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Cao LC, Ha LNN, Giang TT, Tiep VM, Chau NTM, Phuong Anh TN, Duy PK, Nhan LP, Hoai NTT, Linh LTK, Hafza N, Bock CT, My TN, Sy BT, Toan NL, Song LH, Velavan TP. Characterization of zoonotic hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs and wild boar in Vietnam: Implications for public health. One Health 2024; 19:100857. [PMID: 39077329 PMCID: PMC11284544 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Vietnam's unprecedented demand for meat from livestock, including pigs and farmed wildlife, underscores the importance of understanding zoonotic reservoirs for hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study aimed to identify and characterize circulating zoonotic HEV in domestic pigs and wild boar to understand genotype frequencies, transmission dynamics, and associated human health burdens. Rectal swabs, feces, and liver samples from 415 pigs and 102 wild boars were collected across various farms and slaughterhouses in central and southern Vietnam and screened for HEV RNA using nested PCR. HEV RNA-positive samples underwent sanger sequencing and genotyping. Overall, 10% (n = 54/517) of samples were HEV RNA-positive, with wild boars exhibiting the highest HEV positivity rate at 25%, followed by domestic pigs at 7%. Southern Vietnam showed a higher HEV RNA positivity rate (20%) compared to central Vietnam (7%). Notably, rectal swabs demonstrated the highest positivity rate (15%), followed by feces (8%) and liver (4%). HEV-3a was the predominant genotype at 85%, followed by HEV-4b at 9% and HEV-3f at 6%. While HEV-3a was distributed across both central and southern Vietnam, HEV-3f was exclusively detected in central Vietnam, and HEV-4b was identified in wild boar in southern Vietnam. These findings underscore the substantial prevalence of HEV in wild boars, emphasizing their potential as crucial zoonotic reservoirs alongside domestic pigs. Further investigations involving occupationally exposed individuals in high-prevalence areas are warranted to evaluate the human health impact of zoonotic hepatitis E and inform preventive measures. Regular epidemiological studies are imperative for assessing the prevalence and transmission of zoonotic HEV infections among common reservoirs, thereby aiding in the prevention of spillover events within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chi Cao
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, 49000 Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Le Nguyen Nhat Ha
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Giang
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, 49000 Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Vo Minh Tiep
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, 49000 Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Thi Minh Chau
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, 49000 Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Ton Nu Phuong Anh
- Department of Parasitology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy (HUMP), Hue University, 49000 Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Khanh Duy
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Le Phuc Nhan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hoai
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nourhane Hafza
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - C. Thomas Bock
- Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Truong Nhat My
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
- 108 Military Central Hospital, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
- 108 Military Central Hospital, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
- 108 Military Central Hospital, 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000 Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, 55000 Da Nang, Viet Nam
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Nguyen TT, Mai TN, Dang-Xuan S, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Lee HS. Emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia in the period 2011-2022: a systematic literature review. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-15. [PMID: 38229485 PMCID: PMC10795789 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2300965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 has shown, pandemics and outbreaks of emerging infections such as Zika, Nipah, monkeypox and antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, especially emerging zoonotic diseases, continue to occur and may even be increasing in Southeast Asia. In addition, these infections often result from environmental changes and human behaviour. Overall, public health surveillance to identify gaps in the literature and early warning signs are essential in this region. A systematic review investigated the prevalence of emerging zoonotic diseases over 11 years from 2011 to 2022 in Southeast Asia to understand the status of emerging zoonotic diseases, as well as to provide necessary actions for disease control and prevention in the region. During the 2011-2022 period, studies on pigs, poultry, ruminants, companion animals and wildlife in Southeast Asia were reviewed thoroughly to assess the quality of reporting items for inclusion in the systematic review. The review was performed on 26 studies of pigs, 6 studies of poultry, 21 studies of ruminants, 28 studies of companion animals and 25 studies of wildlife in Southeast Asia, which provide a snapshot of the prevalence of the emerging zoonotic disease across the country. The findings from the review showed that emerging zoonotic diseases were prevalent across the region and identified a few zoonotic diseases associated with poultry, mainly stemming from Cambodia and Vietnam, as high priority in Southeast Asia.Clinical relevance: Appropriate prevention and control measures should be taken to mitigate the emerging zoonotic diseases in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngan Mai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang-Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Yadav KK, Boley PA, Lee CM, Khatiwada S, Jung K, Laocharoensuk T, Hofstetter J, Wood R, Hanson J, Kenney SP. Rat hepatitis E virus cross-species infection and transmission in pigs. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae259. [PMID: 39035038 PMCID: PMC11259135 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Strains of Rocahepevirus ratti, an emerging hepatitis E virus (HEV), have recently been found to be infectious to humans. Rats are a primary reservoir of the virus; thus, it is referred to as "rat HEV". Rats are often found on swine farms in close contact with pigs. Our goal was to determine whether swine may serve as a transmission host for zoonotic rat HEV by characterizing an infectious cDNA clone of a zoonotic rat HEV, strain LCK-3110, in vitro and in vivo. RNA transcripts of LCK-3110 were constructed and assessed for their replicative capacity in cell culture and in gnotobiotic pigs. Fecal suspension from rat HEV-positive gnotobiotic pigs was inoculated into conventional pigs co-housed with naïve pigs. Our results demonstrated that capped RNA transcripts of LCK-3110 rat HEV replicated in vitro and successfully infected conventional pigs that transmit the virus to co-housed animals. The infectious clone of rat HEV may afford an opportunity to study the genetic mechanisms of rat HEV cross-species infection and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Kumar Yadav
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Patricia A Boley
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Carolyn M Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Saroj Khatiwada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Thamonpan Laocharoensuk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jake Hofstetter
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ronna Wood
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Wojciechowski J, Pomorska-Mól M. Hepatitis E Virus in Livestock-Update on Its Epidemiology and Risk of Infection to Humans. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3239. [PMID: 37893962 PMCID: PMC10603682 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a public health problem worldwide and an important food pathogen known for its zoonotic potential. Increasing numbers of infection cases with human HEV are caused by the zoonotic transmission of genotypes 3 and 4, mainly by consuming contaminated, undercooked or raw porcine meat. Pigs are the main reservoir of HEV. However, it should be noted that other animal species, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and rabbits, may also be a source of infection for humans. Due to the detection of HEV RNA in the milk and tissues of cattle, the consumption of infected uncooked milk and meat or offal from these species also poses a potential risk of zoonotic HEV infections. Poultry infected by avian HEV may also develop symptomatic disease, although avian HEV is not considered a zoonotic pathogen. HEV infection has a worldwide distribution with different prevalence rates depending on the affected animal species, sampling region, or breeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
| | - Agata Augustyniak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
| | | | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (H.T.-P.); (A.A.)
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Batmagnai E, Boldbaatar B, Sodbayasgalan A, Kato-Mori Y, Hagiwara K. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Spreads from Pigs and Sheep in Mongolia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050891. [PMID: 36899748 PMCID: PMC10000034 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a viral infectious disease in pigs, wild boars, cows, deer, rabbits, camels, and humans as hosts caused by Paslahepevirus. Recently, it has been detected in a wide variety of animals including domestic small ruminants. Mongolia is a land of nomadic people living with livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Due to how Mongolian lifestyles have changed, pork has become popular and swine diseases have emerged. Among them, Hepatitis E disease has become a zoonotic infectious disease that needs to be addressed. The HEV problem in pigs is that infected pigs excrete the virus without showing clinical symptoms and it spreads into the environment. We attempted to detect HEV RNA in sheep which had been raised in Mongolia for a long time, and those animals living together with pigs in the same region currently. We also conducted a longitudinal analysis of HEV infection in pigs in the same area and found that they were infected with HEV of the same genotype and cluster. In this study, we examined 400 feces and 120 livers (pigs and sheep) by RT-PCR in Töv Province, Mongolia. HEV detection in fecal samples was 2% (4/200) in sheep and 15% (30/200) in pigs. The results of ORF2 sequence analysis of the HEV RT-PCR-positive pigs and sheep confirmed genotype 4 in both animals. The results suggest that HEV infection is widespread in both pigs and sheep and that urgent measures to prevent infection are needed. This case study points to the changing nature of infectious diseases associated with livestock farming. It will be necessary to reconsider livestock husbandry and public health issues based on these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhbaatar Batmagnai
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Amarbayasgalan Sodbayasgalan
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Yuko Kato-Mori
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima Minami-Machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Katsuro Hagiwara
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Liu J, Wang S, Shao F. Quantitative bias analysis of prevalence under misclassification: evaluation indicators, calculation method and case analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2023:6982613. [PMID: 36625552 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence estimates are fundamental to epidemiological studies. Although they are highly vulnerable to misclassification bias, the risk of bias assessment of prevalence estimates is often neglected. Quantitative bias analysis (QBA) can effectively estimate misclassification bias in epidemiological studies; however, relatively few applications are identified. One reason for its low usage is the lack of knowledge and tools for these methods among researchers. To expand existing evaluation methods, based on the QBA principles, three indicators are proposed. One is the relative bias that quantifies the bias direction through its signs and the bias magnitude through its quantity. The second is the critical point of positive test proportion in case of a misclassification bias that is equal to zero. The third is the bound of positive test proportion equal to adjusted prevalence at misclassification bias level α. These indicators express the magnitude, direction and uncertainty of the misclassification bias of prevalence estimates, respectively. Using these indicators, it was found that slight oscillations of the positive test proportion within a certain range can lead to substantial increases in the misclassification bias. Hence, researchers should account for misclassification error analytically when interpreting the significance of adjusted prevalence for epidemiological decision making. This highlights the importance of applying QBA to these analyses. In this article, we have used three real-world cases to illustrate the characteristics and calculation methods of presented indicators. To facilitate application, an Excel-based calculation tool is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Shao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Huy PX, Chung DT, Linh DT, Hang NT, Rachakonda S, Pallerla SR, Linh LTK, Tong HV, Dung LM, Mao CV, Wedemeyer H, Bock CT, Kremsner PG, Song LH, Sy BT, Toan NL, Velavan TP. Low Prevalence of HEV Infection and No Associated Risk of HEV Transmission from Mother to Child among Pregnant Women in Vietnam. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101340. [PMID: 34684289 PMCID: PMC8539026 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with HEV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are associated with increased rates of preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth. The aim of the present study was to investigate HEV infections in pregnant women and the possibility of mother-to-child transmission, and associated outcomes. A total of 183 pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited and followed until delivery. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and HEV nucleic acids were detected in stool and cord blood samples. HEV genotypes were identified by Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Mother-to-child transmission and associated adverse outcomes were not observed. Only 2% of patients (n = 4/183) tested positive for anti-HEV IgM, and 8% (n = 14/183) tested positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies. Cord blood (n = 150) analysis showed that there was no IgM detected, while 4% (n = 6/150) tested positive for anti-HEV IgG, which was consistent with mothers testing positive for anti-HEV IgG. Nucleic acid tests for HEV RNA yielded 2% (n = 4/183) from the serum and stool of pregnant women, and none from cord blood. The HEV isolates belonged to the genotype HEV-3a, with 99% homology with humans and 96% with pigs. No association was found between the risk of HEV infection and pregnancy outcomes or HEV transmission from mother to child. HEV-3 infections of zoonotic origin in pregnancy might have eventually resolved without complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Xuan Huy
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Dang Thanh Chung
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Dang Thuy Linh
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Ngo Thu Hang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Sivaramakrishna Rachakonda
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (P.G.K.)
| | - Srinivas Reddy Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (P.G.K.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (L.H.S.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (P.G.K.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (L.H.S.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Le Minh Dung
- Tra Vinh Obstetrics and Pediatrics Hospital, Tra Vinh 940000, Vietnam;
| | - Can Van Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (P.G.K.)
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambaréné B.P. 242, Gabon
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (L.H.S.); (B.T.S.)
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (L.H.S.); (B.T.S.)
- 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.X.H.); (D.T.C.); (D.T.L.); (N.T.H.); (H.V.T.); (C.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.T.); (T.P.V.); Tel.: +84-979-166-868 (N.L.T.); +49-7071 29-85981 (T.P.V.)
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.P.); (L.T.K.L.); (P.G.K.)
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (L.H.S.); (B.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.T.); (T.P.V.); Tel.: +84-979-166-868 (N.L.T.); +49-7071 29-85981 (T.P.V.)
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Bigoraj E, Paszkiewicz W, Rzeżutka A. Porcine Blood and Liver as Sporadic Sources of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in the Production Chain of Offal-Derived Foodstuffs in Poland. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:347-356. [PMID: 33891305 PMCID: PMC8379118 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pig's blood and liver are valuable edible slaughter by-products which are also the major ingredients of offal-derived foodstuffs. The aim of the study was an evaluation of the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine adenovirus (pAdV) as an index virus of faecal contamination in pig's blood and liver for human consumption. In total, 246 samples of retail liver (n = 100) and pooled pig's blood (n = 146) were analysed for the presence of HEV and pAdV. Blood samples were individually collected from 1432 pigs at slaughter age. Viral genomic material, including RNA of a sample process control virus was isolated from food samples using a QIAamp® Viral RNA Mini Kit. Virus-specific IAC-controlled real-time PCR methods were used for detection of target viruses. HEV RNA was found in 6 (2.4%; 95% CI: 0.9-5.2) out of 246 samples of tested foodstuffs. The virus was detected in pig's blood (3.4%; 95% CI: 1.1-7.8) and liver (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.0-5.0) with no significant differences observed in the frequency of its occurrence between the two by-products (t = 1.33; p = 0.182 > 0.05); however PAdV was detected more frequently in pig's blood than in liver (t = 4.65; p = 0.000 < 0.05). The HEV strains belonged to the 3f and 3e subtype groups and the pAdV strains were assigned to serotype 5. PAdV was detected in pigs regardless of the farm size from which they originated. The number of animals raised on the farm (the farm size) had no influence on the occurrence of HEV or pAdV infections in pigs (F = 0.81, p = 0.447 > 0.05 for HEV; F = 0.42, p = 0.655 > 0.05 for pAdV). Although HEV was detected in pig's offal only sporadically, consumers cannot treat its occurrence with disregard as it demonstrates that HEV-contaminated pig tissues can enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bigoraj
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - W Paszkiewicz
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 12, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
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