1
|
Serem EK, Mburu DM, Abdullahi OA, Bargul JL. A scoping review on tsetse fly blood meal sources and its assay methods since 1956 to 2022. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:52. [PMID: 38308365 PMCID: PMC10837921 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the definitive biological vectors of African trypanosomes in humans and animals. Controlling this vector is the most promising method of preventing trypanosome transmission. This requires a comprehensive understanding of tsetse biology and host preference to inform targeted design and management strategies, such as the use of olfaction and visual cues in tsetse traps. No current review exists on host preference and blood meal analyses of tsetse flies. METHODS This review presents a meta-analysis of tsetse fly blood meal sources and the methodologies used to identify animal hosts from 1956 to August 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRIMA-ScR) was applied. This focused on tsetse-endemic countries, blood meal analysis methodologies and the blood meal hosts identified. The articles were retrieved and screened from databases using predetermined eligibility criteria. RESULTS Only 49/393 of the articles retrieved matched the inclusion criteria. Glossina's main hosts in the wild included the bushbuck, buffalo, elephant, warthog, bushpig and hippopotamus. Pigs, livestock and humans were key hosts at the domestic interface. The least studied species included Glossina fuscipleuris, G. fusca, G. medicorum, G. tabaniformis and G. austeni. In the absence of preferred hosts, Glossina fed opportunistically on a variety of hosts. Precipitin, haemagglutination, disc diffusion, complement fixation, ELISA and PCR-based assays were used to evaluate blood meals. Cytochrome b (Cyt b) was the main target gene in PCR to identify the vertebrate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse blood meal sources have likely expanded because of ecological changes that could have rendered preferred hosts unavailable. The major approaches for analysing tsetse fly blood meal hosts targeted Cyt b gene for species identification by Sanger sequencing. However, small-fragment DNAs, such as the mammalian 12S and 16S rRNA genes, along with second- and third-generation sequencing techniques, could increase sensitivity for host identification in multiple host feeders that Sanger sequencing may misidentify as "noise". This review of tsetse fly blood meal sources and approaches to host identification could inform strategies for tsetse control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Kibichiy Serem
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - David Mwangi Mburu
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Osman Abdikarim Abdullahi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joel Ltilitan Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rascón-García K, Martínez-López B, Cecchi G, Scoglio C, Matovu E, Muhanguzi D. Prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis among livestock and domestic animals in Uganda: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis from 1980 to 2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20337. [PMID: 37990067 PMCID: PMC10663568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to animal health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform AAT control in Uganda and help advance along the progressive control pathway (PCP), we characterized AAT prevalence among eight host species in Uganda and explored factors that influence the prevalence variation between studies. We retrieved AAT prevalence publications (n = 2232) for Uganda (1980-2022) from five life sciences databases, focusing on studies specifying AAT detection methods, sample size, and the number of trypanosome-positive animals. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included 56 publications, and evaluated publication bias by the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. National AAT prevalence under DNA diagnostic methods for cattle, sheep and goats was 22.15%, 8.51% and 13.88%, respectively. Under DNA diagnostic methods, T. vivax was the most common Trypanosoma sp. in cattle (6.15%, 95% CI: 2.91-10.45) while T. brucei was most common among small ruminants (goats: 8.78%, 95% CI: 1.90-19.88, and sheep: 8.23%, 95% CI: 4.74-12.50, respectively). Northern and Eastern regions accounted for the highest AAT prevalence. Despite the limitations of this study (i.e., quality of reviewed studies, underrepresentation of districts/regions), we provide insights that could be used for better control of AAT in Uganda and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to support the progressive control of AAT at country level and other regional endemic countries with similar AAT eco-epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rascón-García
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scoglio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnical & Diagnostic Sciences (BDS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio-Molecular Resources and Bio-Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kallu SA, Ndebe J, Qiu Y, Nakao R, Simuunza MC. Prevalence and Association of Trypanosomes and Sodalis glossinidius in Tsetse Flies from the Kafue National Park in Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020080. [PMID: 36828496 PMCID: PMC9960957 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are obligate hematophagous vectors of animal and human African trypanosomosis. They cyclically transmit pathogenic Trypanosoma species. The endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius is suggested to play a role in facilitating the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosome infections. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence of S. glossinidius and trypanosomes circulating in tsetse flies and checking whether an association exists between trypanosomes and Sodalis infections in tsetse flies from Kafue National Park in Zambia. A total of 326 tsetse flies were sampled from the Chunga and Ngoma areas of the national park. After DNA extraction was conducted, the presence of S. glossinidius and trypanosome DNA was checked using PCR. The Chi-square test was carried out to determine whether there was an association between the presence of S. glossinidius and trypanosome infections. Out of the total tsetse flies collected, the prevalence of S. glossinidius and trypanosomes was 21.8% and 19.3%, respectively. The prevalence of S. glossinidius was 22.2% in Glossina morsitans and 19.6% in Glossina pallidipes. In relation to sampling sites, the prevalence of S. glossinidius was 26.0% in Chunga and 21.0% in Ngoma. DNA of trypanosomes was detected in 18.9% of G. morsitans and 21.4% of G. pallidipes. The prevalence of trypanosomes was 21.7% and 6.0% for Ngoma and Chunga, respectively. The prevalences of trypanosome species detected in this study were 6.4%, 4.6%, 4.0%, 3.7%, 3.1%, and 2.5% for T. vivax, T. simiae, T. congolense, T. godfreyi, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. b. brucei, respectively. Out of 63 trypanosome infected tsetse flies, 47.6% of the flies also carried S. glossinidius, and the remaining flies were devoid of S. glossinidius. A statistically significant association was found between S. glossinidius and trypanosomes (p < 0.001) infections in tsetse flies. Our findings indicated that presence of S. glossinidius increases the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosome infections and S. glossinidius could be a potential candidate for symbiont-mediated vector control in these tsetse species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simegnew Adugna Kallu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +251-913786532
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Department of Virology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Martin C. Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desquesnes M, Thaisungnoen K, Chalermwong P, Nevot A, Fossaert C, Lucas A, Onju S, Boonsaen P, Jittapalapong S. The Use of “Tail-Pedometers” to Evaluate the Impact of Dipterans in Feeder Cattle. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070616. [PMID: 35886792 PMCID: PMC9320480 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock due to their bites, annoyance and the diseases they transmit. Cattle exposed to biting flies exhibit defence movements such as tail flicks. The evaluation of biting fly density and annoyance by counting tail flicks of cattle has been validated in the past, but it is highly time consuming. In this study, we evaluated the use of sport pedometers attached to the tails of feeder cattle, in order to evaluate tails flick frequency in two groups of six feeder cattle: Group A was protected by a mosquito net, and Group B was in open-air. Tail flicks were also recorded visually. In addition, insect density was evaluated using three fly traps in the surrounding of Group B. A strong correlation was observed between fly density and visual records of tail flicks; a stronger correlation was found between fly density and tail pedometer records. The reports of tail flicks at night were even able to draw attention to a huge infestation by mosquitoes. Finally, in these experimental conditions, tail pedometers proved to be useful tools in evaluating density and the impact of dipterans on cattle behaviour. They will be useful tools to evaluate new biting fly control methods. Abstract Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock; their direct impact reduces productivity, and they are vectors of parasites, bacteria and viruses. Their control using insecticides is inefficient and highly polluting. The validation of new control tools requires efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluation. The quantification of hematophagous insects’ impact in livestock is a challenging prerequisite. Tail flicks counts can reliably evaluate fly-burden; however, visual records are tedious and time-consuming. In the present study, automation of tail flick counts was made through the use of pedometers attached to the tail, in two groups of feeder cattle. Group A was kept in a pen under the protection of a mosquito net, and Group B was kept in an open-air pen. The fly density of Group B was evaluated using fly traps. The apparent density per trap ranged from 130 to 1700 in the study. The mean pedometer records per 24 h ranged from 957+/−58 bits in Group A to 11,138+/−705 bits in Group B. The night/day records observed in Group A (200/800 bits) were drastically increased in Group B (1000–4000/4000–14,000 bits) and variable along seasons. A very high correlation was observed between fly density and visual records or pedometer records (PR). Two-hour PRs proved to be a reliable predictive tool for fly density. Moreover, the pedometers revealed an unsuspected but significant nuisance of mosquitoes, which should be thoroughly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR InterTryp, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kornkanok Thaisungnoen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Piangjai Chalermwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Adèle Nevot
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Clément Fossaert
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Antoine Lucas
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Sathaporn Onju
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
| | - Phoompong Boonsaen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spatial Distribution of Tsetse Flies and Trypanosome Infection Status in a Vector Genetic Transition Zone in Northern Uganda. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:9142551. [PMID: 35692442 PMCID: PMC9177332 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9142551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies are vectors of the genus Trypanosoma that cause African trypanosomiasis, a serious parasitic disease of people and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent for planning sustainable control strategies. This study was carried out to estimate the spatial distribution, apparent density, and trypanosome infection rates of tsetse flies in two districts that fall within a vector genetic transition zone in northern Uganda. Materials and Methods Capturing of tsetse flies was done using biconical traps deployed in eight villages in Oyam and Otuke, two districts that fall within the vector genetic transition zone in northern Uganda. Trapped tsetse flies were sexed and morphologically identified to species level and subsequently analyzed for detection of trypanosome DNA. Trypanosome DNA was detected using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Results A total of 717 flies (406 females; 311 males) were caught, all belonging to the Glossina fuscipes fuscipes species. The overall average flies/trap/day (FTD) was 2.20 ± 0.3527 (mean ± SE). Out of the 477 (201 male; 276 females) flies analyzed, 7.13% (34/477) were positive for one or more trypanosome species. Three species of bovine trypanosomes were detected, namely, Trypanosoma vivax, 61.76% (21/34), T. congolense, 26.47% (9/34), and T. brucei brucei, 5.88% (2/34), and two cases of mixed infection of T. congolense and T. brucei brucei, 5.88% (2/34). The infection rate was not significantly associated with the sex of the fly (generalized linear model (GLM), χ2 = 0.051, p = 0.821, df = 1, n = 477) and district of origin (χ2 = 0.611, p = 0.434, df = 1, n = 477). However, trypanosome infection was highly significantly associated with the fly's age based on wing fray category (χ2 = 7.56, p = 0.006, df = 1, n = 477), being higher among the very old than the young. Conclusion The relatively high tsetse density and trypanosome infection rate indicate that the transition zone is a high-risk area for perpetuating animal trypanosomiasis. Therefore, appropriate mitigation measures should be instituted targeting tsetse and other biting flies that may play a role as disease vectors, given the predominance of T. vivax in the tsetse samples.
Collapse
|