB1-1Δ allele and the remaining 187/189 dogs were homozygous for the wild type allele. No dogs homozygous for the mutation were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study show that the ABCB1-1Δ allele is present in Huntaway dogs. The low prevalence in this convenience sample suggests that the prevalence of this allele in the Huntaway population is likely to be low. We recommend that veterinary clinicians discuss the potential for this mutation in Huntaways with dog owners including the clinical implications for dogs that are homozygous for the mutated allele and the potential for testing for the mutation, as they would do for other known mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gedye
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - K Parton
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N Lopez-Villalobos
- School of Agriculture and the Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N Cave
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Beckers E, Casselman I, Soudant E, Daminet S, Paepe D, Peelman L, Broeckx BJG. The prevalence of the ABCB1-1Δ variant in a clinical veterinary setting: The risk of not genotyping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273706. [PMID: 36037240 PMCID: PMC9423603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug sensitivity is an autosomal recessive disorder in dogs caused by a 4-bp deletion in the ABCB1 gene, often referred to as the ABCB1-1Δ variant. This disease has a high prevalence in some breeds and causes adverse reactions to certain drugs when given in normal doses. Though most dogs known to be at risk are of the collie lineage or were traced back to it, the variant has also been described in several seemingly unrelated breeds. It is generally advised to genotype dogs at risk before treating them. However, there seems to be a discrepancy between the advice and current veterinary practices, as a recent study in Belgium and the Netherlands showed that most veterinarians never order a DNA test. To assess the possible risk of not testing for multidrug sensitivity in a clinical setting, the ABCB1-1Δ variant allele frequency was established in a sample of 286 dogs from a veterinary clinic. This frequency was compared to the allelic frequency in 599 samples specifically sent for genetic testing. While the allelic frequency in the sample for genetic testing was high (21.6%) and in line with the general reports, the allelic frequency in the clinical setting was low (0.2%), demonstrating an enormous difference between laboratory and clinical frequencies. Because of the low frequency of the disease-causing variant in the general clinical population, the risk of encountering a dog displaying multidrug sensitivity despite not genotyping seems to be low. As the variant was only found in an at-risk breed, the current recommendation of routinely genotyping at-risk breeds before treatment seems justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Beckers
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Iris Casselman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emma Soudant
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Peelman
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Drag M, Tielemans E, Mitchell E. Safety of oral afoxolaner formulated with or without milbemycin oxime in homozygous MDR1-deficient collie dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:373-379. [PMID: 35536118 PMCID: PMC9543253 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Afoxolaner, an insecticide and acaricide compound of the isoxazoline class, is available for dogs as an oral ectoparasiticide medicine (NexGard®) and as an oral endectoparasiticide medicine in combination with milbemycin oxime (MO), a macrocyclic lactone (NexGard® Spectra). The safety of these two compounds, alone or in combination, was investigated in homozygous MDR1‐deficient collie dogs, in two studies. Overall, 30 adult collie dogs were treated once orally, 9 with a placebo, 9 with afoxolaner, 6 with MO, and 6 with a combination of afoxolaner and MO. For afoxolaner, the mean investigated dosage corresponded to 3.8 and 4.7 multiples of the maximum recommended therapeutic doses (RTD) in NexGard® and NexGard® Spectra, respectively. For MO, the mean investigated dosage corresponded to 4.7 multiples of the maximum RTD in NexGard® Spectra. Dogs were closely monitored for adverse reactions on the day of treatment and for the following two days. No significant adverse reaction was observed in any dog from the afoxolaner or the afoxolaner + MO groups; in the MO‐only treated group, mild and transient neurological signs were observed during the 4–8 h post‐treatment window. These studies demonstrated a high level of safety of oral afoxolaner, alone or in combination with milbemycin oxime, in homozygous MDR1‐deficient dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Drag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Missouri Research Center, Fulton, Missouri, USA
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Lerdkrai C, Phungphosop N. Prevalence of the MDR1 gene mutation in herding dog breeds and Thai Ridgebacks in Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:3015-3020. [PMID: 35017851 PMCID: PMC8743763 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3015-3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: A canine multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) nt230(del4) is a well-known inherited disorder that primarily affects collies and various herding breeds. The most recognized clinical implication for affected dogs is associated with an increased risk of multiple drug toxicity. To date, MDR1 gene mutations have been identified globally, especially in dogs from the USA and European countries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MDR1 nt230(del4) in herding dog breeds and Thai Ridgebacks in Thailand. Materials and Methods: We clarified the prevalence of MDR1 nt230(del4) in 263 dogs of eight purebred dog breeds in Thailand using an allele-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction method and direct DNA sequencing. Results: Rough Collies, Australian Shepherds, Shetland Sheepdogs, and Old English Sheepdogs were affected by the mutation with mutant allelic frequencies of 57.14%, 12.82%, 11.28%, and 8.33%, respectively. Among these populations, the prevalence of the MDR1 (+/–) genotype was 57.14% (12/21) for Rough Collies, 25.64% (10/39) for Australian Shepherds, 16.13% (15/93) for Shetland Sheepdogs, and 16.67% (2/12) for Old English Sheepdogs, whereas the MDR1 (–/–) mutation was only identified in Rough Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs, with prevalences of 28.57% (6/21) and 3.22% (3/93), respectively. However, the MDR1 nt230(del4) was not identified in Border Collies, German Shepherds, White Swiss Shepherds, or Thai Ridgebacks. Conclusion: This study provides the current situation regarding MDR1 nt230(del4) in herding dog breeds in Thailand. In this survey, we investigated for the first time the status of MDR1 genotype in Thai Ridgebacks. These results are helpful for veterinarians managing effective therapeutic plans for commonly affected dog breeds, and these results will encourage all breeders to improve their selective breeding programs based on the MDR1 nt230(del4) status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chommanad Lerdkrai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuch Phungphosop
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Galindo J, Ayala MA, Sánchez DR, Hernández C, Duifhuis T. Novel genotyping assay for the nt230 (del4) ABCB1 gene mutation and its allele frequency in Border Collie dogs in Mexico. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1133-1136. [PMID: 34344235 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211033839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-bp deletion in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene, also referred to as the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), produces stop codons that cause premature termination of P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) synthesis. Dogs with the homozygous mutation do not express functional P-gp, which increases their sensitivity markedly to many common veterinary drugs. We detected the nt230 (del4) ABCB1 mutation in Border Collie dogs in western Mexico with a simple and affordable primer-introduced restriction analysis PCR (PIRA-PCR). PIRA-PCR clearly identified all genotypes in our sample of 104 dogs. Genotype frequencies were 0.952 (wild/wild), 0.029 (wild/mut) and 0.019 (mut/mut). Allele frequencies were 0.033 (mutant alleles) and 0.966 (wild-type alleles). In this small subset of the Mexican dog population, we found a higher prevalence of the nt230 (del4) MDR1/ABCB1 gene mutation than reported in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Miguel A Ayala
- Departamento de Producción Animal, División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - David R Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Cecilia Hernández
- Departamento de Producción Animal, División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Theodor Duifhuis
- Departamento de Producción Animal, División de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers DS, Kaminsky R, Selzer PM. Heartworm disease - Overview, intervention, and industry perspective. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:65-89. [PMID: 34030109 PMCID: PMC8163879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm, is a major parasitic threat for dogs and cats around the world. Because of its impact on the health and welfare of companion animals, heartworm disease is of huge veterinary and economic importance especially in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Within the animal health market many different heartworm preventive products are available, all of which contain active components of the same drug class, the macrocyclic lactones. In addition to compliance issues, such as under-dosing or irregular treatment intervals, the occurrence of drug-resistant heartworms within the populations in the Mississippi River areas adds to the failure of preventive treatments. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the disease, summarize the current disease control measures and highlight potential new avenues and best practices for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - John Harrington
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30601, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Douglas S Carithers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd, 30096, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- paraC Consulting, Altenstein 13, 79685, Häg-Ehrsberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Marelli SP, Polli M, Frattini S, Cortellari M, Rizzi R, Crepaldi P. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of MDR1 gene in dogs in Italy. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000375. [PMID: 32617164 PMCID: PMC7319724 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A mutation in the canine multidrug resistance MDR1 gene (also referred as ABCB1), encoding for the multidrug resistance (MDR) P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transponder, causes a pathological condition known as ‘ivermectin toxicosis’. The causative mutation, known since 2001, has been described to affects sheep herding breeds related to collie lineage. The present study is a retrospective investigation of the presence of MDR1 mutated allele in Italian dog populations in a 5 years’ time lapse. The aim of the research is to offer a deep knowledge in MDR1 allelic and genotypic frequencies in canine breeds and populations raised in Italy. Methods Genotype data for the 4-bp deletion (c296_299del4) in MDR1 gene from 811 dogs belonging to 32 breeds/populations were collected. Results The mutated allele has been found in 9 out of 31 breeds: Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, Border Collie, Bearded Collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Australian Shepherd, White Swiss Shepherd, Old English Sheepdog, Whippet and also in crossbreed. The breeds with the highest allelic mutation frequency are Smooth and Rough Collies with 75 per cent and 66 per cent of mutant MDR1 allele, respectively. Conclusions The results support the usefulness of this genetic analysis to optimise medical care in dogs at risk of multidrug resistance and to create an objective basis in breeding programme definition and in the risk evaluation in different breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Paolo Marelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Michele Polli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Stefano Frattini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortellari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Paola Crepaldi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
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Katogiritis A, Khanna C. Towards the Delivery of Precision Veterinary Cancer Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2019; 49:809-818. [PMID: 31256903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a next phase in the evolution of medicine affecting human and veterinary patients. This evolution, genomic cancer medicine (Pmed), involves expansion of genomic and molecular biology into clinical medicine. The implementation of these new technologies has already begun and is a commercial reality. We introduce the underpinnings for this evolution, and focus on application in complex disease states. Pet owners have begun requesting Pmed technologies. To meet this demand, it is important to be aware of the opportunities and obstacles associated with available Pmed offerings as well as the current state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katogiritis
- EthosVeterinaryHealth LLC, 20 Cabot Road, Woburn, MA 01801, USA; EthosDiscovery(501c3), Washington, DC, USA. https://twitter.com/DoctorAnnaK
| | - Chand Khanna
- EthosVeterinaryHealth LLC, 20 Cabot Road, Woburn, MA 01801, USA; EthosDiscovery(501c3), Washington, DC, USA.
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