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Chen J, Qiao D, Yuan T, Feng Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Zhang L. Biotechnological production of ectoine: current status and prospects. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:247-258. [PMID: 37962826 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is an important natural secondary metabolite in halophilic microorganisms. It protects cells against environmental stressors, such as salinity, freezing, drying, and high temperatures. Ectoine is widely used in medical, cosmetic, and other industries. Due to the commercial market demand of ectoine, halophilic microorganisms are the primary method for producing ectoine, which is produced using the industrial fermentation process "bacterial milking." The method has some limitations, such as the high salt concentration fermentation, which is highly corrosive to the equipment, and this also increases the difficulty of downstream purification and causes high production costs. The ectoine synthesis gene cluster has been successfully heterologously expressed in industrial microorganisms, and the yield of ectoine was significantly increased and the cost was reduced. This review aims to summarize and update microbial production of ectoine using different microorganisms, environments, and metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies and provides important reference for the development and application of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-Agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 23702, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, State Oceanic Administration & Second Institute of Oceanography, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Deliang Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Yeyuan Feng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluationand, Improvement of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu, 237012, China.
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Kadam P, Khisti M, Ravishankar V, Barvkar V, Dhotre D, Sharma A, Shouche Y, Zinjarde S. Recent advances in production and applications of ectoine, a compatible solute of industrial relevance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130016. [PMID: 37979886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Extremophilic bacteria growing in saline ecosystems are potential producers of biotechnologically important products including compatible solutes. Ectoine/hydroxyectoine are two such solutes that protect cells and associated macromolecules from osmotic, heat, cold and UV stress without interfering with cellular functions. Since ectoine is a high value product, overviewing strategies for improving yields become relevant. Screening of natural isolates, use of inexpensive substrates and response surface methodology approaches have been used to improve bioprocess parameters. In addition, genome mining exercises can aid in identifying hitherto unreported microorganisms with a potential to produce ectoine that can be exploited in the future. Application wise, ectoine has various biotechnological (protein protectant, membrane modulator, DNA protectant, cryoprotective agent, wastewater treatment) and biomedical (dermatoprotectant and in overcoming respiratory and hypersensitivity diseases) uses. The review summarizes current updates on the potential of microorganisms in the production of this industrially relevant metabolite and its varied applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kadam
- Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,411007, India
| | - Mitesh Khisti
- Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,411007, India
| | - Varun Ravishankar
- Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,411007, India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,411007, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- National Center for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune,411007, India
| | - Avinash Sharma
- National Center for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune,411007, India; School of Agriculture, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- National Center for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Center for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune,411007, India; SKAN Research Center, Bengaluru, India
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,411007, India.
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Xu S, Zhang B, Chen W, Ye K, Shen J, Liu P, Wu J, Wang H, Chu X. Highly efficient production of ectoine via an optimized combination of precursor metabolic modules in Escherichia coli BL21. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129803. [PMID: 37758030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is an osmotic pressure protectant observed in various microorganisms and is widely used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The market value of ectoine has increased considerably with social progress, resulting in high demand for ectoine production technology. Herein, a microbial cell factory in Escherichia coli that produces ectoine at high titers is described as developing efficient and environmentally friendly bio-based ectoine production technology. The ectoine biosynthetic pathway of Halomonas hydrothermalis was introduced into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Subsequent overexpression of precursor metabolic modules, including aspartate branching, pyruvate-oxoacetate, and glutamate biosynthesis pathways, resulted in the final strain, E. coli BCT08, which produced ectoine at a titer of 36.58 g/L during 30 h of fermentation. Sugar feeding speed optimization improved the ectoine titer to 131.8 g/L after 96 h of cultivation. This represents a remarkable achievement in ectoine production from glucose under low-salt conditions and has vast potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunqing Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wanhe Chen
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Ye
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Lvchuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiequn Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohe Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang Z, Li Y, Gao X, Xing J, Wang R, Zhu D, Shen G. Comparative genomic analysis of Halomonas campaniensis wild-type and ultraviolet radiation-mutated strains reveal genomic differences associated with increased ectoine production. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:1009-1020. [PMID: 37067733 PMCID: PMC10622362 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is a natural amino acid derivative and one of the most widely used compatible solutes produced by Halomonas species that affects both cellular growth and osmotic equilibrium. The positive effects of UV mutagenesis on both biomass and ectoine content production in ectoine-producing strains have yet to be reported. In this study, the wild-type H. campaniensis strain XH26 (CCTCCM2019776) was subjected to UV mutagenesis to increase ectoine production. Eight rounds of mutagenesis were used to generate mutated XH26 strains with different UV-irradiation exposure times. Ectoine extract concentrations were then evaluated among all strains using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, alongside whole genome sequencing with the PacBio RS II platform and comparison of the wild-type strain XH26 and the mutant strain G8-52 genomes. The mutant strain G8-52 (CCTCCM2019777) exhibited the highest cell growth rate and ectoine yields among mutated strains in comparison with strain XH26. Further, ectoine levels in the aforementioned strain significantly increased to 1.51 ± 0.01 g L-1 (0.65 g g-1 of cell dry weight), representing a twofold increase compared to wild-type cells (0.51 ± 0.01 g L-1) when grown in culture medium for ectoine accumulation. Concomitantly, electron microscopy revealed that mutated strain G8-52 cells were obviously shorter than wild-type strain XH26 cells. Moreover, strain G8-52 produced a relatively stable ectoine yield (1.50 g L-1) after 40 days of continuous subculture. Comparative genomics analysis suggested that strain XH26 harbored 24 mutations, including 10 nucleotide insertions, 10 nucleotide deletions, and unique single nucleotide polymorphisms. Notably, the genes orf00723 and orf02403 (lipA) of the wild-type strain mutated to davT and gabD in strain G8-52 that encoded for 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase and NAD-dependent succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Consequently, these genes may be involved in increased ectoine yields. These results suggest that continuous multiple rounds of UV mutation represent a successful strategy for increasing ectoine production, and that the mutant strain G8-52 is suitable for large-scale fermentation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Wang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Derui Zhu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Guoping Shen
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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Zhang W, Liu K, Kong F, Ye T, Wang T. Multiple Functions of Compatible Solute Ectoine and Strategies for Constructing Overproducers for Biobased Production. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00827-7. [PMID: 37488320 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes initially found in the hyperhalophilic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira halochloris, which inhabits the desert in Egypt. The habitat of ectoine producers implies the primary function of ectoine as a cytoprotectant against harsh conditions such as high salinity, drought, and high radiation. More extensive and in-depth studies have revealed the multiple functions of ectoine in its native producer bacterial cells and other types of cells and its biomolecular components (such as proteins and DNA) as a general protective agent. Its chemical properties as a bio-based amino acid derivative make it attractive for basic scientific research and related industries, such as the food/agricultural industry, cosmetic manufacturing, biologics, and therapeutic agent preparation. This article first discusses the functions and applications of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine. Subsequently, more emphasis was placed on advances in bio-based ectoine and/or 5-hydroxyectoine production. Strategies for developing more robust cell factories for highly efficient ectoine and/or 5-hydroxyectoine production are further discussed. We hope this review will provide a valuable reference for studies on the bio-based production of ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Kong
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, People's Republic of China.
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Lai G, Yu J, Wang J, Li W, Liu G, Wang Z, Guo M, Tang Y. Machine learning methods for predicting the key metabolic parameters of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12633-x. [PMID: 37421474 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ectoine is generally produced by the fermentation process of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T, which is one of the primary industrial ectoine production techniques. To effectively monitor and control the fermentation process, the important parameters require accurate real-time measurement. However, for ectoine fermentation, three critical parameters (cell optical density, glucose, and product concentration) cannot be measured conveniently in real-time due to time variation, strong coupling, and other constraints. As a result, our work effectively created a series of hybrid models to predict the values of these three parameters incorporating both fermentation kinetics and machine learning approaches. Compared with the traditional machine learning models, our models solve the problem of insufficient data which is common in fermentation. In addition, a simple kinetic modeling is only applicable to specific physical conditions, so different physical conditions require refitting the function, which is tedious to operate. However, our models also overcome this limitation. In this work, we compared different hybrid models based on 5 feature engineering methods, 11 machine-learning approaches, and 2 kinetic models. The best models for predicting three key parameters, respectively, are as follows: CORR-Ensemble (R2: 0.983 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.086 ± 0.0, MAE: 0.07 ± 0.0), SBE-Ensemble (R2: 0.972 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.127 ± 0.0, MAE: 0.078 ± 0.0), and SBE-Ensemble (R2:0.98 ± 0.0, RMSE: 0.023 ± 0.001, MAE: 0.018 ± 0.001). To verify the universality and stability of constructed models, we have done an experimental verification, and its results showed that our proposed models have excellent performance. KEY POINTS: • Using the kinetic models for producing simulated data • Through different feature engineering methods for dimension reduction • Creating a series of hybrid models to predict the values of three parameters in the fermentation process of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxue Lai
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering for Energy Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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MacLean A, Legendre F, Appanna VD. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle: a malleable metabolic network to counter cellular stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 58:81-97. [PMID: 37125817 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2201945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a primordial metabolic pathway that is conserved from bacteria to humans. Although this network is often viewed primarily as an energy producing engine fueling ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation, mounting evidence reveals that this metabolic hub orchestrates a wide variety of pivotal biological processes. It plays an important part in combatting cellular stress by modulating NADH/NADPH homeostasis, scavenging ROS (reactive oxygen species), producing ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, signaling and supplying metabolites to quell a range of cellular disruptions. This review elaborates on how the reprogramming of this network prompted by such abiotic stress as metal toxicity, oxidative tension, nutrient challenge and antibiotic insult is critical for countering these conditions in mostly microbial systems. The cross-talk between the stressors and the participants of TCA cycle that results in changes in metabolite and nucleotide concentrations aimed at combatting the abiotic challenge is presented. The fine-tuning of metabolites mediated by disparate enzymes associated with this metabolic hub is discussed. The modulation of enzymatic activities aimed at generating metabolic moieties dedicated to respond to the cellular perturbation is explained. This ancient metabolic network has to be recognized for its ability to execute a plethora of physiological functions beyond its well-established traditional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex MacLean
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Felix Legendre
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Vasu D Appanna
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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Production and Recovery of Ectoine: A Review of Current State and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a revolutionizing substance with vast applications in the cosmetic and food industries. Ectoine is often sourced from halobacteria. The increasing market demand for ectoine has urged the development of cost-effective and sustainable large-scale production of ectoine from microbial sources. This review describes the existing and potential microbial sources of ectoine and its derivatives, as well as microbial production and fermentation approaches for ectoine recovery. In addition, conventional methods and emerging technologies for enhanced production and recovery of ectoine from microbial fermentation with a focus on the aqueous biphasic system (ABS) are discussed. The ABS is a practically feasible approach for the integration of fermentation, cell disruption, bioconversion, and clarification of various biomolecules in a single-step operation. Nonetheless, the implementation of the ABS on an industrial-scale basis for the enhanced production and recovery of ectoine is yet to be exploited. Therefore, the feasibility of the ABS to integrate the production and direct recovery of ectoine from microbial sources is also highlighted in this review.
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Association between microbial composition, diversity, and function of the maternal gastrointestinal microbiome with impaired glucose tolerance on the glucose challenge test. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271261. [PMID: 36584051 PMCID: PMC9803092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) has almost doubled resulting in almost 9% of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. Occurring more frequently than GDM is impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), also known as pre-diabetes, but it has been understudied during pregnancy resulting in a lack of clinical recommendations of maternal and fetal surveillance. The purpose of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to examine the association between microbial diversity and function of the maternal microbiome with IGT while adjusting for confounding variables. We hypothesized that reduced maternal microbial diversity and increased gene abundance for insulin resistance function will be associated with IGT as defined by a value greater than 140 mg/dL on the glucose challenge test. In the examination of microbial composition between women with IGT and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), we found five taxa which were significantly different. Taxa higher in participants with impaired glucose tolerance were Ruminococcacea (p = 0.01), Schaalia turicensis (p<0.05), Oscillibacter (p = 0.03), Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.02), and Methanobrevibacter smithii (p = 0.04). When we further compare participants who have IGT by their pre-gravid BMI, five taxa are significantly different between the BMI groups, Enterobacteriaceae, Dialister micraerophilus, Campylobacter ureolyticus, Proteobacteria, Streptococcus Unclassified (species). All four metrics including the Shannon (p<0.00), Simpson (p<0.00), Inverse Simpson (p = 0.04), and Chao1 (p = 0.04), showed a significant difference in alpha diversity with increased values in the impaired glucose tolerance group. Our study highlights the important gastrointestinal microbiome changes in women with IGT during pregnancy. Understanding the role of the microbiome in regulating glucose tolerance during pregnancy helps clinicians and researchers to understand the importance of IGT as a marker for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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Ma Z, Wu C, Zhu L, Chang R, Ma W, Deng Y, Chen X. Bioactivity profiling of the extremolyte ectoine as a promising protectant and its heterologous production. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 36311375 PMCID: PMC9606177 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine is a compatible solutes that is diffusely dispersed in bacteria and archaea. It plays a significant role as protectant against various external pressures, such as high temperature, high osmolarity, dryness and radiation, in cells. Ectoine can be utilized in cosmetics due to its properties of moisturizing and antiultraviolet. It can also be used in the pharmaceutical industry for treating various diseases. Therefore, strong protection of ectoine creates a high commercial value. Its current market value is approximately US$1000 kg-1. However, traditional ectoine production in high-salinity media causes high costs of equipment loss and wastewater treatment. There is a growing attention to reduce the salinity of the fermentation broth without sacrificing the production of ectoine. Thus, heterologous production of ectoine in nonhalophilic microorganisms may represent the new generation of the industrial production of ectoine. In this review, we summarized and discussed the biological activities of ectoine on cell and human health protection and its heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chutian Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Deng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
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11
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Yu J, Wang Z, Wang J, Mohisn A, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Physiological metabolic topology analysis of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581 T in response to sodium chloride stress. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3509-3525. [PMID: 36062959 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T generally adapts well to high level of salinity by biosynthesizing ectoine, which functions as an important compatible solute protecting the cell against external salinity environment. Halophilic bacteria have specific metabolic activities under high-salt conditions and are gradually applied in various industries. The present study focuses on investigating the physiological and metabolic mechanism of Halomonas elongata DSM 2581T driven by the external salinity environment. The physiological metabolic dynamics under salt stress were investigated to evaluate the effect of NaCl stress on the metabolism of H. elongata. The obtained results demonstrated that ectoine biosynthesis transited from a non-growth-related process to a growth-related process when the NaCl concentration varied from 1% to 13% (w/v). The maximum biomass (Xm =41.37 g/L), and highest ectoine production (Pm =12.91 g/L) were achieved under 8% NaCl. Moreover, the maximum biomass (Xm ) and the maximum specific growth rates (μm ) showed a first rising and then declining trend with the increased NaCl stress. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis of H. elongata under different NaCl concentrations demonstrated that both 8% and 13% NaCl conditions resulted in increased expressions of genes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, Flagellar assembly pathway and ectoine metabolism, but negatively affected the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and Fatty acid metabolism. At last, the proposed possible adaptation mechanism under the optimum NaCl concentration in H. elongata was described. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering for Energy Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ali Mohisn
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd, Shanghai, 200237, China
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12
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Zhang T, Cui T, Cao Y, Li Y, Li F, Zhu D, Xing J. Whole genome sequencing of the halophilic Halomonas qaidamensis XH36, a novel species strain with high ectoine production. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:545-559. [PMID: 35243586 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the whole genome of a novel halophilic Halomonas species strain XH36 with high ectoine production potential. The genome was 3,818,310 bp in size with a GC content of 51.97%, and contained 3533 genes, 61 tRNAs and 18 rRNAs. The phylogenetic analysis using the 16s rRNA genes, the UBCGs and the TYGS database indicated that XH36 belongs to a novel Halomonas species, which we named as Halomonas qaidamensis. Osmoadaptation related genes including Na(+) and K(+) transport and compatible solute accumulation were both present in the XH36 genome, the latter of which mainly contained ectoine, 5-hydroxyectoine and betaine. HPLC validation studies showed that H. qaidamensis XH36 accumulated ectoine to cope with salt stress, and the content of ectoine could be as high as 315 mg/g CDW under 3 mol/l NaCl. Our results show that XH36 is a new promising industrial strain for ectoine production, and the genomic analysis will guide us to better understand its salt-induced osmoadaptation mechanisms, and provide theoretical references for future application research of ectoine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yaning Cao
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Fenghui Li
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Derui Zhu
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Research Centre of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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13
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Zhang H, Liang Z, Zhao M, Ma Y, Luo Z, Li S, Xu H. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Ectoine Production With a Fermentation Strategy of Supplementing the Amino Donor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:824859. [PMID: 35145959 PMCID: PMC8822159 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.824859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine, an osmotic pressure-compensated solute, is used in the food, agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics industries due to its ability to protect macromolecules. In this study, an ectoine-producing variant of Escherichia coli, ET08, was genetically constructed by introducing the ectABC gene cluster and eliminating metabolic pathways involving lysine and pyruvate. Medium optimization enhanced ectoine production from 1.87 to 10.2 g/L. Analysis of the transcriptional levels revealed that supplementation with ammonium sulfate enhanced the metabolic flux towards the biosynthesis of ectoine. Furthermore, by optimizing the copy number of ectA, ectB, and ectC, the recombinant E. coli ET11 (ectA:ectB:ectC = 1:2:1) produced 12.9 g/L ectoine in the shake flask and 53.2 g/L ectoine in a fed-batch fermenter, representing the highest ectoine titer produced by E. coli, which has great industrial prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Hong Xu,
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Hong Xu,
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Oliver Huidobro M, Tica J, Wachter GKA, Isalan M. Synthetic spatial patterning in bacteria: advances based on novel diffusible signals. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:1685-1694. [PMID: 34843638 PMCID: PMC9151330 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering multicellular patterning may help in the understanding of some fundamental laws of pattern formation and thus may contribute to the field of developmental biology. Furthermore, advanced spatial control over gene expression may revolutionize fields such as medicine, through organoid or tissue engineering. To date, foundational advances in spatial synthetic biology have often been made in prokaryotes, using artificial gene circuits. In this review, engineered patterns are classified into four levels of increasing complexity, ranging from spatial systems with no diffusible signals to systems with complex multi‐diffusor interactions. This classification highlights how the field was held back by a lack of diffusible components. Consequently, we provide a summary of both previously characterized and some new potential candidate small‐molecule signals that can regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli. These diffusive signals will help synthetic biologists to successfully engineer increasingly intricate, robust and tuneable spatial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jure Tica
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Georg K A Wachter
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark Isalan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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15
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Kang JY, Lee B, Kim JA, Kim MS, Kim CH. Identification and characterization of an ectoine biosynthesis gene cluster from Aestuariispira ectoiniformans sp. nov., isolated from seawater. Microbiol Res 2021; 254:126898. [PMID: 34710834 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An ectoine-producing bacterium, designated SWCN16T, was isolated from seawater and could be grown in a medium containing up to 12 % NaCl. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SWCN16T belonged to the genus Aestuariispira, class Alphaproteobacteria, and shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.8% with Aestuariispira insulae CECT 8488T. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics findings of this study suggested that strain SWCN16T represented a novel species of the genus Aestuariispira. We propose the name Aestuariispira ectoiniformans sp. nov. for this species. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of the isolate revealed a putative ectABC gene cluster for ectoine biosynthesis. These genes were found to be functional using ectoine synthesis testing and S16-ectBAC cells, which were pET21a-ectBAC-transformed E. coli BL21 cells. We found that S16-ectBAC synthesized about 1.67 g/L extracellular ectoine and about 0.59 g/L intracellular ectoine via bioconversion at optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Binna Lee
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Ho Kim
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, 580-185, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Schwentner A, Neugebauer H, Weinmann S, Santos H, Eikmanns BJ. Exploring the Potential of Corynebacterium glutamicum to Produce the Compatible Solute Mannosylglycerate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748155. [PMID: 34621731 PMCID: PMC8490865 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatible solute mannosylglycerate (MG) has exceptional properties in terms of protein stabilization and protection under salt, heat, and freeze-drying stresses as well as against protein aggregation. Due to these characteristics, MG possesses large potential for clinical and biotechnological applications. To achieve efficient MG production, Corynebacterium glutamicum was equipped with a bifunctional MG synthase (encoded by mgsD and catalyzing the condensation of 3-phosphoglycerate and GDP-mannose to MG) from Dehalococcoides mccartyi. The resulting strain C. glutamicum (pEKEx3 mgsD) intracellularly accumulated about 111 mM MG (60 ± 9 mg gCDW -1) with 2% glucose as a carbon source. To enable efficient mannose metabolization, the native manA gene, encoding mannose 6-phosphate isomerase, was overexpressed. Combined overexpression of manA and mgsD from two plasmids in C. glutamicum resulted in intracellular MG accumulation of up to ca. 329 mM [corresponding to 177 mg g cell dry weight (CDW) -1] with glucose, 314 mM (168 mg gCDW -1) with glucose plus mannose, and 328 mM (176 mg gCDW -1) with mannose as carbon source(s), respectively. The product was successfully extracted from cells by using a cold water shock, resulting in up to 5.5 mM MG (1.48 g L-1) in supernatants. The two-plasmid system was improved by integrating the mgsD gene into the manA-bearing plasmid and the resulting strain showed comparable production but faster growth. Repeated cycles of growth/production and extraction of MG in a bacterial milking-like experiment showed that cells could be recycled, which led to a cumulative MG production of 19.9 mM (5.34 g L-1). The results show that the newly constructed C. glutamicum strain produces MG from glucose and mannose and that a cold water shock enables extraction of MG from the cytosol into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwentner
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Neugebauer
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Serin Weinmann
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Zhang Y, He Y, Zhang N, Gan J, Zhang S, Dong Z. Combining protein and metabolic engineering strategies for biosynthesis of melatonin in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:170. [PMID: 34454478 PMCID: PMC8403405 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin has attracted substantial attention because of its excellent prospects for both medical applications and crop improvement. The microbial production of melatonin is a safer and more promising alternative to chemical synthesis approaches. Researchers have failed to produce high yields of melatonin in common heterologous hosts due to either the insolubility or low enzyme activity of proteins encoded by gene clusters related to melatonin biosynthesis. RESULTS Here, a combinatorial gene pathway for melatonin production was successfully established in Escherichia coli by combining the physostigmine biosynthetic genes from Streptomyces albulus and gene encoding phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (P4H) from Xanthomonas campestris and caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) from Oryza sativa. A threefold improvement of melatonin production was achieved by balancing the expression of heterologous proteins and adding 3% glycerol. Further protein engineering and metabolic engineering were conducted to improve the conversion of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) to melatonin. Construction of COMT variant containing C303F and V321T mutations increased the production of melatonin by fivefold. Moreover, the deletion of speD gene increased the supply of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an indispensable cofactor of COMT, which doubled the yield of melatonin. In the final engineered strain EcMEL8, the production of NAS and melatonin reached 879.38 ± 71.42 mg/L and 136.17 ± 1.33 mg/L in a shake flask. Finally, in a 2-L bioreactor, EcMEL8 produced 1.06 ± 0.07 g/L NAS and 0.65 ± 0.11 g/L melatonin with tryptophan supplementation. CONCLUSIONS This study established a novel combinatorial pathway for melatonin biosynthesis in E. coli and provided alternative strategies for improvement of melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaJia Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Shenzhen Siyomicro Bio-Tech C., LTD, No. 39 Qingfeng Avenue, Baolong Community, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Liu M, Liu H, Shi M, Jiang M, Li L, Zheng Y. Microbial production of ectoine and hydroxyectoine as high-value chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:76. [PMID: 33771157 PMCID: PMC7995798 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine as typical representatives of compatible solutes are not only essential for extremophiles to survive in extreme environments, but also widely used in cosmetic and medical industries. Ectoine was traditionally produced by Halomonas elongata through a "bacterial milking" process, of which the marked feature is using a high-salt medium to stimulate ectoine biosynthesis and then excreting ectoine into a low-salt medium by osmotic shock. The optimal hydroxyectoine production was achieved by optimizing the fermentation process of Halomonas salina. However, high-salinity broth exacerbates the corrosion to fermenters, and more importantly, brings a big challenge to the subsequent wastewater treatment. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to reducing the salinity of the fermentation broth but without a sacrifice of ectoine/hydroxyectoine production. With the fast development of functional genomics and synthetic biology, quite a lot of progress on the bioproduction of ectoine/hydroxyectoine has been achieved in recent years. The importation and expression of an ectoine producing pathway in a non-halophilic chassis has so far achieved the highest titer of ectoine (~ 65 g/L), while rational flux-tuning of halophilic chassis represents a promising strategy for the next-generation of ectoine industrial production. However, efficient conversion of ectoine to hydroxyectoine, which could benefit from a clearer understanding of the ectoine hydroxylase, is still a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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19
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Ayadi H, Frikha-Dammak D, Fakhfakh J, Chamkha M, Hassairi I, Allouche N, Sayadi S, Maalej S. The saltern-derived Paludifilum halophilum DSM 102817 T is a new high-yield ectoines producer in minimal medium and under salt stress conditions. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:533. [PMID: 33214980 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the growth conditions and accumulation of ectoines (ectoine and hydroxyectoine) by Paludifilum halophilum DSM 102817T under salt stress conditions have been investigated. The productivity assay of this strain for ectoines revealed that the highest cellular content was reached in the minimal glucose sea water medium (SW-15) within 15% salinity. The addition of 0.1% (w/v) aspartic acid to the medium allowed an average of four times higher biomass production, and a dry mycelial biomass of 1.76 g L-1 was obtained after 6 days of growth in shake flasks at 40 °C and 200 rpm. Among the inorganic cations supplemented to the glucose SW-15 medium, the addition of 1 mM Fe2+ yielded the highest amount of mycelial biomass (3.45 g L-1) and total ectoines content (119 mg g-1), resulting in about 410 mg L-1 of products at the end of exponential growth phase. After 1 h of incubation in an osmotic downshock solution containing 2% NaCl, 70% of this content was released by the mycelium, and recovering cells maintained a high survival, with a maximal growth rate (µ max) of about 93% of the control population exposed to 15% NaCl. During growth at optimal salinity and temperature (15% NaCl and 40 °C), P. halophilum developed a compact and circular pellets that were easy to separate by simple decantation from both fermentation media and after hypoosmotic shock. Overall, the ectoines excreting P. halophilum could be a promising resource for ectoines production in a commercially valuable culture medium and at a large-scale fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environment (LR18ES/30), Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Donyez Frikha-Dammak
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environment (LR18ES/30), Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Fakhfakh
- Laboratore de Chimie Organique (LR17ES/08), Unité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratore des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ilem Hassairi
- Unité de Valorisation des résultats de la Recherche, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Allouche
- Laboratore de Chimie Organique (LR17ES/08), Unité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Maalej
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et Environment (LR18ES/30), Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Primary purification of intracellular Halomonas salina ectoine using ionic liquids-based aqueous biphasic system. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:200-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Bethlehem L, Moritz KD. Boosting Escherichia coli's heterologous production rate of ectoines by exploiting the non-halophilic gene cluster from Acidiphilium cryptum. Extremophiles 2020; 24:733-747. [PMID: 32699914 PMCID: PMC7445199 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine are synthesized by many microorganisms as potent osmostress and desiccation protectants. Besides their successful implementation into various skincare products, they are of increasing biotechnological interest due to new applications in the healthcare sector. To meet this growing demand, efficient heterologous overproduction solutions for ectoines need to be found. This study is the first report on the utilization of the non-halophilic biosynthesis enzymes from Acidiphilium cryptum DSM 2389T for efficient heterologous production of ectoines in Escherichia coli. When grown at low salt conditions (≤ 0.5% NaCl) and utilizing the cheap carbon source glycerol, the production was characterized by the highest specific production of ectoine [2.9 g/g dry cell weight (dcw)] and hydroxyectoine (2.2 g/g dcw) reported so far and occurred at rapid specific production rates of up to 345 mg/(g dcw × h). This efficiency in production was related to an unprecedented carbon source conversion rate of approx. 60% of the theoretical maximum. These findings confirm the unique potential of the here implemented non-halophilic enzymes for ectoine production processes in E. coli and demonstrate the first efficient heterologous solution for hydroxyectoine production, as well as an extraordinary efficient low-salt ectoine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bethlehem
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katharina D Moritz
- Institute for Microbiology and Biotechnology, University Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Osipyan A, Shaabani S, Warmerdam R, Shishkina SV, Boltz H, Dömling A. Automated, Accelerated Nanoscale Synthesis of Iminopyrrolidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12423-12427. [PMID: 32048418 PMCID: PMC7383484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization and acceleration of synthetic chemistry is an emerging area in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials research and development. Herein, we describe the synthesis of iminopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives using chiral glutamine, oxo components, and isocyanide building blocks in an unprecedented Ugi-3-component reaction. We used I-DOT, a positive-pressure-based low-volume and non-contact dispensing technology to prepare more than 1000 different derivatives in a fully automated fashion. In general, the reaction is stereoselective, proceeds in good yields, and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups. We exemplify a pipeline of fast and efficient nanomole-scale scouting to millimole-scale synthesis for the discovery of a useful novel reaction with great scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Osipyan
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenDeusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenDeusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Warmerdam
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenDeusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Svitlana V. Shishkina
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals,”National Academy of Science of Ukraine60 Lenina Ave.Kharkiv61001Ukraine
| | - Harry Boltz
- Dispendix GmbHHeßbrühlstraße 770565StuttgartGermany
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design groupUniversity of GroningenDeusinglaan 19713AVGroningenThe Netherlands
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23
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Rational flux-tuning of Halomonas bluephagenesis for co-production of bioplastic PHB and ectoine. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3313. [PMID: 32620759 PMCID: PMC7334215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine, a compatible solute synthesized by many halophiles for hypersalinity resistance, has been successfully produced by metabolically engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis, which is a bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) producer allowing open unsterile and continuous conditions. Here we report a de novo synthesis pathway for ectoine constructed into the chromosome of H. bluephagenesis utilizing two inducible systems, which serve to fine-tune the transcription levels of three clusters related to ectoine synthesis, including ectABC, lysC and asd based on a GFP-mediated transcriptional tuning approach. Combined with bypasses deletion, the resulting recombinant H. bluephagenesis TD-ADEL-58 is able to produce 28 g L−1 ectoine during a 28 h fed-batch growth process. Co-production of ectoine and PHB is achieved to 8 g L−1 ectoine and 32 g L−1 dry cell mass containing 75% PHB after a 44 h growth. H. bluephagenesis demonstrates to be a suitable co-production chassis for polyhydroxyalkanoates and non-polymer chemicals such as ectoine. Halomonas bluephagenesis is a halophilic platform bacterium for next generation industrial biotechnology. Here, the authors employ a stimulus response-based flux-tuning method for coproduction of bioplastic PHB and ectoine under open unsterile and continuous growth conditions.
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Chen J, Liu P, Chu X, Chen J, Zhang H, Rowley DC, Wang H. Metabolic Pathway Construction and Optimization of Escherichia coli for High-Level Ectoine Production. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1412-1418. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Osipyan A, Shaabani S, Warmerdam R, Shishkina SV, Boltz H, Dömling A. Automated, Accelerated Nanoscale Synthesis of Iminopyrrolidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Osipyan
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group University of Groningen Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group University of Groningen Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Robert Warmerdam
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group University of Groningen Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Svitlana V. Shishkina
- SSI “Institute for Single Crystals,” National Academy of Science of Ukraine 60 Lenina Ave. Kharkiv 61001 Ukraine
| | - Harry Boltz
- Dispendix GmbH Heßbrühlstraße 7 70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group University of Groningen Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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Czech L, Wilcken S, Czech O, Linne U, Brauner J, Smits SHJ, Galinski EA, Bremer E. Exploiting Substrate Promiscuity of Ectoine Hydroxylase for Regio- and Stereoselective Modification of Homoectoine. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2745. [PMID: 31827466 PMCID: PMC6890836 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant enzymes are not only highly efficient biocatalysts for a single, or a group of chemically closely related substrates but often have retained, as a mark of their evolutionary history, a certain degree of substrate ambiguity. We have exploited the substrate ambiguity of the ectoine hydroxylase (EctD), a member of the non-heme Fe(II)-containing and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, for such a task. Naturally, the EctD enzyme performs a precise regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of the ubiquitous stress protectant and chemical chaperone ectoine (possessing a six-membered pyrimidine ring structure) to yield trans-5-hydroxyectoine. Using a synthetic ectoine derivative, homoectoine, which possesses an expanded seven-membered diazepine ring structure, we were able to selectively generate, both in vitro and in vivo, trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine. For this transformation, we specifically used the EctD enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri in a whole cell biocatalyst approach, as this enzyme exhibits high catalytic efficiency not only for its natural substrate ectoine but also for homoectoine. Molecular docking approaches with the crystal structure of the Sphingopyxis alaskensis EctD protein predicted the formation of trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine, a stereochemical configuration that we experimentally verified by nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An Escherichia coli cell factory expressing the P. stutzeri ectD gene from a synthetic promoter imported homoectoine via the ProU and ProP compatible solute transporters, hydroxylated it, and secreted the formed trans-5-hydroxyhomoectoine, independent from all currently known mechanosensitive channels, into the growth medium from which it could be purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Czech
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wilcken
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Czech
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Linne
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarryd Brauner
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erwin A Galinski
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,SYNMIKRO Research Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Fructose metabolism in Chromohalobacter salexigens: interplay between the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:134. [PMID: 31409414 PMCID: PMC6692947 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens metabolizes glucose exclusively through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, an adaptation which results in inefficient growth, with significant carbon overflow, especially at low salinity. Preliminary analysis of C. salexigens genome suggests that fructose metabolism could proceed through the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathways. In order to thrive at high salinity, this bacterium relies on the biosynthesis and accumulation of ectoines as major compatible solutes. This metabolic pathway imposes a high metabolic burden due to the consumption of a relevant proportion of cellular resources, including both energy molecules (NADPH and ATP) and carbon building blocks. Therefore, the existence of more than one glycolytic pathway with different stoichiometries may be an advantage for C. salexigens. The aim of this work is to experimentally characterize the metabolism of fructose in C. salexigens. RESULTS Fructose metabolism was analyzed using in silico genome analysis, RT-PCR, isotopic labeling, and genetic approaches. During growth on fructose as the sole carbon source, carbon overflow was not observed in a wide range of salt concentrations, and higher biomass yields were reached. We unveiled the initial steps of the two pathways for fructose incorporation and their links to central metabolism. While glucose is metabolized exclusively through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, fructose is also partially metabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) route. Tracking isotopic label from [1-13C] fructose to ectoines revealed that 81% and 19% of the fructose were metabolized through ED and EMP-like routes, respectively. Activities of enzymes from both routes were demonstrated in vitro by 31P-NMR. Genes encoding predicted fructokinase and 1-phosphofructokinase were cloned and the activities of their protein products were confirmed. Importantly, the protein encoded by csal1534 gene functions as fructose bisphosphatase, although it had been annotated previously as pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. The gluconeogenic rather than glycolytic role of this enzyme in vivo is in agreement with the lack of 6-phosphofructokinase activity previously described. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study shows that C. salexigens possesses a greater metabolic flexibility for fructose catabolism, the ED and EMP pathways contributing to a fine balancing of energy and biosynthetic demands and, subsequently, to a more efficient metabolism.
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Heterologous Ectoine Production in Escherichia coli: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Int J Microbiol 2019; 2019:5475361. [PMID: 31354830 PMCID: PMC6636453 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5475361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A halophilic bacterium of the Halomonas elongata BK-AG25 has successfully produced ectoine with high productivity. To overcome the drawbacks of high levels of salt in the production process, a nonhalophilic bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was used to express the ectoine gene cluster of the halophilic bacteria, and the production of ectoine by the recombinant cell was optimized. Methods The ectoine gene cluster from the halophilic bacterium was isolated and inserted into an expression plasmid of pET30(a) and subsequently transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Production of ectoine from the recombinant E. coli was investigated and then maximized by optimizing the level of nutrients in the medium, as well as the bioprocess conditions using response surface methodology. The experimental designs were performed using a central composite design. Results The recombinant E. coli successfully expressed the ectoine gene cluster of Halomonas elongata BK-AG25 under the control of the T7 promoter. The recombinant cell was able to produce ectoine, of which most were excreted into the medium. The optimization of ectoine production with the response surface methodology showed that the level of salt in the medium, the incubation temperature, the optical density of the bacteria before induction, and the final concentration of the inducer gave a significant effect on ectoine production by the recombinant E. coli. Interestingly, the level of salt in the medium and the incubation temperature showed an inverse effect on the production of intracellular and extracellular ectoine by the recombinant cell. At the optimum conditions, the production yield was about 418 mg ectoine/g cdw (cell dry weight) after 12 hours of incubation. Conclusion This study is the first report on the expression of an ectoine gene cluster of Halomonas elongata BK-AG25 in E. coli BL21, under the control of the T7 promoter. Optimization of the level of nutrients in the medium, as well as the bioprocess condition using response surface methodology, has successfully increased the production of ectoine by the recombinant bacteria.
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Illuminating the catalytic core of ectoine synthase through structural and biochemical analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:364. [PMID: 30674920 PMCID: PMC6344544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine synthase (EctC) is the signature enzyme for the production of ectoine, a compatible solute and chemical chaperone widely synthesized by bacteria as a cellular defense against the detrimental effects of osmotic stress. EctC catalyzes the last step in ectoine synthesis through cyclo-condensation of the EctA-formed substrate N-gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid via a water elimination reaction. We have biochemically and structurally characterized the EctC enzyme from the thermo-tolerant bacterium Paenibacillus lautus (Pl). EctC is a member of the cupin superfamily and forms dimers, both in solution and in crystals. We obtained high-resolution crystal structures of the (Pl)EctC protein in forms that contain (i) the catalytically important iron, (ii) iron and the substrate N-gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, and (iii) iron and the enzyme reaction product ectoine. These crystal structures lay the framework for a proposal for the EctC-mediated water-elimination reaction mechanism. Residues involved in coordinating the metal, the substrate, or the product within the active site of ectoine synthase are highly conserved among a large group of EctC-type proteins. Collectively, the biochemical, mutational, and structural data reported here yielded detailed insight into the structure-function relationship of the (Pl)EctC enzyme and are relevant for a deeper understanding of the ectoine synthase family as a whole.
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Chen J, Chen J, Wang S, Zhou G, Chen D, Zhang H, Wang H. Development and validation of polar RP-HPLC method for screening for ectoine high-yield strains in marine bacteria with green chemistry. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:1122-1126. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1457668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Danqing Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China
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Han J, Gao QX, Zhang YG, Li L, Mohamad OAA, Rao MPN, Xiao M, Hozzein WN, Alkhalifah DHM, Tao Y, Li WJ. Transcriptomic and Ectoine Analysis of Halotolerant Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087 T Under Salt Stress. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29651284 PMCID: PMC5884947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nocardiopsis is an unique actinobacterial group that widely distributed in hypersaline environments. In this study, we investigated the growth conditions, transcriptome analysis, production and accumulation of ectoine by Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087T under salt stress. The colony color of N. gilva YIM 90087T changed from yellow to white under salt stress conditions. Accumulation of ectoine and hydroxyectoine in cells was an efficient way to regulate osmotic pressure. The ectoine synthesis was studied by transferring the related genes (ectA, ectB, and ectC) to Escherichia coli. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the pathways of ABC transporters (ko02010) and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (ko00260) played a vital role under salt stress environment. The ectABC from N. gilva YIM 90087T was activated under the salt stress. Addition of exogenous ectoine and hydroxyectoine were helpful to protect N. gilva YIM 90087T from salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Xiu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
| | - Osama A A Mohamad
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China.,Institute for Post Graduate Environmental Studies, Environmental Science Department, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.,Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal H M Alkhalifah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Tinkering with Osmotically Controlled Transcription Allows Enhanced Production and Excretion of Ectoine and Hydroxyectoine from a Microbial Cell Factory. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01772-17. [PMID: 29101191 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01772-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine are widely synthesized by members of the Bacteria and a few members of the Archaea as potent osmostress protectants. We have studied the salient features of the osmostress-responsive promoter directing the transcription of the ectoine/hydroxyectoine biosynthetic gene cluster from the plant-root-associated bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri by transferring it into Escherichia coli, an enterobacterium that does not produce ectoines naturally. Using ect-lacZ reporter fusions, we found that the heterologous ect promoter reacted with exquisite sensitivity in its transcriptional profile to graded increases in sustained high salinity, responded to a true osmotic signal, and required the buildup of an osmotically effective gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane for its induction. The involvement of the -10, -35, and spacer regions of the sigma-70-type ect promoter in setting promoter strength and response to osmotic stress was assessed through site-directed mutagenesis. Moderate changes in the ect promoter sequence that increase its resemblance to housekeeping sigma-70-type promoters of E. coli afforded substantially enhanced expression, both in the absence and in the presence of osmotic stress. Building on this set of ect promoter mutants, we engineered an E. coli chassis strain for the heterologous production of ectoines. This synthetic cell factory lacks the genes for the osmostress-responsive synthesis of trehalose and the compatible solute importers ProP and ProU, and it continuously excretes ectoines into the growth medium. By combining appropriate host strains and different plasmid variants, excretion of ectoine, hydroxyectoine, or a mixture of both compounds was achieved under mild osmotic stress conditions.IMPORTANCE Ectoines are compatible solutes, organic osmolytes that are used by microorganisms to fend off the negative consequences of high environmental osmolarity on cellular physiology. An understanding of the salient features of osmostress-responsive promoters directing the expression of the ectoine/hydroxyectoine biosynthetic gene clusters is lacking. We exploited the ect promoter from an ectoine/hydroxyectoine-producing soil bacterium for such a study by transferring it into a surrogate bacterial host. Despite the fact that E. coli does not synthesize ectoines naturally, the ect promoter retained its exquisitely sensitive osmotic control, indicating that osmoregulation of ect transcription is an inherent feature of the promoter and its flanking sequences. These sequences were narrowed to a 116-bp DNA fragment. Ectoines have interesting commercial applications. Building on data from a site-directed mutagenesis study of the ect promoter, we designed a synthetic cell factory that secretes ectoine, hydroxyectoine, or a mixture of both compounds into the growth medium.
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Li Y, Wei H, Wang T, Xu Q, Zhang C, Fan X, Ma Q, Chen N, Xie X. Current status on metabolic engineering for the production of l-aspartate family amino acids and derivatives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1588-1602. [PMID: 28579173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The l-aspartate amino acids (AFAAs) are constituted of l-aspartate, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-threonine and l-isoleucine. Except for l-aspartate, AFAAs are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans and most farm animals, and thus possess wide applications in food, animal feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. To date, a number of amino acids, including AFAAs have been industrially produced by microbial fermentation. However, the overall metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of the synthesis of AFAAs and the recent progress on strain construction have rarely been reviewed. Aiming to promote the establishment of strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli, the two industrial amino acids producing bacteria, that are capable of producing high titers of AFAAs and derivatives, this paper systematically summarizes the current progress on metabolic engineering manipulations in both central metabolic pathways and AFAA synthesis pathways based on the category of the five-word strain breeding strategies: enter, flow, moderate, block and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qingyang Xu
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoguang Fan
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qian Ma
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ning Chen
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xixian Xie
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering of China Light Industry, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Salar-García MJ, Bernal V, Pastor JM, Salvador M, Argandoña M, Nieto JJ, Vargas C, Cánovas M. Understanding the interplay of carbon and nitrogen supply for ectoines production and metabolic overflow in high density cultures of Chromohalobacter salexigens. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:23. [PMID: 28179004 PMCID: PMC5299690 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens has been proposed as promising cell factory for the production of the compatible solutes ectoine and hydroxyectoine. This bacterium has evolved metabolic adaptations to efficiently grow under high salt concentrations by accumulating ectoines as compatible solutes. However, metabolic overflow, which is a major drawback for the efficient conversion of biological feedstocks, occurs as a result of metabolic unbalances during growth and ectoines production. Optimal production of ectoines is conditioned by the interplay of carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. In this work, we set out to determine how nitrogen supply affects the production of ectoines. Results Chromohalobacter salexigens was challenged to grow in media with unbalanced carbon/nitrogen ratio. In C. salexigens, overflow metabolism and ectoines production are a function of medium composition. At low ammonium conditions, the growth rate decreased importantly, up to 80%. Shifts in overflow metabolism were observed when changing the C/N ratio in the culture medium. 13C-NMR analysis of ectoines labelling revealed a high metabolic rigidity, with almost constant flux ratios in all conditions assayed. Unbalanced C/N ratio led to pyruvate accumulation, especially upon N-limitation. Analysis of an ect− mutant demonstrated the link between metabolic overflow and ectoine biosynthesis. Under non ectoine synthesizing conditions, glucose uptake and metabolic overflow decreased importantly. Finally, in fed-batch cultures, biomass yield was affected by the feeding scheme chosen. High growth (up to 42.4 g L−1) and volumetric ectoine yields (up to 4.21 g L−1) were obtained by minimizing metabolite overflow and nutrient accumulation in high density cultures in a low nitrogen fed-batch culture. Moreover, the yield coefficient calculated for the transformation of glucose into biomass was 30% higher in fed-batch than in the batch culture, demonstrating that the metabolic efficiency of C. salexigens can be improved by careful design of culture feeding schemes. Conclusions Metabolic shifts observed at low ammonium concentrations were explained by a shift in the energy required for nitrogen assimilation. Carbon-limited fed-batch cultures with reduced ammonium supply were the best conditions for cultivation of C. salexigens, supporting high density growth and maintaining high ectoines production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0643-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Salar-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Campus Muralla del MarCalle Doctor Fleming S/N, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Vicente Bernal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain. .,Área de Biología, Dirección de Tecnología Química y Nuevas Energías, Centro de Tecnología de Repsol S.A., Ctra. de Extremadura A-5, Km. 18, 28375, Móstoles, Spain.
| | - José M Pastor
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salvador
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Montserrat Argandoña
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Nieto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Vargas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Cánovas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Czech L, Stöveken N, Bremer E. EctD-mediated biotransformation of the chemical chaperone ectoine into hydroxyectoine and its mechanosensitive channel-independent excretion. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:126. [PMID: 27439307 PMCID: PMC4955205 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ectoine and its derivative 5-hydroxyectoine are cytoprotectants widely synthesized by microorganisms as a defense against the detrimental effects of high osmolarity on cellular physiology and growth. Both ectoines possess the ability to preserve the functionality of proteins, macromolecular complexes, and even entire cells, attributes that led to their description as chemical chaperones. As a consequence, there is growing interest in using ectoines for biotechnological purposes, in skin care, and in medical applications. 5-Hydroxyectoine is synthesized from ectoine through a region- and stereo-specific hydroxylation reaction mediated by the EctD enzyme, a member of the non-heme-containing iron(II) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. This chemical modification endows the newly formed 5-hydroxyectoine with either superior or different stress- protecting and stabilizing properties. Microorganisms producing 5-hydroxyectoine typically contain a mixture of both ectoines. We aimed to establish a recombinant microbial cell factory where 5-hydroxyectoine is (i) produced in highly purified form, and (ii) secreted into the growth medium. Results We used an Escherichia coli strain (FF4169) defective in the synthesis of the osmostress protectant trehalose as the chassis for our recombinant cell factory. We expressed in this strain a plasmid-encoded ectD gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 under the control of the anhydrotetracycline-inducible tet promoter. We chose the ectoine hydroxylase from P. stutzeri A1501 for our cell factory after a careful comparison of the in vivo performance of seven different EctD proteins. In the final set-up of the cell factory, ectoine was provided to salt-stressed cultures of strain FF4169 (pMP41; ectD+). Ectoine was imported into the cells via the osmotically inducible ProP and ProU transport systems, intracellularly converted to 5-hydroxyectoine, which was then almost quantitatively secreted into the growth medium. Experiments with an E. coli mutant lacking all currently known mechanosensitive channels (MscL, MscS, MscK, MscM) revealed that the release of 5-hydroxyectoine under osmotic steady-state conditions occurred independently of these microbial safety valves. In shake-flask experiments, 2.13 g l−1 ectoine (15 mM) was completely converted into 5-hydroxyectoine within 24 h. Conclusions We describe here a recombinant E. coli cell factory for the production and secretion of the chemical chaperone 5-hydroxyectoine free from contaminating ectoine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0525-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Czech
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University at Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Stöveken
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University at Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg at Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University at Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg at Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University at Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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Pathway construction and metabolic engineering for fermentative production of ectoine in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2016; 36:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tanimura K, Matsumoto T, Nakayama H, Tanaka T, Kondo A. Improvement of ectoine productivity by using sugar transporter-overexpressing Halomonas elongata. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 89:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Efficient bioconversion of L-glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis resting cells. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 44:697-704. [PMID: 27155855 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the efficient bioconversion process of L-glutamate to GABA by Lactobacillus brevis TCCC 13007 resting cells. The optimal bioconversion system was composed of 50 g/L 48 h cultivated wet resting cells, 0.1 mM pyridoxal phosphate in glutamate-containing 0.6 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and performed at 45 °C and 180 rpm. By 10 h bioconversion at the ratio of 80 g/L L-glutamic acid to 240 g/L monosodium glutamate, the final titer of GABA reached 201.18 g/L at the molar bioconversion ratio of 99.4 %. This process presents a potential for industrial and commercial applications and also offers a promising feasibility of continuous GABA production coupled with fermentation. Besides, the built kinetics model revealed that the optimum operating conditions were 45 °C and pH 4.5, and the bioconversion kinetics at low ranges of substrate concentration (0 < S < 80 g/L) was assumed to follow the classical Michaelis-Menten equation.
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