1
|
Ing NH, Steiner JM. The Use of Diets in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Diseases in Dogs and Cats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1446:39-53. [PMID: 38625524 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The nutritional health of dogs and cats is important to pet owners around the world. Nutrition is inextricably linked to the health of the gastrointestinal system and vice versa. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or weight loss, are one of the most common reasons that dog and cat owners make non-routine appointments with veterinarians. Those patients are evaluated systematically to identify and/or rule out the causes of the symptoms. Some causes of chronic diarrhea are within the gastrointestinal tract while others are secondary to pathogenic factors outside the digestive system. Some useful biomarkers of chronic intestinal disease (enteropathy) exist in serum and feces. After determination that the clinical signs are due to primary gastrointestinal disease and that there is no parasitism, specific diets are used for at least two weeks. There are several types of diets for pets with chronic enteropathies. There are limited ingredient diets and hydrolyzed protein diets with reduced levels of allergens. There are also highly digestible and fiber-enhanced diets. Some diets contain probiotics and/or prebiotics. If symptoms do not improve and the patient is stable, a diet from a different class may be tried. For chronic enteropathies, the prognosis is generally good for symptom resolution or at least improvement. However, if interventions with novel diets do not ameliorate the symptoms of chronic enteropathy, then antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressant therapy or further, more invasive diagnostics such as taking an intestinal biopsy, may be indicated. Pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats and patients may present with mild to severe disease. Many patients with mild to moderate disease can be successfully treated with early supportive care, including feeding a low-fat diet. A novel pharmaceutical, fuzapladib (Panoquell-CA1) looks very promising for treating more severe forms of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Maintenance on a low-fat diet may prevent pancreatitis in at-risk dogs. Future advances in medicine will allow pet owners and veterinarians to use dietary management to maximize the health of their dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Ing
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hartung BF, Mueller RS, Gauss J, Weitzer T, Boehm TMSA, Palić J, Schulz B. Reactions to environmental allergens in cats with feline lower airway disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1267496. [PMID: 38130436 PMCID: PMC10734688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1267496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aeroallergens have been discussed as potential triggers for feline asthma (FA), which can be induced experimentally by allergen sensitization. To date, only few studies have investigated reactions to environmental allergens in cats with naturally occurring feline lower airway disease (FLAD). The aim of the study was to compare results of intradermal testing (IDT) and serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E-(IgE) testing (SAT) in cats with FLAD, and to investigate possible associations with allergen exposure. Material and methods Eight cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI), ten cats with mixed inflammation (MI), six with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), and 24 healthy cats (HC) were included. Cats diagnosed with FLAD were assigned to the different inflammatory groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) cytology. SAT was performed in all cats; IDT was only carried out in cats with FLAD. Information about the cats' environment and potential allergen exposure was obtained using an owner questionnaire. Results In comparison to 83% of HC with positive reactions on SAT only 52% of cats with FLAD had positive responses (p = 0.051). Significantly more positive reactions per cat were detected on IDT than on SAT (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found for positive reactions per cat on SAT when compared between HC, NI, EI, and MI (p = 0.377). Only "slight" agreement was found for most allergens when reactions obtained in both tests in cats with FLAD were compared, except for "moderate" agreement for English plantain (k = 0.504) and Alternaria alternata (k = 0.488). Overall, no clear association between the cats' environment and allergen reactions were detected. Conclusions and clinical importance Interpretation of allergy test results in cats with FLAD should be done in the context of clinical signs and individual factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birte F. Hartung
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Gauss
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Weitzer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TT, Yoo MS, Truong AT, Lee JH, Youn SY, Lee SJ, Kim DH, Yoon SS, Cho YS. First identification of Tyrophagus curvipenis (Acari: Acaridae) and pathogen detection in Apis mellifera colonies in the Republic of Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9469. [PMID: 37301922 PMCID: PMC10257717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mites of the genus Tyrophagus (Acari: Acaridae) are among the most widely distributed mites. The species in this genus cause damage to stored products and crops, and pose a threat to human health. However, the influence of Tyrophagus spp. in apiculture remains unknown. In 2022, a study focusing on the identification of Tyrophagus species within five apiaries was conducted in Chungcheongnam Province, Republic of Korea. Its specific objective was to investigate the presence of Tyrophagus mites in response to the reported high mortality of honey bee colonies in this area. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) confirmed for the first time the presence of the mite species Tyrophagus curvipenis in a honey bee colony in the Republic of Korea. Two honey bee pathogens were detected in the mite, a viral pathogen (deformed wing virus, DWV) and a protozoal pathogen (Trypanosoma spp.). The presence of the two honey bee pathogens in the mite suggests that this mite could contribute to the spread of related honey bee diseases. However, the direct influence of the mite T. curvipenis on honey bee health remains unknown and should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yoo
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Tai Truong
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Thai Nguyen University of Sciences, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Plant Pest Control Division, Department of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Youn
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ji Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sang Cho
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Honey Bee Diseases, Bacterial Disease Division, Department of Animal and Plant Health Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Center for Honey Bee Disease Control, 39660, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song H, Lee J, Jeong KY, Cheon DS, Park JW. Comparison of sensitization patterns to dust mite allergens between atopic dermatitis patients and dogs, and non-specific reactivity of canine IgE to the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:41-55. [PMID: 36190668 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
House dust mite is a common cause of atopic dermatitis (AD) both in humans and dogs. Detection of serum IgE to allergens is commonly used to diagnose allergic diseases. However, false-positive reactions due to cross-reactivity and non-specific reactivity may lead to misdiagnosis. We compared human and canine IgE reactivities to mite component allergens. Canine IgE-reactive components of Dermatophagoides farinae and Tyrophagus putrescentiae were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Recombinant proteins were produced and IgE reactivities to component allergens were assessed by ELISA and inhibition assays using sera from AD patients and dogs. Canine IgE-reactive proteins (Der f 1, Der f 11, Tyr p 4, Tyr p 8, Tyr p 11, Tyr p 28) were identified by proteome analysis. Most patients were sensitized to Der f 1 (93.3%) and Der f 2 (86.7%). Dogs showed high sensitization to Der f 2 (94.1%) and Der f 18 (84.6%). Both patients and dogs showed low IgE binding frequency to Tyr p 8, 43.3% and 4%, respectively. The ELISA inhibition study indicated that canine IgE reactivity to T. putrescentiae is mostly due to non-specific reaction and cross-reaction with D. farinae. Different IgE sensitization patterns were shown between allergic humans and dogs with AD, especially to Der f 18, for the first time in Korea. Furthermore, non-specific canine IgE reactivity to storage mite indicates the possibility of misdiagnoses. Standardizations focused on the major canine allergen content of extracts should be developed. This will allow precision diagnosis and individuated treatments for each patient and atopic dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangyeol Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jongsun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | | | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adam GO, Park YG, Cho JH, Choi J, Oh HG. Detecting common allergens in dogs with atopic dermatitis in South Korean Provinces using a serological immunoglobulin E-specific allergen test. Vet World 2022; 15:1996-2003. [PMID: 36313853 PMCID: PMC9615500 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1996-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a hereditary susceptibility to the development of allergic symptoms in response to repeated exposure to generally innocuous substances known as “allergens.” Allergens can be plants, animals, mold, mites, or milk. At present, serological enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits are used for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-specific allergen detection due to their simplicity and accuracy. This study aimed to detect allergens in dogs with CAD and determine how they differ according to season, breed, age, and sex using a serological test in six provinces in South Korea for 12 months. This will allow practitioners to easily understand the risk factors related to CAD. Materials and Methods: In this study, IgE allergen-specific ELISA kits were used. The allergens were detected in serum samples collected from different regions considering season, sex, breed, and age. Allergens were divided into the following Ten categories: 1. Dairy, yeast, and egg, 2. grains, 3. vegetables, 4. meat, 5. seafood, 6. animals, 7. mold, 8. insects, 9. mites, and 10. trees. Results: The percentage of allergens detected in males (54.8%) was higher than that of females (45.2%); 54.2% of allergens occurred in 3-year-old dogs or older. Moreover, regarding frequency, 65.6% of overall allergens occur during autumn; Chungcheongnam-do and Jeollabuk-do showed 20.7% and 20.9%, respectively. Additionally, among allergens categories, notable allergen occurrence was as follows: 38.3% corn; 28.7% potatoes; 22.7% duck; 24.4%,codfish; 31.2% animal wool; 95.6% Aspergillus fumigatus; 31.9% flea; 41.8% oak; and 25.0% sheep’s sorrel grass. Conclusion: This study showcases the frequency of 60 allergens in six provinces detected in dogs with CAD; most likely from food or the environment using serological ELISA kits. Environmental sensitizer results can be considered for humans suffering from allergies to avoid a similar environment. A large-scale study can be performed to evaluate the allergens in the state. However, neither a skin test nor feed analysis was conducted, which is a limitation of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareeballah Osman Adam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Hilat Kuku, Khartoum 11311, Sudan; Integrated Omics Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea
| | - Yang-Gyu Park
- Allergy Test Service Center, HUVET Co. Ltd., Iksan-si 54531, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Allergy Test Service Center, HUVET Co. Ltd., Iksan-si 54531, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Choi
- Allergy Test Service Center, HUVET Co. Ltd., Iksan-si 54531, Korea
| | - Hong-Geun Oh
- Allergy Test Service Center, HUVET Co. Ltd., Iksan-si 54531, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Insect Protein-Based Diet as Potential Risk of Allergy in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071942. [PMID: 34209808 PMCID: PMC8300419 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Before insects can be used widely as an alternative source of dietary protein, their allerginicity should be investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the potential adverse reactions of the immune system of dogs against Tenebrio molitor proteins. Dogs sensitised to storage mites T. putrescentiae and A. siro were included. Clinically healthy and clinically allergic dogs were compared. Proteins were extracted from mealworm larvae and their digestibility determined by in vitro incubation with digestive proteases. Mealworm protein extracts and digests were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Canine sera tested for the presence of mite-specific IgEs were used for subsequent Western blotting. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to identify mealworm proteins and their allergenic potential was predicted with the AllermatchTM tool. The binding of canine sera IgEs to mealworm proteins was confirmed; however, the differences between the two groups of dogs were not significant. Moreover, no clear correlation was found between sensitisation to storage mites and clinical status of the dogs. Altogether, 17 different proteins were identified, including tropomyosin, α-amylase, and Tm-E1a cuticular protein that are known cross-reacting IgE-binding allergens. Our results suggest that dogs allergic to mites may clinically express also the cross-reactivity with mealworm proteins.
Collapse
|
7
|
Buller MC, Johnson LR, Outerbridge CA, Vernau W, White SD. Serum immunoglobulin E responses to aeroallergens in cats with naturally occurring airway eosinophilia compared to unaffected control cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2671-2676. [PMID: 33140902 PMCID: PMC7694819 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic airway disease in cats is sometimes described as allergic in origin, but controversy exists in the documentation of allergy in cats and the utility of allergy testing for respiratory tract diseases. OBJECTIVE To examine serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to aeroallergens in cats with airway eosinophilia. ANIMALS Fifteen cats with idiopathic eosinophilic airway inflammation and 9 control cats. METHODS Prospective, case-control study. Surplus serum from cats with airway eosinophilia documented by bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was submitted for IgE measurement using ELISA polyclonal antibody methodology. Responses for regional allergens (fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, insects) were assessed. Results were reported as ELISA absorbance units with scores 0 to 79 considered negative, scores between 80 and 300 considered intermediate, and scores >300 considered positive. RESULTS Cats with airway eosinophilia had significantly more positive serum IgE responses (25/720) than did healthy controls (5/432, P = .02); however, the number of cats with positive IgE responses (5/15) did not differ from controls (1/9, P = .35). The allergen that most commonly resulted in positive serum IgE response in cats with airway eosinophilia was dust mite (n = 4) followed by 2 types of storage mites (n = 3 each). No control cat tested positive for these allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Serum IgE production against aeroallergens was found in some cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation, but the number of affected cats with positive results did not differ from controls. Further investigation in cats with eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic airway disease in comparison to control cats is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Buller
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen D White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mites, ticks, anaphylaxis and allergy: The Acari hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110257. [PMID: 33254563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a poorly understood immune process in which a Th2-/IgE-mediated adaptive response commandeers cellular machinery, typically reserved for defense against multicellular ectoparasites, to activate against otherwise benign molecules. Its clinical manifestations consist of rapid pathophysiological reflexes that target epithelial surfaces. The galactose-α-1,3-galactose hypersensitivity response is a compelling model of anaphylaxis for which causation has been demonstrated. At the core of the model, a tick bite sensitizes a recipient to a tick foodstuff. As proposed herein, the model likely informs on the origin of all allergic inflammation; namely, allergy is not intended to protect against seemingly harmless and irrelevant materials, but is, instead, intended to rid epithelial surfaces of pathogen-bearing Acari, i.e., mites and ticks. The demonstrated adjuvant activity of acarian gastrointestinal secretions, when paired with the polyphagous diet of mites, renders acarians eminently suited to accounting, mechanistically, for many, if not all, human allergies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Valentine B. Review of critically appraised topics on adverse food reactions of companion animals. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2020; 61:537-539. [PMID: 32355356 PMCID: PMC7156131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Valentine
- Dr. Becky Valentine is a Board-certified dermatologist at VCA CARE Centre in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|