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Walker KE, Pasternak JA, Jones A, Mulligan MK, Van Goor A, Harding JCS, Lunney JK. Gene expression in heart, kidney, and liver identifies possible mechanisms underpinning fetal resistance and susceptibility to in utero PRRSV infection. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110154. [PMID: 38959808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the costliest diseases to pork producers worldwide. We tested samples from the pregnant gilt model (PGM) to better understand the fetal response to in-utero PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Our goal was to identify critical tissues and genes associated with fetal resilience or susceptibility. Pregnant gilts (N=22) were infected with PRRSV on day 86 of gestation. At 21 days post maternal infection, the gilts and fetuses were euthanized, and fetal tissues collected. Fetuses were characterized for PRRS viral load in fetal serum and thymus, and preservation status (viable or meconium stained: VIA or MEC). Fetuses (N=10 per group) were compared: uninfected (UNIF; <1 log/µL PRRSV RNA), resilient (HV_VIA, >5 log virus/µL but viable), and susceptible (HV_MEC, >5 log virus/µL with MEC). Gene expression in fetal heart, kidney, and liver was investigated using NanoString transcriptomics. Gene categories investigated were hypothesized to be involved in fetal response to PRRSV infection: renin- angiotensin-aldosterone, inflammatory, transporter and metabolic systems. Following PRRSV infection, CCL5 increased expression in heart and kidney, and ACE2 decreased expression in kidney, each associated with fetal PRRS susceptibility. Liver revealed the most significant differential gene expression: CXCL10 decreased and IL10 increased indicative of immune suppression. Increased liver gene expression indicated potential associations with fetal PRRS susceptibility on several systems including blood pressure regulation (AGTR1), energy metabolism (SLC16A1 and SLC16A7), tissue specific responses (KL) and growth modulation (TGFB1). Overall, analyses of non-lymphoid tissues provided clues to mechanisms of fetal compromise following maternal PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J A Pasternak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A Jones
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine program, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
| | - M K Mulligan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A Van Goor
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - J C S Harding
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States.
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Rudy K, Jeon D, Smith AA, Harding JCS, Pasternak JA. PRRSV-2 viral load in critical non-lymphoid tissues is associated with late gestation fetal compromise. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1352315. [PMID: 38389522 PMCID: PMC10883647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1352315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of late gestation PRRSV-2 infection is highly variable within a litter, with a subset of fetuses displaying varying degrees of compromise following infection while others remain viable despite significant systemic viral load. To understand the underlying cause of this variation, we examined the susceptibility, distribution and impact of viral infection within non-lymphoid tissues. Samples of brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle were obtained from fetuses of pregnant gilts at gestation day 86, and the presence and distribution of CD163+ cells within each tissue evaluated via immunohistofluorescence. Equivalent samples were collected from phenotypic extremes representing resistant, resilient and susceptible fetuses at 21 days following infection of pregnant gilts with PRRSV-2 at day 86 of gestation. Viral load and its impact in each tissue was evaluated by a combination of qPCR, in vitro viral recovery, and local expression of IFNG and CD163. Resting populations of CD163+ cells were observed in all six non-lymphoid tissues from healthy day 86 fetuses, though the apparent density and the morphology of positive cells varied between tissue. Viral RNA was detected in all six tissues derived from fetuses previously classified as highly infected, and infectious viral particles successfully recovered. Significantly more viral RNA was detected in heart, brain, lung and skeletal muscle of susceptible fetuses, relative to their viable counterparts. Infection was associated with an increase in the expression of CD163 in brain, kidney and lung. In addition, the presence of virus in each tissue coincided with a significant upregulation in the expression of IFNG, but the scale of this response was not associated with fetal susceptibility. Thus, PRRSV-2 is widely distributed across these susceptible non-lymphoid fetal tissues, and fetal outcome is associated with local viral load in critical fetal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rudy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - D Jeon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - A A Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - J C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J A Pasternak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Lin C, Zeng M, Song J, Li H, Feng Z, Li K, Pei Y. PRRSV alters m 6A methylation and alternative splicing to regulate immune, extracellular matrix-associated function. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126741. [PMID: 37696370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The alternative splicing and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications occurring during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections remain poorly understood. Transcriptome and MeRIP-seq analyses were performed to identify the gene expression changes, splicing and m6A modifications in the lungs of PRRSV-infected pigs. In total, 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between PRRSV-infected and uninfected pigs. We observed significant alterations in alternative splicing (54,367 events) and m6A modifications (2265 DASEs) in numerous genes, including LMO7, SLC25A27, ZNF185, and ECM1, during PRRSV infection. LMO7 and ZNF185 exhibited alternative splicing variants and reduced mRNA expression levels following PRRSV infection. Notably, LMO7 inhibited c-JUN, SMAD3, and FAK expression, whereas ZNF185 affected the expression of FAK, CDH1, and GSK3β downstream. Additionally, ECM1 influenced FAK expression by targeting ITGB3 and AKT2, suggesting its involvement in extracellular matrix accumulation through the ITGB3-AKT2/FAK pathway. These changes may facilitate viral invasion and replication by modulating the expression of genes and proteins participating in crucial cellular processes associated with immunity and the extracellular matrix. We highlight the importance of these genes and their associated pathways in PRRSV infections and suggest that targeting these may be a promising therapeutic approach for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Mu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Jia Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China.
| | - Yangli Pei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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Su N, Lin Z, Liu X, Sun X, Jin X, Feng H, Zhan C, Hu X, Gu C, Zhang W, Cheng G. Pathological observation and transcriptomic analysis of thymus injury in PRRSV-infected piglets. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1949-1962. [PMID: 37266866 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The thymus, the central immune organ in mammals, plays an important role in immune defense. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in piglets can cause thymus injury and immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms of thymus injury remain unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the specific manifestations of thymus injury through the construction of a PRRSV-infected piglet model and histopathological observation. In this study, fourteen 40-day-old PRRSV-free piglets were randomly divided into two groups, eleven of which were intramuscularly injected with 3 mL of PRRSV WUH3 virus suspension (106 PFU /mL) in the infection group, and three of which were sham-inoculated with 3 mL of RPMI-1640 medium in the control group. Clinical necropsy and samples collection were performed on day 8 after artificial infection. With the Illumina platform, the transcriptomes of piglet thymus tissues from infected and control piglets were sequenced to explore the relationships of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways with thymus injury. The immune organs of PRRSV-infected piglets were severely damaged. The histopathological findings in the thymus indicated that PRRSV infection was associated with a large decrease in lymphocytes, cell necrosis and cell apoptosis; an increase in blood vessels and macrophages; thymic corpuscle hyperplasia; and interstitial widening of the thymic lobules. The transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the Gene Ontology functions of DEGs were enriched primarily in biological processes such as angiogenesis, regulation of angiogenesis and positive regulation of cell migration. Moreover, greater numbers of blood vessels and macrophages were observed in the thymus in PRRSV-infected than control piglets. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. The expression of TLR8, IRF5, the chemokines CCL2, CCL3L1 and CCL5; and their receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 was significantly up-regulated in PRRSV infection, thus suggesting that these cytokines were associated with the pathological processes of thymus injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naying Su
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Helong Feng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cunlin Zhan
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Pamornchainavakul N, Paploski IAD, Makau DN, Kikuti M, Rovira A, Lycett S, Corzo CA, VanderWaal K. Mapping the Dynamics of Contemporary PRRSV-2 Evolution and Its Emergence and Spreading Hotspots in the U.S. Using Phylogeography. Pathogens 2023; 12:740. [PMID: 37242410 PMCID: PMC10222675 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeated emergence of new genetic variants of PRRSV-2, the virus that causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), reflects its rapid evolution and the failure of previous control efforts. Understanding spatiotemporal heterogeneity in variant emergence and spread is critical for future outbreak prevention. Here, we investigate how the pace of evolution varies across time and space, identify the origins of sub-lineage emergence, and map the patterns of the inter-regional spread of PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 (L1)-the current dominant lineage in the U.S. We performed comparative phylogeographic analyses on subsets of 19,395 viral ORF5 sequences collected across the U.S. and Canada between 1991 and 2021. The discrete trait analysis of multiple spatiotemporally stratified sampled sets (n = 500 each) was used to infer the ancestral geographic region and dispersion of each sub-lineage. The robustness of the results was compared to that of other modeling methods and subsampling strategies. Generally, the spatial spread and population dynamics varied across sub-lineages, time, and space. The Upper Midwest was a main spreading hotspot for multiple sub-lineages, e.g., L1C and L1F, though one of the most recent emergence events (L1A(2)) spread outwards from the east. An understanding of historical patterns of emergence and spread can be used to strategize disease control and the containment of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Mariana Kikuti
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (N.P.); (I.A.D.P.); (D.N.M.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.)
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Van Goor A, Pasternak A, Walugembe M, Chehab N, Hamonic G, Dekkers JCM, Harding JCS, Lunney JK. Genome wide association study of thyroid hormone levels following challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Genet 2023; 14:1110463. [PMID: 36845393 PMCID: PMC9947478 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes respiratory disease in piglets and reproductive disease in sows. Piglet and fetal serum thyroid hormone (i.e., T3 and T4) levels decrease rapidly in response to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. However, the genetic control of T3 and T4 levels during infection is not completely understood. Our objective was to estimate genetic parameters and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for absolute T3 and/or T4 levels of piglets and fetuses challenged with Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Methods: Sera from 5-week-old pigs (N = 1792) at 11 days post inoculation (DPI) with Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus were assayed for T3 levels (piglet_T3). Sera from fetuses (N = 1,267) at 12 or 21 days post maternal inoculation (DPMI) with Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus of sows (N = 145) in late gestation were assayed for T3 (fetal_T3) and T4 (fetal_T4) levels. Animals were genotyped using 60 K Illumina or 650 K Affymetrix single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels. Heritabilities, phenotypic correlations, and genetic correlations were estimated using ASREML; genome wide association studies were performed for each trait separately using Julia for Whole-genome Analysis Software (JWAS). Results: All three traits were low to moderately heritable (10%-16%). Phenotypic and genetic correlations of piglet_T3 levels with weight gain (0-42 DPI) were 0.26 ± 0.03 and 0.67 ± 0.14, respectively. Nine significant quantitative trait loci were identified for piglet_T3, on Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, and 17, and collectively explaining 30% of the genetic variation (GV), with the largest quantitative trait loci identified on SSC5, explaining 15% of the genetic variation. Three significant quantitative trait loci were identified for fetal_T3 on SSC1 and SSC4, which collectively explained 10% of the genetic variation. Five significant quantitative trait loci were identified for fetal_T4 on SSC1, 6, 10, 13, and 15, which collectively explained 14% of the genetic variation. Several putative immune-related candidate genes were identified, including CD247, IRF8, and MAPK8. Discussion: Thyroid hormone levels following Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection were heritable and had positive genetic correlations with growth rate. Multiple quantitative trait loci with moderate effects were identified for T3 and T4 levels during challenge with Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and candidate genes were identified, including several immune-related genes. These results advance our understanding of growth effects of both piglet and fetal response to Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection, revealing factors associated with genomic control of host resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Van Goor
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Alex Pasternak
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nadya Chehab
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Glenn Hamonic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jack C. M. Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Joan K. Lunney,
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Ison EK, Hopf-Jannasch AS, Harding JCS, Alex Pasternak J. Effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on thyroid hormone metabolism in the late gestation fetus. Vet Res 2022; 53:74. [PMID: 36175938 PMCID: PMC9524047 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in late gestation causes a profound suppression of circulating maternal and fetal thyroid hormone during a critical window of development. To understand this relationship, we evaluated thyroid hormone metabolism at the maternal-fetal interface and within fetal tissues, along with hormone metabolite levels in serum. Fetuses were classified using an established model based on viral load in serum and thymus, and preservation status, including uninfected (UNIF), high-viral load viable (HV-VIA), and high-viral load meconium-stained (HV-MEC), with additional controls from sham-inoculated gilts (CON). Expression of three iodothyronine deiodinases, five sulfotransferases, sulfatase, and two solute carriers known to transport thyroid hormone were evaluated in maternal endometrium and fetal placenta, liver, and kidney. Serum thyroxin (T4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), and diiodothyronine (T2) were evaluated via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Significant changes in gene expression were observed in all four tissues, with the liver being the most severely impacted. We observed local and fetal specific regulation of maternal tissues through significant upregulation of DIO2 and DIO3 expression in the endometrium corresponding to infected but viable fetuses relative to uninfected and control fetuses. Expression levels of DIO2 and DIO3 were significantly higher in the resilient (HV-VIA) fetuses relative to the susceptible (HV-MEC) fetuses. A substantial decrease in serum T4 was confirmed, with no corresponding increase in rT3 or T2. Collectively, these results show that thyroid hormone metabolism is altered at the maternal-fetal interface and within the PRRSV infected fetus and is associated with fetal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Ison
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | | | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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Shao C, Yu Z, Luo T, Zhou B, Song Q, Li Z, Yu X, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Dong W, Zhou X, Wang X, Song H. Chitosan-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles Attenuate PRRSV Replication and ROS/JNK-Mediated Apoptosis in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3043-3054. [PMID: 35832119 PMCID: PMC9273186 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s370585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly prevalent and endemic swine pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the global swine industry. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted increasing attention in the biomedical field, given their antiviral effects. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of chitosan-coated SeNPs (CS-SeNPs) on PRRSV replication. Methods In this study, CS-SeNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction and characterized by assessing the morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, and element composition. Marc-145 cells were infected with r-PRRSV-EGFP (0.1 MOI) and inoculated with CS-SeNPs (10 μM). Subsequently, the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were measured using specific commercial assay kits. ORF5 RNA expression, viral titer, and nucleocapsid (N) protein expression were assessed using qRT-PCR, TCID50, and Western blot. ROS generation, apoptosis rates, and JNK /caspase-3/PARP protein expression were evaluated using dihydroethidium staining, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Results The results showed that CS-SeNPs treatment significantly suppressed oxidative stress induced by r-PRRSV-EGFP infection by increasing GSH-Px activity, promoting GSH production, and inhibiting H2O2 synthesis. CS-SeNPs treatment significantly inhibited ORF5 gene expression, viral titers, and N protein of r-PRRSV-EGFP at 24 and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) in Marc-145 cells. The increase in apoptosis rates induced by r-PRRSV-EGFP infection was significantly decreased by CS-SeNPs inoculation through inhibiting ROS generation, JNK phosphorylation levels, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP mainly at 48 hpi. Conclusion These results demonstrated that CS-SeNPs suppress PRRSV-induced apoptosis in Marc-145 cells via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting PRRSV replication, which suggested the potential antiviral activity of CS-SeNPs that deserves further investigation for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongwang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, People's Republic of China
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Barrera-Zarate JA, Detmer SE, Pasternak JA, Hamonic G, MacPhee DJ, Harding JCS. Effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 on angiogenesis and cell proliferation at the maternal-fetal interface. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:940-949. [PMID: 35723036 PMCID: PMC9530517 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and cell proliferation in reproductive tissues are essential events
for the maintenance of pregnancy, and alterations can lead to compromised fetal
development and survival. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
(PRRSV-2) induces reproductive disease with negative financial and production
impact on the swine industry. PRRSV-2 infection alters placental physiology
through inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, yet fetal susceptibility varies.
This study aimed to evaluate angiogenesis and cell proliferation in the porcine
maternal-fetal interface (MFI) and determine if these physiological processes
were altered by PRRSV-2 infection. Thirty-one pregnant gilts were inoculated
with PRRSV-2 at gestation day 86 ± 0.4 (mean ± SD). Seven control gilts were
sham-inoculated. All gilts were euthanized at 12 days postinoculation.
Angiogenesis and cell proliferation were determined through the detection of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ki-67, respectively, using
immunofluorescence of the MFI from 4 fetal resilience groups: uninfected (UNIF),
high viral load–viable (HVL-VIA), and HVL-meconium-stained (MEC) from
PRRSV-infected gilts, as well from sham-inoculated (CON) gilts. VEGF
immunolabeling in the uterine submucosa was significantly lower in MEC compared
with UNIF and HVL-VIA groups. Significantly greater Ki67 immunolabeling was
detected in the trophoblasts of CON fetuses versus all other groups, and in
uterine epithelium of CON and UNIF fetuses versus HVL-VIA and MEC. These results
suggest that fetal resilience may be related to greater cell proliferation in
uterine epithelium, and fetal compromise with reduced uterine submucosal
angiogenesis, except fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, in which
inherently lower submucosal angiogenesis may be protective against PRRSV
infection.
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