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Kim HJ, Choi JG, Seong DS, Jeong JU, Kim HJ, Park SW, Yun SP, Roh IS. The First Report on the Complete Sequence Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in the Republic of Korea. Vet Sci 2024; 11:29. [PMID: 38250935 PMCID: PMC10821305 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant animal pathogen with economic implications in the ruminant industry. Despite global reports on BTV detection and epidemiologic investigations, limited studies have focused on the virus in the ROK. In this study, BTV epidemiological research was conducted on blood samples from cattle and goat farms across nine regions during 2013-2014. The results showed that 3.33% of bovine blood samples (194/5824) and 0.19% of goat blood samples (2/1075) tested positive for BTV antibodies using ELISA. In Jeju-do, BTV RNA amplification occurred in 51 of 422 samples (12.1%) using real-time reverse transcription (RT-qPCR). The isolation of one sample revealed it as serotype 3, as indicated by the sequence of segments 2 (Seg-2) and 6 (Seg-6), associated with the eastern BTV topotype. However, based on Seg-1, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, and -10 analyses, the BTV-3/JJBB35 strain is more closely related to distinct BTV strains. These findings imply BTV circulation and that the Korean-isolated BTV might originate from Asian BTV strains due to multiple reassortment events. This study provides foundational data for ongoing BTV monitoring and disease-control policies in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Central Scientific Instrumentation Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Da-Seul Seong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jong-Uk Jeong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Roh
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
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Selim A, Marzok M, Alkashif K, Kandeel M, Salem M, Sayed-Ahmed MZ. Bluetongue virus infection in cattle: serosurvey and its associated risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:285. [PMID: 37540299 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne virus that primarily affects sheep. However, the disease is usually asymptomatic in cattle without obvious clinical signs related to BTV infection. Although there is evidence of BTV antibodies through serology in Egypt, it is still unknown whether Egyptian cattle have ever been exposed to the virus in the north or south of the country. The study's aims were to determine the seroprevalence of BTV and evaluate the potential risk factors for BTV infection in cattle in Egypt. We used a competitive ELISA to screen 690 healthy cattle for BTV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in four governorates in Egypt. A total seroprevalence of BTV antibodies in examined cattle was 51.47%, 95%CI: 48.01-55.45. The odds of BTV seropositivity were higher in Aswan (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.71-2.36), females (OR=3.29, 95%CI: 1.87-5.79), and elder cattle >8 years (OR=12.91, 95%CI: 6.63-25.13). Moreover, cattle contacted with other animals (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 0.94-2.10), with history of abortion (OR=4.88, 95%CI: 3.14-7.59), and those living with presence of insects (OR=12.34, 95%CI: 8-19.30) were more likely to be infected with bluetongue (BT). To effectively predict and respond to a potential BTV outbreak in Egypt, surveillance for BTV infection should be expanded to cover other susceptible ruminants and the range of the insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Alkashif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12613, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Ishaq M, Shah SAA, Khan N, Jamal SM. Prevalence and risk factors of bluetongue in small and large ruminants maintained on Government farms in North-western Pakistan. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:38-44. [PMID: 37321009 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study reports prevalence of antibodies against bluetongue virus (BTV) in animals kept on Government farms/research stations in North-western Pakistan and its association with different risk factors. In total, 1257 blood samples were collected, at random, from animals on 12 separate Government farms/research stations. The prevalence of antibodies against BTV was evaluated using a competitive ELISA. Mixed effects univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to ascertain different risk factors associated with the prevalence of the infection using farm as random effect variable. The overall weighted seroprevalence was recorded as 52%. In univariate analysis, a significant association between sero-conversion to BTV infection and species (P < 0.0001), sex (P < 0.0001), herd size (P = 0.0295) and age of animal (P < 0.0001) was recorded. In multivariate mixed effects logistic regression analysis, prevalence of the infection was found to be 7 (95% CI =2-28) times higher in goats and buffalo than in sheep. Prevalence of the infection was found to be 2.5 (95% CI =1.7-3.3) times higher in female than male animals. However, no significant association was found between sero-conversion of BTV and herd size in multivariate mixed effects logistic regression. Age was found to be a risk factor for the sero-conversion; odds of sero-conversion to BTV increased by 1.29, 1.4, 1.32 and 1.6 times per year increase in age of sheep, goats, buffalo and cattle, respectively. Prevalence of bluetongue was found higher in animals maintained on Government owned farms than that in individual holdings, as previously reported in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Ali Shah
- Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nadar Khan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Golender N, Klement E, Kovtunenko A, Even-Tov B, Zamir L, Tiomkin E, Kenigswald G, Hoffmann B. Comparative Molecular and Epidemiological Analyses of Israeli Bluetongue Viruses Serotype 1 and 9 Causing Outbreaks in 2018-2020. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020366. [PMID: 36838331 PMCID: PMC9966015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Israel is endemic to bluetongue virus (BTV). The introduction of novel-for-the-region arboviruses have been recorded annually in recent years. In 2019, previously non-reported in-the-country BTV-1 and BTV-9 were identified. BTV-1 caused a single-season outbreak, probably linked to mild infection in ruminants. BTV-9 was retrospectively detected in the field samples collected from August 2018 until 2020. It was the dominant serotype in 2019, out of the six serotypes recorded during that calendar year. Clinical manifestation of the disease in cases diagnosed with BTV-9 were compared to those in cases determined to have BTV-1. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of BTV-1 showed that the nucleotide (nt) sequence coding the viral outer protein 1 (VP2) determining the serotype is closely related to BTV-1 isolated in Sudan in 1987, and the coding sequence of the outer protein 2 (VP5) is related to South African BTV-1 from 2017. A probable common ancestor with Libyan BTV-9 strains isolated in 2008 was seen in an analysis of Israeli BTV-9 nt sequences. Notably, the outbreak-caused BTV-9 strains collected in 2019 exhibited a distinct level of genetic reassortment with local Israeli strains compared to BTV-9 strains registered in 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-1668; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel
| | - Boris Even-Tov
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Lior Zamir
- Veterinary Servises in the Field, Galil-Golan 1231400, Israel
| | - Eitan Tiomkin
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea 3088900, Israel
| | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Murota K, Ishii K, Mekaru Y, Araki M, Suda Y, Shirafuji H, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Yanase T. Isolation of Culicoides- and Mosquito-Borne Orbiviruses in the Southwestern Islands of Japan Between 2014 and 2019. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:796-808. [PMID: 34463150 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of arboviruses in livestock ruminants has often gone unrecognized owing to the fact that a significant percentage of arboviruses probably induce subclinical infections and/or negligible symptoms in infected animals. To determine the current situation of arbovirus circulation in the Yaeyama Islands, attempts to isolate viruses from bovine blood samples collected between 2014 and 2019 have been made. In total, 308 blood samples were collected during the study period, and 43 of them induced cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures. The identification of the CPE agents was performed by reported RT-PCR assays and a high-throughput analysis with a next-generation sequencing platform. The obtained viruses consisted of an orthobunyavirus (Peaton virus), Culicoides-borne orbiviruses (bluetongue virus serotypes 12 and 16, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus [EHDV] serotypes 5, 6, and 7, D'Aguilar virus, and Bunyip Creek virus), and potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses (Yunnan orbivirus, Guangxi orbivirus, and Yonaguni orbivirus). Most of the orbiviruses were recovered from washed blood cells with mosquito cell cultures, suggesting that this combination was more efficient than other combinations such as plasma/blood cells and hamster cell lines. This marked the first time that the isolation of EHDV serotypes 5 and 6 and three potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses was recorded in Japan, showing a greater variety of orbiviruses on the islands than previously known. Genetic analysis of the isolated orbiviruses suggested that the Yaeyama Islands and its neighboring regions were epidemiologically related. Some of the viruses, especially the potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses, were isolated during several consecutive years, indicating their establishment on the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Yuji Mekaru
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Miho Araki
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ishigaki, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
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Naresh G, Putty K, Reddy YN, Jyothi YK. Type-specific seroprevalence of bluetongue in India during 2018 and 2019. Vet World 2020; 13:2092-2096. [PMID: 33281341 PMCID: PMC7704327 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2092-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bluetongue (BT) is a major disease of sheep and goats and is endemic to India. It is known to cause significant economic losses to the sheep industry. The current study aimed to determine the type-specific seroprevalence of BT in sheep population of India during 2018-2019. Materials and Methods Blood samples (n=405) were collected from 6 months to 1 year old sheep from six districts (Nalgonda, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Warangal, and Ranga Reddy) of Telangana state, India. Group- and type-specific seroprevalence (against BT virus [BTV] serotypes BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 23, and 24) was studied by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum neutralization test, respectively. Results Results showed an overall seroprevalence of 14.81% (n=60) with the highest seroprevalence of 50% in Khammam district. Seroprevalence of BTV-1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 23, and 24 was noted as 16.66%, 11.66%, 31.66%, 11.66%, 05%, 6.66%, 16.66%, 8.33%, 13.33%, 6.66%, and 16.66%, respectively. The majority of the sera neutralized more than 1 serotype, indicating superinfection or circulation of multiple serotypes in the sampled flocks. This mixed seroprevalence was observed in 43.33% of the sera with number of BTV serotype-specific antibodies ranging from two to eight in individual animals. Conclusion Regular monitoring of circulating serotypes, especially in young herds, elucidates pattern of dominating serotypes in a particular area during a season. This knowledge can be applied to design appropriate vaccination strategies by including particular serotypes of virus as part of a multivalent vaccine for a particular period, in a particular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Naresh
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P. V. N. R. Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishna Jyothi
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Andhra Pradesh Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Li J, Ma YT, Liang QL, Li RL, Zheng FG, Liu Q, Zhu XQ, Gao WW. Serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104399. [PMID: 32693119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Chlamydia and bluetongue virus (BTV) are four important pathogens which can cause reproductive loss. The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii, N. caninum, Chlamydia and BTV in alpacas in Shanxi Province, northern China. A total of 251 serum samples were collected from alpacas, and antibodies against T. gondii and Chlamydia were examined by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), respectively. Antibodies to N. caninum and BTV were determined by using the commercially available competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) kits, respectively. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 9.16% (95% CI 5.59-12.73) in the three sampled counties, of which, no T. gondii-seropositive samples were detected in alpacas in Fanshi County. Gender differences in the T. gondii seroprevalence were observed. The overall Chlamydia seroprevalence was 13.94% (95% CI: 9.66-18.22), and there was a statistically significant difference in Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas between the two counties, Jiexiu and Fanshi. All serum samples tested negative for N. caninum and BTV antibodies, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii and Chlamydia seroprevalence in alpacas in China, which provides baseline information for controlling T. gondii and Chlamydia infection in alpacas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Ye-Ting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Run-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China.
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Yanase T, Murota K, Hayama Y. Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:168. [PMID: 32318588 PMCID: PMC7154088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic congenital abnormalities caused by Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan viruses have damaged the reproduction of domestic ruminants in East Asia for many years. In the past, large outbreaks of febrile illness related to bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses severely affected the cattle industry in that region. In recent years, vaccines against these viruses have reduced the occurrence of diseases, although the viruses are still circulating and have occasionally caused sporadic and small-scaled epidemics. Over a long-term monitoring period, many arboviruses other than the above-mentioned viruses have been isolated from cattle and Culicoides biting midges in Japan. Several novel arboviruses that may infect ruminants (e.g., mosquito- and tick-borne arboviruses) were recently reported in mainland China based on extensive surveillance. It is noteworthy that some are suspected of being associated with cattle diseases. Malformed calves exposed to an intrauterine infection with orthobunyaviruses (e.g., Peaton and Shamonda viruses) have been observed. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 caused a sudden outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in cattle in Japan. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of many other viruses in ruminants has been uncertain, although these viruses potentially affect livestock production. As global transportation grows, the risk of an accidental incursion of arboviruses is likely to increase in previously non-endemic areas. Global warming will also certainly affect the distribution and active period of vectors, and thus the range of virus spreads will expand to higher-latitude regions. To prevent anticipated damages to the livestock industry, the monitoring system for arboviral circulation and incursion should be strengthened; moreover, the sharing of information and preventive strategies will be essential in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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