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Renzhammer R, Auer A, Loncaric I, Entenfellner A, Dimmel K, Walk K, Rümenapf T, Spergser J, Ladinig A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Vet Sci 2023; 10:601. [PMID: 37888553 PMCID: PMC10610783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic workup of respiratory disease in pigs is complex due to coinfections and non-infectious causes. The detection of pathogens associated with respiratory disease is a pivotal part of the diagnostic workup for respiratory disease. We aimed to report how frequently certain viruses and bacteria were detected in samples from pigs with respiratory symptoms in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Altogether, 1975 routine diagnostic samples from pigs in Austrian swine stocks between 2016 and 2021 were analysed. PCR was performed to detect various pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 921), influenza A virus (n = 479), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (n = 518), Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae (n = 713), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (n = 198), Glaesserella (G.) parasuis (n = 165) and M. hyorhinis (n = 180). M. hyorhinis (55.1%) had the highest detection rate, followed by PCV2 (38.0%) and Streptococcus (S.) suis (30.6%). PRRSV was detected most frequently in a pool of lung, tonsil and tracheobronchial lymph node (36.2%). G. parasuis was isolated more frequently from samples taken after euthanasia compared to field samples. PRRSV-positive samples were more likely to be positive for PCV2 (p = 0.001), M. hyopneumoniae (p = 0.032) and Pasteurella multocida (p < 0.001). M. hyopneumoniae-positive samples were more likely to be positive for P. multocida (p < 0.001) and S. suis (p = 0.046), but less likely for M. hyorhinis (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that lung samples that were positive for a primary pathogenic agent were more likely to be positive for a secondary pathogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Renzhammer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Katharina Dimmel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Karin Walk
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.A.); (K.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Kumari S, Chaudhari J, Huang Q, Gauger P, De Almeida MN, Liang Y, Ly H, Vu HLX. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Pichinde Viral-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Antigen in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091400. [PMID: 36146478 PMCID: PMC9505097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is an economically important swine pathogen. The IAV-S hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein is the main target for vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the recombinant tri-segmented Pichinde virus (rPICV) as a viral vector to deliver HA antigen to protect pigs against IAV-S challenge. Four groups of weaned pigs (T01–T04) were included in the study. T01 was injected with PBS to serve as a non-vaccinated control. T02 was inoculated with rPICV expressing green fluorescence protein (rPICV-GFP). T03 was vaccinated with rPICV expressing the HA antigen of the IAV-S H3N2 strain (rPICV-H3). T04 was vaccinated with the recombinant HA protein antigen of the same H3N2 strain. Pigs were vaccinated twice at day 0 and day 21 and challenged at day 43 by intra-tracheal inoculation with the homologous H3N2 IAV-S strain. After vaccination, all pigs in T03 and T04 groups were seroconverted and exhibited high titers of plasma neutralizing antibodies. After challenge, high levels of IAV-S RNA were detected in the nasal swabs and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid of pigs in T01 and T02 but not in the T03 and T04 groups. Similarly, lung lesions were observed in T01 and T02, but not in the T03 and T04 groups. No significant difference in terms of protection was observed between the T03 and T04 group. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the rPICV-H3 vectored vaccine elicited protective immunity against IAV-S challenge. This study shows that rPICV is a promising viral vector for the development of vaccines against IAV-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marcelo Nunes De Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
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Arenales A, Santana C, Rolim A, Pereira E, Nascimento E, Paixão T, Santos R. Histopathologic patterns and etiologic diagnosis of porcine respiratory disease complex in Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Porcine respiratory disease complex is a major health concern for the porcine industry, causing significant economic loss. In this study, a total of 156 samples from pigs referred to a diagnostic laboratory in Brazil for 15 months were analyzed by histopathology, bacterial isolation, PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Multiple infections were common, so 42.3% of the pigs had more than one pathogen detected in the lungs. Swine influenza virus was detected in 25.0% of the cases. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in 7.1% of the pigs, which was often associated with Pasteurella multocida. In addition, one case of porcine circovirus type 3 infection associated with granulomatous pneumonia was diagnosed. Bacteria were isolated in 125 cases, namely Pasteurella multocida (34.0%), Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis (35.2%), Streptococcus suis (13.5%), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7.7%). Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was identified in 7.0% of the cases, and 18.6% of pigs carried Salmonella sp. The most common patterns of pulmonary inflammation were broncopneumonia, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and pleuritis, in that order. This study demonstrated that histopathology is an efficient tool along with other laboratorial diagnostic tests for establishing an etiologic diagnosis in cases of porcine respiratory disease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Arenales
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - A.C.R. Rolim
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Especializadas, Brasil
| | | | | | - T.A. Paixão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R.L. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A systematic review of influenza A virus prevalence and transmission dynamics in backyard swine populations globally. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35287744 PMCID: PMC8919175 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Backyard swine farming is critical to generating subsistence and food security in rural and peri-urban households in several developing countries. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the molecular and serological prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard swine populations globally. Results We identified 34 full-text research articles in NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases that have reported IAV sero- and/or virological prevalence in backyard swine up to 11 July 2021. The highest number of studies were reported from Asia (n = 11) followed by North America (n = 10), South America (n = 6), Africa (n = 6), and Europe (n = 1). While the maximum number of studies (44.12%) reported human-to-swine transmission of IAV, swine-to-human (5.88%), poultry-to-swine (5.88%), and wild birds-to-swine (2.94%) transmissions were also reported. An overall higher IAV seroprevalence (18.28%) in backyard swine was detected compared to the virological prevalence (1.32%). The human-origin pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 was the more frequently detected IAV subtype in virological studies (27.27%) than serological studies (18.92%). In addition, the avian-origin highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses were also detected, which further substantiated the evidence of avian–swine interactions in the backyards. Conclusion Human–swine and avian–swine interactions in backyards may transmit IAV between species. Monitoring the circulation and evolution of IAV in backyard swine would help stakeholders make informed decisions to ensure sustainable backyard swine farming and public safety.
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Ding F, Li Y, Huang B, Edwards J, Cai C, Zhang G, Jiang D, Wang Q, Robertson ID. Infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south China. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105317. [PMID: 33744674 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The coinfection of swine influenza (SI) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. This study analyzed surveillance data on SI in south China and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. Blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection with influenza strains from swine, human and avian sources. The herd prevalences for EA H1N1, H1N1pdm09, classic H1N1, HS-like H3N2, seasonal human H1N1 and avian influenza H9N2 were 88.5, 64.5, 60.3, 57.8, 12.9 and 10.3 %, respectively. Anthropogenic factors including detection frequency, chicken density, duck density, pig density and human population density were found to be better predictor variables for three influenza infection scenarios (infection with human strains, infection with avian strains, and coinfection with H9N2 avian strain and at least one swine strain) than were meteorological and geographical factors. Predictive risk maps generated for the four provinces in south China highlighted that the areas with a higher risk of the three infection scenarios were predominantly clustered in the delta area of the Pearl River in Guangdong province and counties surrounding Poyang Lake in Jiangxi province. Identification of higher risk areas can inform targeted surveillance for influenza in humans and pigs, helping public health authorities in designing risk-based SI control strategies to address the pandemic influenza threat in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Land & Resources, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Future perspectives on swine viral vaccines: where are we headed? Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:1. [PMID: 33397477 PMCID: PMC7780603 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deliberate infection of humans with smallpox, also known as variolation, was a common practice in Asia and dates back to the fifteenth century. The world's first human vaccination was administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner, a British physician. One of the first pig vaccines, which targeted the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, was introduced in 1883 in France by Louis Pasteur. Since then vaccination has become an essential part of pig production, and viral vaccines in particular are essential tools for pig producers and veterinarians to manage pig herd health. Traditionally, viral vaccines for pigs are either based on attenuated-live virus strains or inactivated viral antigens. With the advent of genomic sequencing and molecular engineering, novel vaccine strategies and tools, including subunit and nucleic acid vaccines, became available and are being increasingly used in pigs. This review aims to summarize recent trends and technologies available for the production and use of vaccines targeting pig viruses.
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Li Y, Edwards J, Huang B, Shen C, Cai C, Wang Y, Zhang G, Robertson I. Risk of zoonotic transmission of swine influenza at the human-pig interface in Guangdong Province, China. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:607-616. [PMID: 32506781 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 to assess the risk of zoonotic influenza to humans at the human-pig interface in Guangdong Province, south China. One hundred and fifty-three pig farmers, 21 pig traders and 16 pig trade workers were recruited using convenience sampling and surveyed at local pig farms, live pig markets and slaughterhouses, respectively. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on the biosecurity and trading practices adopted and their knowledge and beliefs about swine influenza (SI). Most (12 of 16) trade workers said they would enter piggeries to collect pigs and only six of 11 said they were always asked to go through an on-farm disinfection procedure before entry. Only 33.7% of the interviewees believed that SI could infect humans, although pig farmers were more likely to believe this than traders and trade workers (p < .01). Several unsafe practices were reported by interviewees. 'Having vaccination against seasonal flu' (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.19-8.93), 'Believe that SI can cause death in pigs' (no/yes: OR = 8.69, 95% CI: 2.71-36.57; not sure/yes: OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.63-14.63) and 'Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms' (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.38-11.46) were significantly and positively correlated to 'lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI'. 'Lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI' (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.67-6.21), 'Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms' (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.57-8.63) and 'Don't know SI as a pig disease' (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.02-16.45) were significantly and positively correlated to 'not using personal protective equipment when contacting pigs'. The findings of this study would benefit risk mitigation against potential pandemic SI threats in the human-pig interface in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Cai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Hubei Province, China
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