Impact of diabetes mellitus on the early-phase arterial healing after drug-eluting stent implantation

Intravascular Imaging and Angiography Guidance in Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Among Patients With Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Data are limited regarding the effects of intravascular imaging guidance during complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with diabetes.

Objective

To compare the clinical outcomes of intravascular imaging-guided vs angiography-guided complex PCI in patients with or without diabetes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prespecified secondary analysis of a subgroup of patients in RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI (Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravascular Imaging Guidance Versus Angiography-Guidance on Clinical Outcomes After Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention), an investigator-initiated, open-label multicenter trial, analyzed enrolled patients who underwent complex PCI at 20 sites in Korea from May 2018 through May 2021. Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to undergo either the intravascular imaging-guided PCI or angiography-guided PCI. Data analyses were performed from June 2023 to April 2024.

Interventions

Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed either under the guidance of intravascular imaging or angiography alone.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was target vessel failure (TVF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization.

Results

Among the 1639 patients included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 65.6 [10.2] years; 1300 males [79.3%]), 617 (37.6%) had diabetes. The incidence of TVF was significantly higher in patients with diabetes than patients without diabetes (hazard ratio [HR], 1.86; 95% CI, 1.33-2.60; P < .001). Among patients without diabetes, the intravascular imaging-guided PCI group had a significantly lower incidence of TVF compared with the angiography-guided PCI group (4.7% vs 12.2%; HR, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.25-0.67]; P < .001). Conversely, in patients with diabetes, the risk of TVF was not significantly different between the 2 groups (12.9% vs 12.3%; HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.60-1.57]; P = .90). There was a significant interaction between the use of intravascular imaging and diabetes for the risk of TVF (P for interaction = .02). Among patients with diabetes, only those with good glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c level ≤7.5%) and who achieved stent optimization by intravascular imaging showed a lower risk of future ischemic events (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.12-0.82; P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this secondary analysis of a subgroup of patients in the RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI trial, intravascular imaging guidance reduced the risk of TVF compared with angiography guidance in patients without diabetes (but not in patients with diabetes) during complex PCI. In patients with diabetes undergoing complex PCI, attention should be paid to stent optimization using intravascular imaging and glycemic control to improve outcomes.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03381872.

Optimal medical therapy improves outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction

AIMS

We aimed to explored the association between the use of optimal medical therapy (OMT) in patients with myocardial infarction (AMI) and diabetes mellitus (DM) and clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Bleeding complications in a Multicenter registry of patients discharged with diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (BleeMACS) is an international registry that enrolled participants with acute coronary syndrome followed up for at least 1 year across 15 centers from 2003 to 2014. Baseline characteristics and endpoints were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among 3095 (23.2%) patients with AMI and DM, 1898 (61.3%) received OMT at hospital discharge. OMT was associated with significantly reduced mortality (4.3% vs. 10.8%, p < 0.001), re-AMI (4.4% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001), and composite endpoint of death/re-AMI (8.0% vs. 17.6%, p < 0.001). No difference was observed among regions. Propensity score matching confirmed that OMT significantly associated with lower mortality. After adjusting for confounding variables, OMT, drug-eluting stents, and complete revascularization were independent protective factors of 1-year mortality, whereas left ventricular ejection fraction and age were risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Guideline-recommended OMT was prescribed at suboptimal frequencies with geographic variations in this worldwide cohort. OMT can improve long-term clinical outcomes in patients with DM and AMI.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02466854 June 9, 2015.

Long-term clinical outcomes of Chinese diabetic patients after coronary revascularization with drug-eluting stents: a retrospective comparative cohort study

Background

Compared to bare-metal stent implantation, coronary drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation is more likely to reduce restenosis and the need for a subsequent repeat revascularization procedure. Diabetes increases the risk of coronary heart disease and the population of diabetic patients has increased significantly in China in recent years. It's essential to know more about the outcome in these patients underwent DES implantation. To date, the long-term safety and efficacy of coronary DES implantation in Chinese patients with diabetes has rarely been investigated.

Methods

In this study, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 580 patients who underwent DES implantations between July 2014 and January 2016 were included and divided into the diabetic group (n=173) and non-diabetic group (n=407). Clinical baseline characteristics and follow-up outcomes were collected from electronic medical record. Serial clinical follow-up was conducted at 1-, 3-, and 5-year. The primary end point was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), including cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction (re-MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR) in 5-year follow-up. The long-term outcomes observed in the 5-year follow-up period were compared between the diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Results

Non-cardiac death was more common in the diabetic than non-diabetic patients in the 5-year follow-up period (8.7% vs. 3.2% P=0.00). Conversely, the risk of occurrence of MACEs, cardiac death, re-MI, and TLR were comparable. The all-cause mortality rate in 5-year follow-up was higher in the diabetic than non-diabetic patients (14.5% vs. 6.1%, P=0.00). The incidence of stent thrombosis was also comparable between the diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Conclusions

Compared to the non-diabetic patients, the diabetic patients were at higher risk for all-cause mortality after coronary DES implantation during the long-term follow-up period.

Acute coronary syndromes in diabetic patients, outcome, revascularization, and antithrombotic therapy

Diabetes exacerbates the progression of atherosclerosis and is associated with increased risk of developing acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Approximatively 25-30% of patients admitted for ACS have diabetes. ACS occurs earlier in diabetics and is associated with increased mortality and a higher risk of recurrent ischemic events. An increased proinflammatory and prothrombotic state is involved in the poorer outcomes of diabetic patients. In the past decade advancement in both percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery by-pass graft (CABG) techniques and more potent antiplatelet drugs like prasugrel and ticagrelor improved outcomes of diabetic patients with ACS, but this population still experiences worse outcomes compared to non-diabetic patients. While in ST elevation myocardial infarction urgent PCI is the method of choice for revascularization, in patients with non-ST elevation ACS an early invasive approach is suggested by the guidelines, but in the setting of multivessel (MV) or complex coronary artery disease (CAD) the revascularization strategy is less clear. This review describes the accumulating evidence regarding factors involved in promoting increased incidence and poor prognosis of ACS in patients with diabetes, the evolution over time of prognosis and outcomes, revascularization strategies and antithrombotic therapy studied until now.

The Impact of Diabetes on Vascular Disease: Progress from the Perspective of Epidemics and Treatments

At present, the global incidence of diabetes has increased in countries with large populations, and the changes in developing regions are particularly worthy of attention. In the past 40 years or so, the income situation in China, India, and other countries has exploded, leading to changes in the way of life and work as well as an increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Metabolic disorders caused by diabetes can lead to secondary vascular complications, which have long-term malignant effects on the heart, kidneys, brain, and other vital organs of patients. Adequate primary prevention measures are needed to reduce the incidence of diabetic vascular complications, and more attention should be given to treatment after the disease. To this end, it is necessary to determine a standardized drug and physical therapy system and to build a more efficient and low-cost chronic disease management system.

Impact of prediabetes and diabetes on 3-year outcome of patients treated with new-generation drug-eluting stents in two large-scale randomized clinical trials

Background

Diabetes is associated with adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents (DES), but for prediabetes this association has not been definitely established. Furthermore, in patients with prediabetes treated with contemporary stents, bleeding data are lacking. We assessed 3-year ischemic and bleeding outcomes following treatment with new-generation DES in patients with prediabetes and diabetes as compared to normoglycemia.

Methods

For this post-hoc analysis, we pooled patient-level data of the BIO-RESORT and BIONYX stent trials which both stratified for diabetes at randomization. Both trials were multicenter studies performed in tertiary cardiac centers. Study participants were patients of whom glycemic state was known based on hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, or medically treated diabetes. Three-year follow-up was available in 4212/4330 (97.3 %) patients. The main endpoint was target vessel failure, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization.

Results

Baseline cardiovascular risk profiles were progressively abnormal in patients with normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes. The main endpoint occurred in 54/489 patients with prediabetes (11.2 %) and 197/1488 with diabetes (13.7 %), as compared to 142/2,353 with normoglycemia (6.1 %) (HR: 1.89, 95 %-CI 1.38–2.58, p < 0.001, and HR: 2.30, 95 %-CI 1.85–2.86, p < 0.001, respectively). In patients with prediabetes, cardiac death and target vessel revascularization rates were significantly higher (HR: 2.81, 95 %-CI 1.49–5.30, p = 0.001, and HR: 1.92, 95 %-CI 1.29–2.87, p = 0.001), and in patients with diabetes all individual components of the main endpoint were significantly higher than in patients with normoglycemia (all p ≤ 0.001). Results were consistent after adjustment for confounders. Major bleeding rates were significantly higher in patients with prediabetes and diabetes, as compared to normoglycemia (3.9 % and 4.1 % vs. 2.3 %; HR:1.73, 95 %-CI 1.03–2.92, p = 0.040, and HR:1.78, 95 %-CI 1.23–2.57, p = 0.002). However, after adjustment for confounders, differences were no longer significant.

Conclusions

Not only patients with diabetes but also patients with prediabetes represent a high-risk population. After treatment with new-generation DES, both patient groups had higher risks of ischemic and bleeding events. Differences in major bleeding were mainly attributable to dissimilarities in baseline characteristics. Routine assessment of glycemic state may help to identify patients with prediabetes for intensified management of cardiovascular risk factors.

Trial registration: BIO-RESORT ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01674803, registered 29-08-2012; BIONYX ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02508714, registered 27-7-2015.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-021-01405-4.

Type 2 Diabetes and Myocardial Infarction: Recent Clinical Evidence and Perspective

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications are seriously affecting public health worldwide. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary cause of death in patients with T2DM. T2DM patients without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) have the same risk of major coronary events as those with CAD; T2DM patients with a history of MI have >40% risk of recurrence of MI. Thus, CAD in patients with T2DM needs to be treated actively to reduce the risk of MI. The cardiology community focused on the role of T2DM in the development of CAD and on the related issues of T2DM and MI with respect to comorbidities, prognosis, drug therapy, and heredity. In this mini review, the latest progress of clinical evidence-based research between T2DM and MI in recent years was reviewed, and the possible research directions in this field were considered and prospected.