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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Denamur S, Chazeirat T, Maszota-Zieleniak M, Vivès RR, Saidi A, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Labarthe F, Samsonov SA, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Binding of heparan sulfate to human cystatin C modulates inhibition of cathepsin L: Putative consequences in mucopolysaccharidosis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Kanjanapruthipong T, Sukphopetch P, Reamtong O, Isarangkul D, Muangkaew W, Thiangtrongjit T, Sansurin N, Fongsodsri K, Ampawong S. Cytoskeletal Alteration Is an Early Cellular Response in Pulmonary Epithelium Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus Rather than Scedosporium apiospermum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:216-235. [PMID: 33890146 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis and scedosporiosis are life-threatening fungal infections with similar clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. Contrarily, Scedosporium apiospermum is susceptible to some azole derivative but often resistant to amphotericin B. Histopathological examination alone cannot diagnose these two fungal species. Pathogenesis studies could contribute to explore candidate protein markers for new diagnosis and treatment methods leading to a decrease in mortality. In the present study, proteomics was conducted to identify significantly altered proteins in A549 cells infected with or without Aspergillus fumigatus and S. apiospermum as measured at initial invasion. Protein validation was performed with immunogold labelling alongside immunohistochemical techniques in infected A549 cells and lungs from murine models. Further, cytokine production was measured, using the Bio-Plex-Multiplex immunoassay. The cytoskeletal proteins HSPA9, PA2G4, VAT1, PSMA2, PEX1, PTGES3, KRT1, KRT9, CLIP1 and CLEC20A were mainly changed during A. fumigatus infection, while the immunologically activated proteins WNT7A, GAPDH and ANXA2 were principally altered during S. apiospermum infection. These proteins are involved in fungal internalisation and structural destruction leading to pulmonary disorders. Interleukin (IL)-21, IL-1α, IL-22, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17A, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α were upregulated in both aspergillosis and scedosporiosis, although more predominately in the latter, in accordance with chitin synthase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase levels. Our results demonstrated that during invasion, A. fumigatus primarily altered host cellular integrity, whereas S. apiospermum chiefly induced and extensively modulated host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Isarangkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nichapa Sansurin
- Northeast Laboratory Animal Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Fongsodsri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Brugiere O, Verleden SE. Putting the spotlight on macrophage-derived cathepsin in the pathophysiology of obliterative bronchiolitis. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:57/5/2004607. [PMID: 33985982 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04607-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Brugiere
- Lung Transplant Dept, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France .,Inserm UMR S 1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France
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Morrone C, Smirnova NF, Jeridi A, Kneidinger N, Hollauer C, Schupp JC, Kaminski N, Jenne D, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ. Cathepsin B promotes collagen biosynthesis, which drives bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.01416-2020. [PMID: 33303550 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01416-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a major complication after lung transplantation (LTx). BOS is characterised by massive peribronchial fibrosis, leading to air trapping-induced pulmonary dysfunction. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has been shown to enforce fibrotic pathways in several diseases. However, the relevance of cathepsin B in BOS progression has not yet been addressed. The aim of the study was to elucidate the function of cathepsin B in BOS pathogenesis.We determined cathepsin B levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue from healthy donors (HD) and BOS LTx patients. Cathepsin B activity was assessed via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay and protein expression was determined using Western blotting, ELISA and immunostaining. To investigate the impact of cathepsin B in the pathophysiology of BOS, we used an in vivo orthotopic left LTx mouse model. Mechanistic studies were performed in vitro using macrophage and fibroblast cell lines.We found a significant increase of cathepsin B activity in BALF and lung tissue from BOS patients, as well as in our murine model of lymphocytic bronchiolitis. Moreover, cathepsin B activity was associated with increased biosynthesis of collagen and had a negative effect on lung function. We observed that cathepsin B was mainly expressed in macrophages that infiltrated areas characterised by a massive accumulation of collagen deposition. Mechanistically, macrophage-derived cathepsin B contributed to transforming growth factor-β1-dependent activation of fibroblasts, and its inhibition reversed the phenotype.Infiltrating macrophages release active cathepsin B, thereby promoting fibroblast activation and subsequent collagen deposition, which drive BOS. Cathepsin B represents a promising therapeutic target to prevent the progression of BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Morrone
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia F Smirnova
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Dept of Internal Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hollauer
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Christian Schupp
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dieter Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA.,Contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany .,Contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work
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6
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Leng L, Cao R, Ma J, Mou D, Zhu Y, Li W, Lv L, Gao D, Zhang S, Gong F, Zhao L, Qiu B, Xiang H, Hu Z, Feng Y, Dai Y, Zhao J, Wu Z, Li H, Zhong W. Pathological features of COVID-19-associated lung injury: a preliminary proteomics report based on clinical samples. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:240. [PMID: 33060566 PMCID: PMC7557250 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global health emergency due to its association with severe pneumonia and relative high mortality. However, the molecular characteristics and pathological features underlying COVID-19 pneumonia remain largely unknown. To characterize molecular mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathogenesis in the lung tissue using a proteomic approach, fresh lung tissues were obtained from newly deceased patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. After virus inactivation, a quantitative proteomic approach combined with bioinformatics analysis was used to detect proteomic changes in the SARS-CoV-2-infected lung tissues. We identified significant differentially expressed proteins involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes including cellular metabolism, blood coagulation, immune response, angiogenesis, and cell microenvironment regulation. Several inflammatory factors were upregulated, which was possibly caused by the activation of NF-κB signaling. Extensive dysregulation of the lung proteome in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was discovered. Our results systematically outlined the molecular pathological features in terms of the lung response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and provided the scientific basis for the therapeutic target that is urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Leng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Danlei Mou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Luye Lv
- Institute of NBC Defense, 102205, Beijing, China
| | - Dunqin Gao
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Shikun Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Bintao Qiu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical of University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Hu
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmei Feng
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanyang Central Hospital, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanyang Central Hospital, 473000, Henan, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Department of Medical Science Research Center, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical of University, 100069, Beijing, China.
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100850, Beijing, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yu X, Huang Q, Fang W, Li J, Bonventre JV, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Differential Roles of Cysteinyl Cathepsins in TGF-β Signaling and Tissue Fibrosis. iScience 2019; 19:607-622. [PMID: 31446224 PMCID: PMC6715892 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling contributes to tissue fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that TGF-β enhances CatS and CatK expression but reduces CatB and CatL expression in mouse kidney tubular epithelial cells (TECs). CatS- and CatK deficiency reduces TEC nuclear membrane importer importin-β expression, Smad-2/3 activation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Yet CatB- and CatL-deficiency displays the opposite observations with reduced nuclear membrane exporter RanBP3 expression. CatS and CatK form immunocomplexes with the importin-β and RanBP3 more effectively than do CatB and CatL. On the plasma membrane, CatS and CatK preferentially form immunocomplexes with and activate TGF-β receptor-2, whereas CatB and CatL form immunocomplexes with and inactivate TGF-β receptor-1. Unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal injury tests differential cathepsin activities in TGF-β signaling and tissue fibrosis. CatB- or CatL-deficiency exacerbates fibrosis, whereas CatS- or CatK-deficiency protects kidneys from fibrosis. These cathepsins exert different effects in the TGF-β signaling cascade independent of their proteolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenqian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Vidak E, Javoršek U, Vizovišek M, Turk B. Cysteine Cathepsins and their Extracellular Roles: Shaping the Microenvironment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030264. [PMID: 30897858 PMCID: PMC6468544 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, cysteine cathepsins were considered primarily as proteases crucial for nonspecific bulk proteolysis in the endolysosomal system. However, this view has dramatically changed, and cathepsins are now considered key players in many important physiological processes, including in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and various inflammatory diseases. Cathepsins are emerging as important players in the extracellular space, and the paradigm is shifting from the degrading enzymes to the enzymes that can also specifically modify extracellular proteins. In pathological conditions, the activity of cathepsins is often dysregulated, resulting in their overexpression and secretion into the extracellular space. This is typically observed in cancer and inflammation, and cathepsins are therefore considered valuable diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In particular, the investigation of limited proteolysis by cathepsins in the extracellular space is opening numerous possibilities for future break-through discoveries. In this review, we highlight the most important findings that establish cysteine cathepsins as important players in the extracellular space and discuss their roles that reach beyond processing and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In addition, we discuss the recent developments in cathepsin research and the new possibilities that are opening in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matej Vizovišek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Curcumin inhibits the TGF-β1-dependent differentiation of lung fibroblasts via PPARγ-driven upregulation of cathepsins B and L. Sci Rep 2019; 9:491. [PMID: 30679571 PMCID: PMC6345753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive disease characterized by a widespread accumulation of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix components. Growing evidences support that cysteine cathepsins, embracing cathepsin B (CatB) that affects TGF-β1-driven Smad pathway, along with their extracellular inhibitor cystatin C, participate in myofibrogenesis. Here we established that curcumin, a potent antifibrotic drug used in traditional Asian medicine, impaired the expression of both α-smooth muscle actin and mature TGF-β1 and inhibited the differentiation of human lung fibroblasts (CCD-19Lu cells). Curcumin induced a compelling upregulation of CatB and CatL. Conversely cystatin C was downregulated, which allowed the recovery of the peptidase activity of secreted cathepsins and the restoration of the proteolytic balance. Consistently, the amount of both insoluble and soluble type I collagen decreased, reaching levels similar to those observed for undifferentiated fibroblasts. The signaling pathways activated by curcumin were further examined. Curcumin triggered the expression of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Contrariwise PPARγ inhibition, either by an antagonist (2-chloro-5-nitro-N-4-pyridinyl-benzamide) or by RNA silencing, restored TGF-β1-driven differentiation of curcumin-treated CCD-19Lu cells. PPARγ response element (PPRE)-like sequences were identified in the promoter regions of both CatB and CatL. Finally, we established that the transcriptional induction of CatB and CatL depends on the binding of PPARγ to PPRE sequences as a PPARγ/Retinoid X Receptor-α heterodimer.
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Vizovišek M, Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins in extracellular matrix remodeling: Extracellular matrix degradation and beyond. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic, progressive and irreversible disease that remains refractory to current therapies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis since decades. Coagulation signalling deregulation, which influences several key inflammatory and fibro-proliferative responses, is also essential in IPF pathogenesis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) inhibition in IPF may be promising for future evaluation. Therefore, proteases and anti-proteases aroused great biomedical interest over the past years, owing to the identification of their potential roles in lung fibrosis. During these last decades, numerous other proteases and anti-proteases have been studied in lung fibrosis, such as matriptase, Human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA)/HGFA activator inhibitor (HAI) system, Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, Protease nexine (PN)-1, cathepsins, calpains, and cystatin C. Herein, we provide a general overview of the proteases and anti-proteases unbalance during lung fibrogenesis and explore potential therapeutics for IPF.
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