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Sharma S, Kumar N, Rouse BT, Sharma K, Chaubey KK, Singh S, Kumar P, Kumar P. The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28663. [PMID: 38596123 PMCID: PMC11002068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Center for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0845, USA
| | - Khushbu Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 401, India
| | - ShoorVir Singh
- Department of Bio-technology, GLA University, Post-Chaumuhan, Dist. Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281 406, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
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Attreed SE, Silva C, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Mogulothu A, Abbott S, Azzinaro P, Canning P, Skidmore L, Nelson J, Knudsen N, Medina GN, de los Santos T, Díaz-San Segundo F. Prophylactic treatment with PEGylated bovine IFNλ3 effectively bridges the gap in vaccine-induced immunity against FMD in cattle. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360397. [PMID: 38638908 PMCID: PMC11024232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals with devastating economic implications. The current FMD vaccine, routinely used in enzootic countries, requires at least 7 days to induce protection. However, FMD vaccination is typically not recommended for use in non-enzootic areas, underscoring the need to develop new fast-acting therapies for FMD control during outbreaks. Interferons (IFNs) are among the immune system's first line of defense against viral infections. Bovine type III IFN delivered by a replication defective adenovirus (Ad) vector has effectively blocked FMD in cattle. However, the limited duration of protection-usually only 1-3 days post-treatment (dpt)-diminishes its utility as a field therapeutic. Here, we test whether polyethylene glycosylation (PEGylation) of recombinant bovine IFNλ3 (PEGboIFNλ3) can extend the duration of IFN-induced prevention of FMDV infection in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle. We treated groups of heifers with PEGboIFNλ3 alone or in combination with an adenovirus-based FMD O1Manisa vaccine (Adt-O1M) at either 3 or 5 days prior to challenge with homologous wild type FMDV. We found that pre-treatment with PEGboIFNλ3 was highly effective at preventing clinical FMD when administered at either time point, with or without co-administration of Adt-O1M vaccine. PEGboIFNλ3 protein was detectable systemically for >10 days and antiviral activity for 4 days following administration. Furthermore, in combination with Adt-O1M vaccine, we observed a strong induction of FMDV-specific IFNγ+ T cell response, demonstrating its adjuvanticity when co-administered with a vaccine. Our results demonstrate the promise of this modified IFN as a pre-exposure prophylactic therapy for use in emergency outbreak scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Attreed
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Christina Silva
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Aishwarya Mogulothu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Sophia Abbott
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Northeast Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Paul Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Jay Nelson
- Ambrx Biopharma, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nick Knudsen
- Ambrx Biopharma, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- National Bio-and Agro-Defense Facility, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Plains Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Office of Biodefense, Research Resources and Translational Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, MD, United States
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Jing ZL, Liu GL, Zhou N, Xu DY, Feng N, Lei Y, Ma LL, Tang MS, Tong GH, Tang N, Deng YJ. Interferon-γ in the tumor microenvironment promotes the expression of B7H4 in colorectal cancer cells, thereby inhibiting cytotoxic T cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6053. [PMID: 38480774 PMCID: PMC10937991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not well understood in the current immunotherapy era. We found that IFN-γ has an immunosuppressive effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The tumor volume in immunocompetent mice was significantly increased after subcutaneous implantation of murine CRC cells followed by IFN-γ stimulation, and RNA sequencing showed high expression of B7 homologous protein 4 (B7H4) in these tumors. B7H4 promotes CRC cell growth by inhibiting the release of granzyme B (GzmB) from CD8+ T cells and accelerating apoptosis in CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which binds to the B7H4 promoter, is positively associated with IFN-γ stimulation-induced expression of B7H4. The clinical outcome of patients with CRC was negatively related to the high expression of B7H4 in cancer cells or low expression of CD8 in the microenvironment. Therefore, B7H4 is a biomarker of poor prognosis in CRC patients, and interference with the IFN-γ/IRF1/B7H4 axis might be a novel immunotherapeutic method to restore the cytotoxic killing of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Jing
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Guang-Long Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dong-Yan Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Songshan Lake Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, 523413, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li-Li Ma
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Min-Shan Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gui-Hui Tong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510415, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Yong-Jian Deng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Mahala S, Kumar A, Pandey HO, Saxena S, Khanna S, Kumar M, Kumar D, De UK, Pandey AK, Dutt T. Milk exosomal microRNA profiling identified miR-375 and miR-199-5p for regulation of immune response during subclinical mastitis of crossbred cattle. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:59. [PMID: 38165514 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dairy industry has experienced significant economic losses as a result of mastitis, an inflammatory disease of cows, including both subclinical and clinical cases. Milk exosome microRNAs have gained attention due to their stable and selective wrapping nature, offering potential for the prognosis and diagnosis of bovine mastitis, the most common pathological condition of the mammary gland. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present investigation, the microRNA profile of milk exosomes was explored using high-throughput small RNA sequencing data in sub-clinical mastitic and healthy crossbred Vrindavani cattle. In both groups, 349 microRNAs were identified, with 238 (68.19%) microRNAs co-expressed; however, 35 and 76 distinct microRNAs were found in subclinical mastitic and healthy cattle, respectively. Differential expression analysis revealed 11 microRNAs upregulated, and 18 microRNAs were downregulated in sub-clinical mastitic cattle. The functional annotation of the target genes of differentially expressed known and novel microRNAs including bta-miR-375, bta-miR-199-5p and bta-miR-12030 reveals their involvement in the regulation of immune response and inflammatory mechanisms and could be involved in development of mastitis. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of milk exosomal miRNAs cargos hold great promise as an approach to study the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with mastitis in high milk producing dairy cattle. Concurrently, the significantly downregulated miR-375 may upregulate key target genes, including CTLA4, IHH, IRF1, and IL7R. These genes are negative regulators of immune response pathways, which could be associated with impaired inflammatory mechanisms in mammary cells. According to the findings, bta-miR-375 could be a promising biomarker for the development of mastitis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Mahala
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| | - Hari Om Pandey
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Shivani Khanna
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Veterinary Biotechnology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Medicine Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ashwni Kumar Pandey
- Animal Genetics Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Tiyamanee W, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nojima Y, Ganbaatar O, Maekawa N, Hasebe R, Kagawa Y, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular characterization of immunoinhibitory factors PD-1/PD-L1 in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 261:110609. [PMID: 37201379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sheep have been used as a large animal experimental model for studying infectious diseases. However, due to a lack of staining antibodies and reagents, immunological studies on sheep have not progressed. The immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) is expressed on T lymphocytes. The interaction of PD-1 with its ligand PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) delivers inhibitory signals and impairs proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity of T cells. We previously reported that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was closely associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression in bovine chronic infections using anti-bovine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Furthermore, we found that blocking antibodies against PD-1 and PD-L1 restore T-cell functions and could be used in immunotherapy of cattle. However, the immunological role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in chronic diseases of sheep remains unknown. In this study, we identified cDNA sequences of ovine PD-1 and PD-L1 and examined the cross-activity of anti-bovine PD-L1 mAbs against ovine PD-L1 as well as the expression of PD-L1 in ovine listeriosis. The amino acid sequences of ovine PD-1 and PD-L1 share a high degree of identity and similarity with homologs from ruminants and other mammalian species. Anti-bovine PD-L1 mAb recognized ovine PD-L1 on lymphocytes in the flow cytometric assay. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical staining confirmed the PD-L1 expression on macrophages in the brain lesions of ovine listeriosis. These findings indicated that our anti-PD-L1 mAb would be useful for analyzing the ovine PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Further research is needed to determine the immunological role of PD-1/PD-L1 in chronic diseases such as BLV infection through experimental infection of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisa Tiyamanee
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Nojima
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Otgontuya Ganbaatar
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Hasebe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Affairs Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances Antiviral Immunity against Bovine Leukemia Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0143022. [PMID: 36598199 PMCID: PMC9888214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in cattle and is widespread in many countries, including Japan. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of immunoinhibitory molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1, plays a critical role in immunosuppression and disease progression during BLV infection. In addition, a preliminary study has suggested that another immunoinhibitory molecule, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), is involved in immunosuppression during BLV infection. Therefore, this study was designed to further elucidate the immunoinhibitory role of immune checkpoint molecules in BLV infection. TIM-3 expression was upregulated on peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BLV-infected cattle. Interestingly, in EBL cattle, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating lymphomas expressed TIM-3. TIM-3 and PD-1 were upregulated and coexpressed in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BLV-infected cattle. Blockade by anti-bovine TIM-3 monoclonal antibody increased CD69 expression on T cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected cattle. A syncytium formation assay also demonstrated the antiviral effects of TIM-3 blockade against BLV infection. The combined inhibition of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways significantly enhanced IFN-γ production and antiviral efficacy compared to inhibition alone. In conclusion, the combined blockade of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways shows strong immune activation and antiviral effects and has potential as a novel therapeutic method for BLV infection. IMPORTANCE Enzootic bovine leukosis caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an important viral disease in cattle, causing severe economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of BLV-host interactions are complex. Previously, it was found that immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, suppress BLV-specific Th1 responses as the disease progresses. To date, most studies have focused only on how PD-1 facilitates escape from host immunity in BLV-infected cattle and the antiviral effects of the PD-1 blockade. In contrast, how T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), another immune checkpoint molecule, regulates anti-BLV immune responses is rarely reported. It is also unclear why PD-1 inhibition alone was insufficient to exert anti-BLV effects in previous clinical studies. In this study, the expression profile of TIM-3 in T cells derived from BLV-infected cattle suggested that TIM-3 upregulation is a cause of immunosuppression in infected cattle. Based on these results, anti-TIM-3 antibody was used to experimentally evaluate its function in influencing immunity against BLV. Results indicated that TIM-3 upregulation induced by BLV infection suppressed T-cell activation and antiviral cytokine production. Some T cells coexpressed PD-1 and TIM-3, indicating that simultaneous inhibition of PD-1 and TIM-3 with their respective antibodies synergistically restored antiviral immunity. This study could open new avenues for treating bovine chronic infections.
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Prostaglandin E 2-Induced Immune Suppression via Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in Paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0021022. [PMID: 36102658 PMCID: PMC9584316 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00210-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The Th1 response inhibits the proliferation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis during the early subclinical stage. However, we have previously shown that immune inhibitory molecules, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), suppress M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific Th1 responses as the disease progresses. To date, the mechanism underlying immunosuppression during M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection has not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the function of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle with paratuberculosis because CTLA-4 expression is known to be elevated in T cells under an M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis experimental infection. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigen induced CTLA-4 expression in T cells from cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Interestingly, both PGE2 and an E prostanoid 4 agonist also induced CTLA-4 expression in T cells. In addition, a functional assay with a bovine CTLA-4-immunogobulin fusion protein (CTLA-4-Ig) indicated that CTLA-4 inhibited gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-stimulated PBMCs, while blockade by anti-bovine CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody increased the secretion of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor alpha production in these PBMCs. These preliminary findings show that PGE2 has immunosuppressive effects via CTLA-4 to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify in the future whether CTLA-4-mediated immunosuppression facilitates disease progression of paratuberculosis in cattle.
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de Souza CMS, Lima EDS, Ordonho RF, Oliveira BRRDS, Rodrigues RC, de Moura MF, Lima DM, Blagitz MG, Ramos Sanchez EM, de Medeiros IA, Souza FN, Fernandes ACDC. Brief Research Report: Expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T Lymphocytes and Their Relationship With the Periparturient Period and the Endometrial Cytology of Dairy Cows During the Postpartum Period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928521. [PMID: 35937283 PMCID: PMC9353034 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in blood T lymphocytes during the periparturient period and their relationship with uterine health in dairy cows, as determined by endometrial cytology and serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), which are indicators of a negative energy balance. The second objective of this study was to investigate whether the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T lymphocytes is associated with the serum acute phase-protein haptoglobin concentration during the periparturient period. To address these objectives, 26 clinically healthy dairy cows were used. Peripheral blood was collected 14 days prepartum (T-14), at calving (T0), and 30 days postpartum (T30) to measure the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in blood T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, we collected blood at T0, 10 days after parturition (T10), and T30 to obtain serum and determine the serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB, and Hp. Endometrial cytology was performed at T10, 20 days after parturition (T20), and T30. In the present study, we observed higher expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in T lymphocytes at parturition and in the prepartum period, which could indicate a relationship between these immune checkpoints and immunological tolerance during gestation in dairy cattle. In addition, a negative association between the expression of these immune checkpoints prepartum or at parturition and endometrial cytology at T20 and T30 was observed, indicating the negative implications of these immune response regulators in susceptibility to infections. This finding was further corroborated by the relationship between the serum concentration of haptoglobin and the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 by T lymphocytes. However, we did not observe a relationship between the indicators of negative energy balance, evaluated by the serum concentrations of BHB and NEFA, and the expression of the immune checkpoint markers studied. Thus, our findings represent an initial step that paves the way for the development of new therapeutic alternatives directed by the host with the objective of increasing the resistance of dairy cattle to infections in this critical period of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Menezes Suassuna de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carolina Menezes Suassuna de Souza
| | - Ewerton de Souza Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Raphael Ferreira Ordonho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rafaella Rodrigues dos Santos Oliveira
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Cordeiro Rodrigues
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Marquiliano Farias de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Daniel Magalhães Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Garcia Blagitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-Estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Brazil
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de S3ão Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Milton Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de S3ão Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Cezar de Carvalho Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
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9
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Sipka A, Mann S, Babasyan S, Freer H, Wagner B. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay to quantify bovine interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ concentrations in plasma and cell culture supernatant. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:207-211. [PMID: 36338808 PMCID: PMC9623719 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bead-based assays provide a platform for simultaneous quantification of multiple cytokines. We developed a multiplex bead-based assay for quantification of bovine TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ to evaluate inflammatory profiles in cattle. We used mononuclear reagents and recombinant standards produced in mammalian cells. The multiplex assay quantified all 3 cytokines across a broad concentration range in plasma and cell culture supernatants.
The quantification of cytokines can improve our understanding of immune response and inflammation dynamics in dairy cows. Bead-based assays provide a sensitive, high-throughput platform, allowing for simultaneous quantification of multiple cytokines within a wide linear detection range. Our objective was to develop a multiplex bead-based assay using monoclonal antibodies for simultaneous quantification of bovine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants. Recombinant cytokine standards produced in mammalian cells were used to determine the lower limit of detection and the linear detection range for each cytokine. The lower limit of detection was 110 pg/mL for IL-10, 95 pg/mL for TNF-α, and 20 pg/mL for IFN-γ. The linear quantification range was 110 to 241,000 pg/mL for IL-10, 95 to 620,000 pg/mL for TNF-α, and 20 to 130,000 pg/mL for IFN-γ. All 3 monoclonal capture and detection antibodies were specific for their respective cytokine analyte when using the recombinant IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ standards. Intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were <10% and <12%, respectively, for all analytes and samples matrices. Next, concentrations of native cytokines were determined in PBMC culture supernatants (n = 4) and in plasma from whole-blood samples (n = 6) with or without stimulation with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide or a mix of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Peak concentrations of all 3 cytokines were secreted from PBMC after PMA/ionomycin stimulation (TNF-α, 8 h, range: 39,266–506,422 pg/mL; IL-10, 18 h, range: 15,770–63,415 pg/mL; IFN-γ 18 h, range: 189,977–492,659 pg/mL). In contrast, the highest concentrations in plasma from whole-blood stimulation were observed for IL-10 and TNF-α after LPS stimulation (TNF-α, 4 h, range: 1,764–13,460 pg/mL; IL-10, 24 h, range: 2,401–6,371 pg/mL), whereas PMA and ionomycin induced the highest secretion of IFN-γ (18 h, range: 53–20,215 pg/mL). In conclusion, the multiplex assay can quantify native IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ across a broad concentration range in bovine plasma and cell culture supernatant, thereby providing a novel tool to evaluate inflammatory profiles in cattle and especially in dairy cows with inflammatory conditions. The existing multiplex assay can be expanded in the future by adding bead assays for additional bovine cytokines.
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10
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Zhong Z, Vong CT, Chen F, Tan H, Zhang C, Wang N, Cui L, Wang Y, Feng Y. Immunomodulatory potential of natural products from herbal medicines as immune checkpoints inhibitors: Helping to fight against cancer via multiple targets. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1246-1279. [PMID: 35028953 PMCID: PMC9306614 DOI: 10.1002/med.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy sheds new light to cancer treatment and is satisfied by cancer patients. However, immunotoxicity, single‐source antibodies, and single‐targeting stratege are potential challenges to the success of cancer immunotherapy. A huge number of promising lead compounds for cancer treatment are of natural origin from herbal medicines. The application of natural products from herbal medicines that have immunomodulatory properties could alter the landscape of immunotherapy drastically. The present study summarizes current medication for cancer immunotherapy and discusses the potential chemicals from herbal medicines as immune checkpoint inhibitors that have a broad range of immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, this review provides valuable insights into the efficacy and mechanism of actions of cancer immunotherapies, including natural products and combined treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which could confer an improved clinical outcome for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangfeng Zhong
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Feiyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Horyue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Watari K, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Sajiki Y, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Enhancement of interleukin-2 production by bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the combination of anti-programmed death-ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 chimeric monoclonal antibodies. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:6-15. [PMID: 34789592 PMCID: PMC8810316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy against bovine diseases of an anti-bovine programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) chimeric antibody. In humans, PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies are more effective when combined with an antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and these combination therapies are therefore clinically used. Here we generated an anti-bovine CTLA-4 chimeric antibody (chAb) to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the PD-L1 antibody. We further analyzed the effects of dual blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways on T-cell responses. The established anti-bovine CTLA-4 chAb showed comparable blocking activity on the binding of bovine CTLA-4 to CD80 and CD86 as the anti-bovine CTLA-4 mouse monoclonal antibody. Anti-bovine CTLA-4 chAb also significantly increased IL-2 production from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, the combination of anti-CTLA-4 chAb with anti-PD-L1 chAb significantly upregulated IL-2 production by PBMCs. These results suggest that the combination of antibodies have higher potential to enhance immune responses against pathogens compared with single administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Watari
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
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