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Emmanuel MA, Bender SG, Bilodeau C, Carceller JM, DeHovitz JS, Fu H, Liu Y, Nicholls BT, Ouyang Y, Page CG, Qiao T, Raps FC, Sorigué DR, Sun SZ, Turek-Herman J, Ye Y, Rivas-Souchet A, Cao J, Hyster TK. Photobiocatalytic Strategies for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5459-5520. [PMID: 37115521 PMCID: PMC10905417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has revolutionized chemical synthesis, providing sustainable methods for preparing various organic molecules. In enzyme-mediated organic synthesis, most reactions involve molecules operating from their ground states. Over the past 25 years, there has been an increased interest in enzymatic processes that utilize electronically excited states accessed through photoexcitation. These photobiocatalytic processes involve a diverse array of reaction mechanisms that are complementary to one another. This comprehensive review will describe the state-of-the-art strategies in photobiocatalysis for organic synthesis until December 2022. Apart from reviewing the relevant literature, a central goal of this review is to delineate the mechanistic differences between the general strategies employed in the field. We will organize this review based on the relationship between the photochemical step and the enzymatic transformations. The review will include mechanistic studies, substrate scopes, and protein optimization strategies. By clearly defining mechanistically-distinct strategies in photobiocatalytic chemistry, we hope to illuminate future synthetic opportunities in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sophie G Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Catherine Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022,Spain
| | - Jacob S DeHovitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryce T Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yao Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Claire G Page
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Felix C Raps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Damien R Sorigué
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joshua Turek-Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ariadna Rivas-Souchet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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2
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Tanaka S, Kojima H, Takeda S, Yamanaka R, Takemura T. Asymmetric visible-light photobiocatalytic reduction of β-keto esters utilizing the cofactor recycling system in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Kannchen D, Zabret J, Oworah-Nkruma R, Dyczmons-Nowaczyk N, Wiegand K, Löbbert P, Frank A, Nowaczyk MM, Rexroth S, Rögner M. Remodeling of photosynthetic electron transport in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for future hydrogen production from water. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148208. [PMID: 32339488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms such as the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) can be exploited for the light-driven synthesis of valuable compounds. Thermodynamically, it is most beneficial to branch-off photosynthetic electrons at ferredoxin (Fd), which provides electrons for a variety of fundamental metabolic pathways in the cell, with the ferredoxin-NADP+ Oxido-Reductase (FNR, PetH) being the main target. In order to re-direct electrons from Fd to another consumer, the high electron transport rate between Fd and FNR has to be reduced. Based on our previous in vitro experiments, corresponding FNR-mutants at position FNR_K190 (Wiegand, K., et al.: "Rational redesign of the ferredoxin-NADP-oxido-reductase/ferredoxin-interaction for photosynthesis-dependent H2-production". Biochim Biophys Acta, 2018) have been generated in Synechocystis cells to study their impact on the cellular metabolism and their potential for a future hydrogen-producing design cell. Out of two promising candidates, mutation FNR_K190D proved to be lethal due to oxidative stress, while FNR_K190A was successfully generated and characterized: The light induced NADPH formation is clearly impaired in this mutant and it shows also major metabolic adaptations like a higher glucose metabolism as evidenced by quantitative mass spectrometric analysis. These results indicate a high potential for the future use of photosynthetic electrons in engineered design cells - for instance for hydrogen production. They also show substantial differences of interacting proteins in an in vitro environment vs. physiological conditions in whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kannchen
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jure Zabret
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Regina Oworah-Nkruma
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Dyczmons-Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Wiegand
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pia Löbbert
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Frank
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Michael Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Rexroth
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Rögner
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Büchsenschütz HC, Vidimce‐Risteski V, Eggbauer B, Schmidt S, Winkler CK, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W, Kourist R. Stereoselective Biotransformations of Cyclic Imines in Recombinant Cells of
Synechocystis
sp. PCC 6803. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C. Büchsenschütz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | | | - Bettina Eggbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazUniversity of Graz Heinrichstraße 28/II Graz 8010 Austria
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz, BioTechMedGraz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 Graz 8010 Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH) Krenngasse 37 Graz 8010 Austria
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Seel CJ, Gulder T. Biocatalysis Fueled by Light: On the Versatile Combination of Photocatalysis and Enzymes. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1871-1897. [PMID: 30864191 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a plethora of highly specific transformations under mild and environmentally benign reaction conditions. Their fascinating performances attest to high synthetic potential that is often hampered by operational obstacles such as in vitro cofactor supply and regeneration. Exploiting light and combining it with biocatalysis not only helps in overcoming these drawbacks, but the fruitful liaison of these two fields of "green chemistry" also offers opportunities to unlock new synthetic reactivities. In this review we provide an overview of the wide variety of photo-biocatalysis, ranging from the photochemical delivery of electrons required in redox biocatalysis and photochemical cofactor and reagent (re)generation to direct photoactivation of enzymes enabling reactions unknown in nature. We highlight synthetically relevant transformations such as asymmetric reactions facilitated by the combination of light as energy source and enzymes' catalytic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina J Seel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Dexter J, Dziga D, Lv J, Zhu J, Strzalka W, Maksylewicz A, Maroszek M, Marek S, Fu P. Heterologous expression of mlrA in a photoautotrophic host - Engineering cyanobacteria to degrade microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:926-935. [PMID: 29454496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we establish proof-of-principle demonstrating for the first time genetic engineering of a photoautotrophic microorganism for bioremediation of naturally occurring cyanotoxins. In model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 we have heterologously expressed Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 microcystinase (MlrA) bearing a 23 amino acid N-terminus secretion peptide from native Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 PilA (sll1694). The resultant whole cell biocatalyst displayed about 3 times higher activity against microcystin-LR compared to a native MlrA host (Sphingomonas sp. ACM 3962), normalized for optical density. In addition, MlrA activity was found to be almost entirely located in the cyanobacterial cytosolic fraction, despite the presence of the secretion tag, with crude cellular extracts showing MlrA activity comparable to extracts from MlrA expressing E. coli. Furthermore, despite approximately 9.4-fold higher initial MlrA activity of a whole cell E. coli biocatalyst, utilization of a photoautotrophic chassis resulted in prolonged stability of MlrA activity when cultured under semi-natural conditions (using lake water), with the heterologous MlrA biocatalytic activity of the E. coli culture disappearing after 4 days, while the cyanobacterial host displayed activity (3% of initial activity) after 9 days. In addition, the cyanobacterial cell density was maintained over the duration of this experiment while the cell density of the E. coli culture rapidly declined. Lastly, failure to establish a stable cyanobacterial isolate expressing native MlrA (without the N-terminus tag) via the strong cpcB560 promoter draws attention to the use of peptide tags to positively modulate expression of potentially toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Dexter
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; Cyanoworks, LLC, 1771 Haskell Rd., Olean, NY 14760, USA.
| | - Dariusz Dziga
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jing Lv
- New Energy Research Center, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Junqi Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wojciech Strzalka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Maksylewicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Maroszek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Marek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 31-007 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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7
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Mügge C, Kourist R. Practical Considerations Regarding the Choice of the Best High-Throughput Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1685:189-208. [PMID: 29086310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7366-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
All protein engineering studies include the stage of identifying and characterizing variants within a mutant library by employing a suitable assay or selection method. A large variety of different assay approaches for different enzymes have been developed in the last few decades, and the throughput performance of these assays vary considerably. Thus, the concept of a protein engineering study must be adapted to the available assay methods. This introductory review chapter describes different assay concepts on selected examples, including selection and screening approaches, detection of pH and cosubstrate changes, coupled enzyme assays, methods using surrogate substrates and selective derivatization. The given examples should guide and inspire the reader when choosing and developing own high-throughput screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, Petersgasse 14, A8010, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Abstract
Oxidoreductases belong to the most-applied industrial enzymes. Nevertheless, they need external electrons whose supply is often costly and challenging. Recycling of the electron donors NADH or NADPH requires the use of additional enzymes and sacrificial substrates. Interestingly, several oxidoreductases accept hydrogen peroxide as electron donor. While being inexpensive, this reagent often reduces the stability of enzymes. A solution to this problem is the in situ generation of the cofactor. The continuous supply of the cofactor at low concentration drives the reaction without impairing enzyme stability. This paper demonstrates a method for the light-catalyzed in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide with the example of the heme-dependent fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE. The fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE was discovered due to its unique ability to produce long-chain 1-alkenes from fatty acids, a hitherto unknown enzymatic reaction. 1-alkenes are widely used additives for plasticizers and lubricants. OleTJE has been shown to accept electrons from hydrogen peroxide for the oxidative decarboxylation. While addition of hydrogen peroxide damages the enzyme and results in low yields, in situ generation of the cofactor circumvents this problem. The photobiocatalytic system shows clear advantages regarding enzyme activity and yield, resulting in a simple and efficient system for fatty acid decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Grote
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr Universität Bochum
| | - Ioannis Zachos
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr Universität Bochum
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biology and Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology;
| | - Robert Kourist
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr Universität Bochum;
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9
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Köninger K, Gómez Baraibar Á, Mügge C, Paul CE, Hollmann F, Nowaczyk MM, Kourist R. Rekombinante Cyanobakterien für die asymmetrische Reduktion von C=C‐Bindungen mithilfe biokatalytischer Wasseroxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Köninger
- Nachwuchsgruppe Mikrobielle Biotechnologie Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Álvaro Gómez Baraibar
- Nachwuchsgruppe Mikrobielle Biotechnologie Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Nachwuchsgruppe Mikrobielle Biotechnologie Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Niederlande
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Niederlande
| | - Marc M. Nowaczyk
- Lehrstuhl Biochemie der Pflanzen Ruhr-Universität Bochum Deutschland
| | - Robert Kourist
- Nachwuchsgruppe Mikrobielle Biotechnologie Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Deutschland
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10
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Köninger K, Gómez Baraibar Á, Mügge C, Paul CE, Hollmann F, Nowaczyk MM, Kourist R. Recombinant Cyanobacteria for the Asymmetric Reduction of C=C Bonds Fueled by the Biocatalytic Oxidation of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5582-5. [PMID: 27029020 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant enoate reductase was expressed in cyanobacteria and used for the light-catalyzed, enantioselective reduction of C=C bonds. The coupling of oxidoreductases to natural photosynthesis allows asymmetric syntheses fueled by the oxidation of water. Bypassing the addition of sacrificial cosubstrates as electron donors significantly improves the atom efficiency and avoids the formation of undesired side products. Crucial factors for product formation are the availability of NADPH and the amount of active enzyme in the cells. The efficiency of the reaction is comparable to typical whole-cell biotransformations in E. coli. Under optimized conditions, a solution of 100 mg prochiral 2-methylmaleimide was reduced to optically pure 2-methylsuccinimide (99 % ee, 80 % yield of isolated product). High product yields and excellent optical purities demonstrate the synthetic usefulness of light-catalyzed whole-cell biotransformations using recombinant cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Köninger
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Álvaro Gómez Baraibar
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Chair of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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11
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Busch F, Enoki J, Hülsemann N, Miyamoto K, Bocola M, Kourist R. Semiempirical QM/MM calculations reveal a step-wise proton transfer and an unusual thiolate pocket in the mechanism of the unique arylpropionate racemase AMDase G74C. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semiempirical calculations on the mechanism of the arylpropionate racemase AMDase G74C reveal a step-wise mechanism involving a planar-enedionate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Busch
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - J. Enoki
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - N. Hülsemann
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - K. Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - M. Bocola
- Institute of Biotechnology
- RWTH Aachen
- 52062 Aachen
- Germany
| | - R. Kourist
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
- Ruhr-University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
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