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Ji W, Xu L, Sun X, Xu X, Zhang H, Luo H, Yao B, Zhang W, Su X, Huang H. Exploiting Systematic Engineering of the Expression Cassette as a Powerful Tool to Enhance Heterologous Gene Expression in Trichoderma reesei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5307-5317. [PMID: 38426871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Many endeavors in expressing a heterologous gene in microbial hosts rely on simply placing the gene of interest between a selected pair of promoters and terminator. However, although the expression efficiency could be improved by engineering the host cell, how modifying the expression cassette itself systematically would affect heterologous gene expression remains largely unknown. As the promoter and terminator bear plentiful cis-elements, herein using the Aspergillus niger mannanase with high application value in animal feeds and the eukaryotic filamentous fungus workhorse Trichoderma reesei as a model gene/host, systematic engineering of an expression cassette was investigated to decipher the effect of its mutagenesis on heterologous gene expression. Modifying the promoter, signal peptide, the eukaryotic-specific Kozak sequence, and the 3'-UTR could stepwise improve extracellular mannanase production from 17 U/mL to an ultimate 471 U/mL, representing a 27.7-fold increase in expression. The strategies can be generally applied in improving the production of heterologous proteins in eukaryotic microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Carvalho SF, Pereiro AB, Araújo JMM. Simultaneous Purification of Human Interferon Alpha-2b and Serum Albumin Using Bioprivileged Fluorinated Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2751. [PMID: 38473998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha-2b (IFN-α2b) is an essential cytokine widely used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hairy cell leukemia, and serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein with numerous physiological functions. Effective single-step aqueous biphasic system (ABS) extraction for the simultaneous purification of IFN-α2b and BSA (serum albumin protein) was developed in this work. Effects of the ionic liquid (IL)-based ABS functionalization, fluorinated ILs (FILs; [C2C1Im][C4F9SO3] and [N1112(OH)][C4F9SO3]) vs. mere fluoro-containing IL ([C4C1Im][CF3SO3]), in combination with sucrose or [N1112(OH)][H2PO4] (well-known globular protein stabilizers), or high-charge-density salt K3PO4 were investigated. The effects of phase pH, phase water content (%wt), phase composition (%wt), and phase volume ratio were investigated. The phase pH was found to have a significant effect on IFN-α2b and BSA partition. Experimental results show that simultaneous single-step purification was achieved with a high yield (extraction efficiency up to 100%) for both proteins and a purification factor of IFN-α2b high in the enriched IFN-α2b phase (up to 23.22) and low in the BSA-enriched phase (down to 0.00). SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the purity of both recovered proteins. The stability and structure of IFN-α2b and BSA were preserved or even improved (FIL-rich phase) during the purification step, as evaluated by CD spectroscopy and DSC. Binding studies of IFN-α2b and BSA with the ABS phase-forming components were assessed by MST, showing the strong interaction between FILs aggregates and both proteins. In view of their biocompatibility, customizable properties, and selectivity, FIL-based ABSs are suggested as an improved purification step that could facilitate the development of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Carvalho
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana B Pereiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João M M Araújo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Liu D, Garrigues S, de Vries RP. Heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12660-8. [PMID: 37405433 PMCID: PMC10386965 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are able to produce a wide range of valuable proteins and enzymes for many industrial applications. Recent advances in fungal genomics and experimental technologies are rapidly changing the approaches for the development and use of filamentous fungi as hosts for the production of both homologous and heterologous proteins. In this review, we highlight the benefits and challenges of using filamentous fungi for the production of heterologous proteins. We review various techniques commonly employed to improve the heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi, such as strong and inducible promoters, codon optimization, more efficient signal peptides for secretion, carrier proteins, engineering of glycosylation sites, regulation of the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation, optimization of the intracellular transport process, regulation of unconventional protein secretion, and construction of protease-deficient strains. KEY POINTS: • This review updates the knowledge on heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. • Several fungal cell factories and potential candidates are discussed. • Insights into improving heterologous gene expression are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Liu
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica Y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Arai T, Wada M, Nishiguchi H, Takimura Y, Ishii J. Inducer-free recombinant protein production in Trichoderma reesei: secretory production of endogenous enzymes and heterologous nanobodies using glucose as the sole carbon source. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:103. [PMID: 37208691 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has been used as a host organism for the production of lignocellulosic biomass-degrading enzymes. Although this microorganism has high potential for protein production, it has not yet been widely used for heterologous recombinant protein production. Transcriptional induction of the cellulase genes is essential for high-level protein production in T. reesei; however, glucose represses this transcriptional induction. Therefore, cellulose is commonly used as a carbon source for providing its degraded sugars such as cellobiose, which act as inducers to activate the strong promoters of the major cellulase (cellobiohydrolase 1 and 2 (cbh1 and cbh2) genes. However, replacement of cbh1 and/or cbh2 with a gene encoding the protein of interest (POI) for high productivity and occupancy of recombinant proteins remarkably impairs the ability to release soluble inducers from cellulose, consequently reducing the production of POI. To overcome this challenge, we first used an inducer-free biomass-degrading enzyme expression system, previously developed to produce cellulases and hemicellulases using glucose as the sole carbon source, for recombinant protein production using T. reesei. RESULTS We chose endogenous secretory enzymes and heterologous camelid small antibodies (nanobody) as model proteins. By using the inducer-free strain as a parent, replacement of cbh1 with genes encoding two intrinsic enzymes (aspartic protease and glucoamylase) and three different nanobodies (1ZVH, caplacizumab, and ozoralizumab) resulted in their high secretory productions using glucose medium without inducers such as cellulose. Based on signal sequences (carrier polypeptides) and protease inhibitors, additional replacement of cbh2 with the nanobody gene increased the percentage of POI to about 20% of total secreted proteins in T. reesei. This allowed the production of caplacizumab, a bivalent nanobody, to be increased to 9.49-fold (508 mg/L) compared to the initial inducer-free strain. CONCLUSIONS In general, whereas the replacement of major cellulase genes leads to extreme decrease in the degradation capacity of cellulose, our inducer-free system enabled it and achieved high secretory production of POI with increased occupancy in glucose medium. This system would be a novel platform for heterologous recombinant protein production in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Arai
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Wada
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiguchi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, 640‑8580, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Ji W, Wang X, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu F, Xu B, Luo H, Tu T, Zhang W, Xu X, Su X. Combining manipulation of integration loci and secretory pathway on expression of an Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36841771 PMCID: PMC9960163 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) is well-known for its excellent ability to secret a large quantity of cellulase. However, unlike the endogenous proteins, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing heterologous protein production. Herein, we focused on the integration loci and the secretory pathway, and investigated their combinatorial effects on heterologous gene expression in T. reesei using a glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger as a model protein. Integration in the cel3c locus was more efficient than the cbh1 locus in expressing the AnGOx by increasing the transcription of AnGOx in the early stage. In addition, we discovered that interruption of the cel3c locus has an additional effect by increasing the expression of the secretory pathway component genes. Accordingly, overexpressing three secretory pathway component genes, that were snc1, sso2, and rho3, increased AnGOx expression in the cbh1 transformant but not in the cel3c transformant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangli Ji
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yuan Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fangui Liu
- grid.459577.d0000 0004 1757 6559College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000 Guangdong China
| | - Bo Xu
- grid.459577.d0000 0004 1757 6559College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000 Guangdong China
| | - Huiying Luo
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Tao Tu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 South Zhongguancun St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Aro N, Ercili-Cura D, Andberg M, Silventoinen P, Lille M, Hosia W, Nordlund E, Landowski CP. Production of bovine beta-lactoglobulin and hen egg ovalbumin by Trichoderma reesei using precision fermentation technology and testing of their techno-functional properties. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112131. [PMID: 36596092 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The food protein ingredient market is dominated by dairy and egg proteins. Both milk whey and egg proteins are challenging proteins to replace, e.g. with plant proteins, due to the unique structural features of the animal proteins that render them highly functional. Thus, to provide a non-animal source of these important proteins the fungal host Trichoderma reesei was utilized for the biotechnical production of recombinant hen ovalbumin (TrOVA) and bovine beta lactoglobulin (TrBLG). These food proteins were investigated using two different promoter systems to test the concept of effectively expressing them in a fungal host. Both proteins were successfully produced in 24 well plate and bioreactor scale. The production level of TrBLG and TrOVA were 1 g/L and 2 g/L, respectively. Both proteins were further purified and characterized, and their functional properties were tested. TrBLG and TrOVA secondary structures determined by circular dichroism corresponded to the proteins of bovine and hen. The T. reesei produced proteins were found to be N-glycosylated, mostly with Man 5. TrBLG had emulsification properties matching to corresponding bovine protein. TrOVA showed excellent foaming characteristics and heat-induced gelation, although the strength of the gel was somewhat lower than with hen ovalbumin, possibly due to the partial degradation of TrOVA or presence of other host proteins. Biotechnical production of whey and egg proteins using precision fermentation technology offers an innovative way to increase the sustainability of the conventional food industry, without further reliance on animal farming. Industrial relevance: The food protein ingredient market is dominated by dairy (largely whey proteins) and egg proteins. Whey proteins are valuable and versatile food ingredients due to their functional and nutritional quality. They are largely used in meat and milk products, low fat products, bakery, confectionary, infant formulas and sports nutrition. Similarly, egg white protein ovalbumin is a highly functional protein ingredient that facilitates structure formation and high nutritional quality in most food products. Together they comprise 40-70% of the revenue in the animal protein ingredients market. Both whey and egg proteins are extremely challenging proteins to replace, e.g., by plant proteins due to their unique structural features that render them with high functionality. Biotechnical production of whey and egg proteins using precision fermentation technology offers an innovative way to increase the sustainability of the conventional food industry, without further reliance on animal farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Aro
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Dilek Ercili-Cura
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Andberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Pia Silventoinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martina Lille
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Waltteri Hosia
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Emilia Nordlund
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
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Jiang S, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhao Q, Gao L, Song X, Li X, Qu Y, Liu G. Genetic engineering and raising temperature enhance recombinant protein production with the cdna1 promoter in Trichoderma reesei. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:113. [PMID: 38647824 PMCID: PMC10991654 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma reesei is a powerful host for secreted production of proteins. The promoter of cdna1 gene, which encodes a small basic protein of unknown function and high expression, is commonly used for constitutive protein production in T. reesei. Nevertheless, the production level of proteins driven by this promoter still needs to be improved. Here, we identified that the region 600- to 700-bp upstream of the start codon is critical for the efficiency of the cdna1 promoter. Increasing the copy number of this region to three improved the production of a heterologous β-mannanase by 37.5%. Screening of several stressful conditions revealed that the cdna1 promoter is heat inducible. Cultivation at 37 °C significantly enhanced the production of β-mannanase as well as a polygalacturonase with the cdna1 promoter compared with those at 30 °C. Combing the strategies of promoter engineering, multi-copy gene insertion, and control of cultivation temperature, β-mannanase of 199.85 U/mL and relatively high purity was produced in shake flask, which was 6.6 times higher than that before optimization. Taken together, the results advance the understanding of the widely used cdna1 promoter and provide effective strategies for enhancing the production of recombinant proteins in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 11 Keyuanjingsi Road, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Solvent extraction of recombinant interferon alpha-2b from inclusion bodies and efficient refolding at high protein concentrations. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 197:106110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chai S, Zhu Z, Tian E, Xiao M, Wang Y, Zou G, Zhou Z. Building a Versatile Protein Production Platform Using Engineered Trichoderma reesei. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:486-496. [PMID: 34928572 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei has an extremely high capacity for synthesizing and secreting proteins, thus exhibiting promise as an expression platform for heterologous proteins. However, T. reesei secretes large amounts of native proteins, which hinders its widespread application for heterologous protein production. Here, we designed and built a series of T. reesei chassis using an iterative gene deletion approach based on an efficient genome editing system. Donor DNAs with specially designed construct facilitated screening of positive deletion strains without ectopic insertion. Finally, marker-free T. reesei chassis with lower rates of native protein secretion and low levels of extracellular protease activity were constructed after 11 consecutive rounds of gene deletion. Higher production levels of three heterologous proteins─a bacterial xylanase XYL7, a fungal immunomodulatory protein LZ8, and the human serum albumin HSA─were achieved with these chassis using the cbh1 promoter. It is possible that diverse high-value proteins might be produced at a high yield using this engineered platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxing Chai
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ernuo Tian
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meili Xiao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Rd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen Zou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Rd, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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11
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Sun Y, Qian Y, Zhang J, Yao C, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhong Y. Development of a novel expression platform for heterologous protein production via deleting the p53-like regulator Vib1 in Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 155:109993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Tomico-Cuenca I, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR, Derntl C. An overview on current molecular tools for heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 34702369 PMCID: PMC8549263 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are routinely used as biocontrol agents and for the production of industrial enzymes. Trichoderma spp. are interesting hosts for heterologous gene expression because their saprotrophic and mycoparasitic lifestyles enable them to thrive on a large number of nutrient sources and some members of this genus are generally recognized as safe (GRAS status). In this review, we summarize and discuss several aspects involved in heterologous gene expression in Trichoderma, including transformation methods, genome editing strategies, native and synthetic expression systems and implications of protein secretion. This review focuses on the industrial workhorse Trichoderma reesei because this fungus is the best-studied member of this genus for protein expression and secretion. However, the discussed strategies and tools can be expected to be transferable to other Trichoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tomico-Cuenca
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Astrid R Mach-Aigner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Wien, Austria.
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13
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Zhao Q, Liu Q, Wang Q, Qin Y, Zhong Y, Gao L, Liu G, Qu Y. Disruption of the Trichoderma reesei gul1 gene stimulates hyphal branching and reduces broth viscosity in cellulase production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6132311. [PMID: 33693788 PMCID: PMC9113457 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyphal morphology is considered to have a close relationship with the production
level of secreted proteins by filamentous fungi. In this study, the
gul1 gene, which encodes a putative mRNA-binding protein,
was disrupted in cellulase-producing fungus Trichoderma reesei.
The hyphae of Δgul1 strain produced more lateral
branches than the parent strain. Under the condition for cellulase production,
disruption of gul1 resulted in smaller mycelial clumps and
significantly lower viscosity of fermentation broth. In addition, cellulase
production was improved by 22% relative to the parent strain.
Transcriptome analysis revealed that a set of genes encoding cell wall
remodeling enzymes as well as hydrophobins were differentially expressed in the
Δgul1 strain. The results suggest that the
regulatory role of gul1 in cell morphogenesis is likely
conserved in filamentous fungi. To our knowledge, this is the first report on
the engineering of gul1 in an industrially important
fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 11 Keyuanjingsi Road, 266101 Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, 27 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
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14
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Wei H, Wu M, Fan A, Su H. Recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Sun Y, Qian Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang W, Wang L, Liu H, Zhong Y. Extracellular protease production regulated by nitrogen and carbon sources in Trichoderma reesei. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:122-132. [PMID: 33393718 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is an important producer of industrial enzymes, and possesses abundant extracellular protease genes based on the genome sequence data. However, the production of extracellular proteases remains poorly understood. Here, protease production was extensively investigated on different carbon (glucose and lactose) and nitrogen sources ((NH4 )2 SO4 , NaNO3 , peptone, and corn steep liquor). It was found that protease production was dominantly regulated by nitrogen sources. Organic nitrogen sources were beneficial for protease production, while the preferred nitrogen source (NH4 )2 SO4 inhibited the expression of proteases. As for carbon sources, lactose was a more effective inducer than glucose for protease production. The protease activity was further examined by protease inhibitors, which suggested that protease activity was predominantly inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and slightly suppressed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed a total of 29 extracellular proteases, including 13 serine proteases, 6 aspartic proteases, and 10 metalloproteases. In addition, seven proteases were found to be present among all conditions. These results showed the regulatory profile of extracellular protease production in Trichoderma reesei grown on various carbon and nitrogen sources, which will facilitate the development of T. reesei to be an effective workhorse for enzyme or high-value protein production in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yuanchao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Weican Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
Trichoderma reesei's potential as a rapid and efficient biomass degrader was first recognized in the 1950s when it was isolated from Army textiles during World War II. The microbe secreted cellulases that were degrading cotton-based tents and clothing of service members stationed on the Solomon Islands. In the 1970s, at the time of the first global oil crisis, research interest in T. reesei gained popularity as it was explored as part of the solution to the worlds growing dependence on fossil fuels. Much of this early work focused on classical mutagenesis and selection of hypercellulolytic strains. This early lineage was used as a starting point for both academic research with the goal of understanding secretion and regulation of expression of the complex mixture of enzymes required for cellulosic biomass decay as well as for its development as a host for industrial enzyme production. In 2001, at the onset of the second major oil crisis, the US Department of Energy supported research programs in microbial cellulases to produce ethanol from biomass which led to another surge in the study of T. reesei. This further accelerated the development of molecular biology and recombinant DNA tools in T. reesei. In addition to T. reesei's role in bio-ethanol production, it is used to produce industrial enzymes with a broad range of applications supporting the bio-based economy. To date there are around 243 commercially available enzyme products manufactured by fermentation of microorganisms; 30 of these are made using Trichoderma as a host, 21 of which are recombinant products sold for use in food, feed, and technical applications including textiles and pulp and paper.
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Abstract
Aspergilli have been widely used in the production of organic acids, enzymes, and secondary metabolites for almost a century. Today, several GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Aspergillus species hold a central role in the field of industrial biotechnology with multiple profitable applications. Since the 1990s, research has focused on the use of Aspergillus species in the development of cell factories for the production of recombinant proteins mainly due to their natively high secretion capacity. Advances in the Aspergillus-specific molecular toolkit and combination of several engineering strategies (e.g., protease-deficient strains and fusions to carrier proteins) resulted in strains able to generate high titers of recombinant fungal proteins. However, the production of non-fungal proteins appears to still be inefficient due to bottlenecks in fungal expression and secretion machinery. After a brief overview of the different heterologous expression systems currently available, this review focuses on the filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus and their use in recombinant protein production. We describe key steps in protein synthesis and secretion that may limit production efficiency in Aspergillus systems and present genetic engineering approaches and bioprocessing strategies that have been adopted in order to improve recombinant protein titers and expand the potential of Aspergilli as competitive production platforms.
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18
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Tamminen A, Happonen P, Barth D, Holmström S, Wiebe MG. High throughput, small scale methods to characterise the growth of marine fungi. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236822. [PMID: 32764772 PMCID: PMC7413501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Various marine fungi have been shown to produce interesting, bioactive compounds, but scaling up the production of these compounds can be challenging, particularly because little is generally known about how the producing organisms grow. Here we assessed the suitability of using 100-well BioScreen plates or 96-well plates incubated in a robot hotel to cultivate eight filamentous marine fungi, six sporulating and two non-sporulating, to obtain data on growth and substrate (glucose, xylose, galactose or glycerol) utilisation in a high throughput manner. All eight fungi grew in both cultivation systems, but growth was more variable and with more noise in the data in the Cytomat plate hotel than in the BioScreen. Specific growth rates between 0.01 (no added substrate) and 0.07 h-1 were measured for strains growing in the BioScreen and between 0.01 and 0.27 h-1 for strains in the plate hotel. Three strains, Dendryphiella salina LF304, Penicillium chrysogenum KF657 and Penicillium pinophilum LF458, consistently had higher specific growth rates on glucose and xylose in the plate hotel than in the BioScreen, but otherwise results were similar in the two systems. However, because of the noise in data from the plate hotel, the data obtained from it could only be used to distinguish between substrates which did or did not support growth, whereas data from BioScreen also provided information on substrate preference. Glucose was the preferred substrate for all strains, followed by xylose and galactose. Five strains also grew on glycerol. Therefore it was important to minimise the amount of glycerol introduced with the inoculum to avoid misinterpreting the results for growth on poor substrates. We concluded that both systems could provide physiological data with filamentous fungi, provided sufficient replicates are included in the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Tamminen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Petrus Happonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Dorothee Barth
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Holmström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilyn G. Wiebe
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail:
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19
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Artika IM, Dewantari AK, Wiyatno A. Molecular biology of coronaviruses: current knowledge. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04743. [PMID: 32835122 PMCID: PMC7430346 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The constant spillover of coronaviruses from natural hosts to humans has been linked to human activities and other factors. The seriousness of this infection and the lack of effective, licensed countermeasures clearly underscore the need of more detailed and comprehensive understanding of coronavirus molecular biology. Coronaviruses are large, enveloped viruses with a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome. Currently, coronaviruses are recognized as one of the most rapidly evolving viruses due to their high genomic nucleotide substitution rates and recombination. At the molecular level, the coronaviruses employ complex strategies to successfully accomplish genome expression, virus particle assembly and virion progeny release. As the health threats from coronaviruses are constant and long-term, understanding the molecular biology of coronaviruses and controlling their spread has significant implications for global health and economic stability. This review is intended to provide an overview of our current basic knowledge of the molecular biology of coronaviruses, which is important as basic knowledge for the development of coronavirus countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Aghnianditya Kresno Dewantari
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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20
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Qian Y, Zhong L, Sun Y, Sun N, Zhang L, Liu W, Qu Y, Zhong Y. Enhancement of Cellulase Production in Trichoderma reesei via Disruption of Multiple Protease Genes Identified by Comparative Secretomics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2784. [PMID: 31849916 PMCID: PMC6901835 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the most studied cellulolytic organisms and the major producer of cellulases for industrial applications. However, undesired degradation of cellulases often happens in culture filtrates and commercial enzyme preparations. Even studies have been reported about describing proteolytic degradation of heterologous proteins in T. reesei, there are few systematic explorations concerning the extracellular proteases responsible for degradation of cellulases. In this study, the cellulase activity was observed to rapidly decrease at late cultivation stages using corn steep liquor (CSL) as the nitrogen source in T. reesei. It was discovered that this decrease may be caused by proteases. To identify the proteases, comparative secretomics was performed to analyze the concomitant proteases during the cellulase production. 12 candidate proteases from the secretome of T. reesei were identified and their encoding genes were individually deleted via homologous recombination. Furthermore, three target proteases (tre81070, tre120998, and tre123234) were simultaneously deleted by one-step genetic transformation. The triple deletion strain ΔP70 showed a 78% decrease in protease activity and a six-fold increase in cellulase activity at late fermentation stages. These results demonstrated the feasibility of improvement of cellulase production by genetically disrupting the potential protease genes to construct the T. reesei strains with low extracellular protease secretion. This dataset also provides an efficient approach for strain improvement by precise genetic engineering combined with "omics" strategy for high-production of industrial enzymes to reduce the cost of lignocellulose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixia Zhong
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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21
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Mat'at'a M, Galádová H, Varečka L, Šimkovič M. The study of intracellular and secreted high-molecular-mass protease(s) of Trichoderma spp., and their responses to conidiation stimuli. Can J Microbiol 2019; 65:653-667. [PMID: 31059650 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We continued our study of high-molecular-mass proteases (HMMPs) using several strains of the genus Trichoderma, and other filamentous fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum, and Penicillium purpurogenum). We found that five Trichoderma strains secreted HMMPs into the media after induction with bovine serum albumin. Botrytis cinerea and F. culmorum secreted proteases in the absence of inducer, while A. niger or P. purpurogenum did not secrete proteolytic activity (PA). The activity of HMMPs secreted by or intracellularly located in Trichoderma spp. represents the predominant part of cellular PA, according to zymogram patterns. This observation allowed the study of HMMPs' physiological role(s) independent from the secretion. In studying conidiation, we found that illumination significantly stimulated PA in Trichoderma strains. In the T. atroviride IMI 206040 strain, we demonstrated that this stimulation is dependent on the BLR1 and BLR2 receptors. No stimulation of PA was observed when mechanical injury was used as an elicitor of conidiation. Compounds used as inhibitors or activators of conidiation exerted no congruent effects on both PA and conidiation. These results do not favour a direct role of HMMPs in conidiation. Probably, HMMP activity may be involved in the process of the activation of metabolism during vegetative growth, differentiation, and aging-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Mat'at'a
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Helena Galádová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - L'udovít Varečka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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22
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Novel genetic tools that enable highly pure protein production in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5032. [PMID: 30902998 PMCID: PMC6430808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is an established protein production host with high natural capacity to secrete enzymes. The lack of efficient genome engineering approaches and absence of robust constitutive gene expression systems limits exploitation of this organism in some protein production applications. Here we report engineering of T. reesei for high-level production of highly enriched lipase B of Candida antarctica (calB) using glucose as a carbon source. Multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with the use of our recently established synthetic expression system (SES) enabled accelerated construction of strains, which produced high amounts of highly pure calB. Using SES, calB production levels in cellulase-inducing medium were comparable to the levels obtained by using the commonly employed inducible cbh1 promoter, where a wide spectrum of native enzymes were co-produced. Due to highly constitutive expression provided by the SES, it was possible to carry out the production in cellulase-repressing glucose medium leading to around 4 grams per liter of fully functional calB and simultaneous elimination of unwanted background enzymes.
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23
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Nevalainen H, Peterson R, Curach N. Overview of Gene Expression Using Filamentous Fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 92:e55. [PMID: 30040195 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are lower eukaryotes increasingly used for expression of foreign proteins ranging from industrial enzymes originating from other fungi and bacteria to proteins of mammalian origin, such as antibodies and growth factors. Their strengths include an excellent capacity for protein secretion and their eukaryotic protein processing machinery. Proteins secreted from filamentous fungi are modified in the secretory pathway, with folding, proteolytic processing, and addition of glycans being the main modifications. Unlike from many other expression systems, however, plasmids and host strains for expression of gene products in filamentous fungi are not readily available commercially, and the expression system must thus be stitched together in the laboratory. In this overview, the key elements of fungal expression systems are discussed from a practical point of view and with a view towards the future. The principles and considerations presented here can be applied to a range of filamentous fungi. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robyn Peterson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natalie Curach
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Inducible promoters and functional genomic approaches for the genetic engineering of filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6357-6372. [PMID: 29860590 PMCID: PMC6061484 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In industry, filamentous fungi have a prominent position as producers of economically relevant primary or secondary metabolites. Particularly, the advent of genetic engineering of filamentous fungi has led to a growing number of molecular tools to adopt filamentous fungi for biotechnical applications. Here, we summarize recent developments in fungal biology, where fungal host systems were genetically manipulated for optimal industrial applications. Firstly, available inducible promoter systems depending on carbon sources are mentioned together with various adaptations of the Tet-Off and Tet-On systems for use in different industrial fungal host systems. Subsequently, we summarize representative examples, where diverse expression systems were used for the production of heterologous products, including proteins from mammalian systems. In addition, the progressing usage of genomics and functional genomics data for strain improvement strategies are addressed, for the identification of biosynthesis genes and their related metabolic pathways. Functional genomic data are further used to decipher genomic differences between wild-type and high-production strains, in order to optimize endogenous metabolic pathways that lead to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant end products. Lastly, we discuss how molecular data sets can be used to modify products for optimized applications.
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25
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Nevalainen H, Bergquist P, Te'o VSJ. Making a Bacterial Thermophilic Enzyme in a Fungal Expression System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 92:e52. [DOI: 10.1002/cpps.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Peter Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Valentino Setoa Junior Te'o
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
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26
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Gao F, Hao Z, Sun X, Qin L, Zhao T, Liu W, Luo H, Yao B, Su X. A versatile system for fast screening and isolation of Trichoderma reesei cellulase hyperproducers based on DsRed and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:261. [PMID: 30258495 PMCID: PMC6151939 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the biofuel industry, cellulase plays an indispensable role in hydrolyzing cellulose into fermentable glucose. Trichoderma reesei is a popular filamentous fungus with prominent ability to produce cellulase. While classical mutagenesis and modern multiplex genome engineering are both effective ways to improve cellulase production, successful obtaining of strains with improved cellulase-producing ability requires screening a large number of strains, which is time-consuming and labor intensive. RESULTS Herein, we developed a versatile method coupling expression of the red fluorescence protein (DsRed) in T. reesei and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) of germinated spores. This method was first established by expressing DsRed intracellularly under the control of the major cellulase cbh1 promoter in T. reesei, which allowed us to rapidly isolate cellulase hyperproducers from T. reesei progenies transformed with a dedicated transcriptional activator ace3 and from an atmospheric and room temperature plasma-created mutant T. reesei library. Since intracellularly expressed DsRed was expected to isolate mutations mainly affecting cellulase transcription, this method was further improved by displaying DsRed on the T. reesei cell surface, enabling isolation of strains with beneficial genetic alterations (overexpressing hac1 and bip1) affecting regulatory stages beyond transcription. Using this method, T. reesei cellulase hyperproducers were also successfully isolated from an Agrobacterium-mediated random insertional mutant library. CONCLUSIONS The coupled DsRed-FACS high-throughput screening method proved to be an effective strategy for fast isolation of T. reesei cellulase hyperproducers and could also be applied in other industrially important filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenzhen Hao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Qin
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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27
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Griffo A, Hähl H, Grandthyll S, Müller F, Paananen A, Ilmén M, Szilvay GR, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Jacobs K, Laaksonen P. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Study on Modular Resilin Fusion Protein. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6906-6915. [PMID: 31457277 PMCID: PMC6644949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The adhesive and mechanical properties of a modular fusion protein consisting of two different types of binding units linked together via a flexible resilin-like-polypeptide domain are quantified. The adhesive domains have been constructed from fungal cellulose-binding modules (CBMs) and an amphiphilic hydrophobin HFBI. This study is carried out by single-molecule force spectroscopy, which enables stretching of single molecules. The fusion proteins are designed to self-assemble on the cellulose surface, leading into the submonolayer of proteins having the HFBI pointing away from the surface. A hydrophobic atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip can be employed for contacting and lifting the single fusion protein from the HFBI-functionalized terminus by the hydrophobic interaction between the tip surface and the hydrophobic patch of the HFBI. The work of rupture, contour length at rupture and the adhesion forces of the amphiphilic end domains are evaluated under aqueous environment at different pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Griffo
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hendrik Hähl
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Samuel Grandthyll
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Marja Ilmén
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Géza R. Szilvay
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Department
of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems BIO, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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28
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Matthews CB, Wright C, Kuo A, Colant N, Westoby M, Love JC. Reexamining opportunities for therapeutic protein production in eukaryotic microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2432-2444. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Angel Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Noelle Colant
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
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29
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Paasikallio T, Huuskonen A, Wiebe MG. Scaling up and scaling down the production of galactaric acid from pectin using Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:119. [PMID: 28693605 PMCID: PMC5504852 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bioconversion of d-galacturonic acid to galactaric (mucic) acid has previously been carried out in small scale (50–1000 mL) cultures, which produce tens of grams of galactaric acid. To obtain larger amounts of biologically produced galactaric acid, the process needed to be scaled up using a readily available technical substrate. Food grade pectin was selected as a readily available source of d-galacturonic acid for conversion to galactaric acid. Results We demonstrated that the process using Trichoderma reesei QM6a Δgar1 udh can be scaled up from 1 L to 10 and 250 L, replacing pure d-galacturonic acid with commercially available pectin. T. reesei produced 18 g L−1 galactaric acid from food-grade pectin (yield 1.00 g [g d-galacturonate consumed]−1) when grown at 1 L scale, 21 g L−1 galactaric acid (yield 1.11 g [g d-galacturonate consumed]−1) when grown at 10 L scale and 14 g L−1 galactaric acid (yield 0.77 g [g d-galacturonate consumed]−1) when grown at 250 L scale. Initial production rates were similar to those observed in 500 mL cultures with pure d-galacturonate as substrate. Approximately 2.8 kg galactaric acid was precipitated from the 250 L culture, representing a recovery of 77% of the galactaric acid in the supernatant. In addition to scaling up, we also demonstrated that the process could be scaled down to 4 mL for screening of production strains in 24-well plate format. Production of galactaric acid from pectin was assessed for three strains expressing uronate dehydrogenase under alternative promoters and up to 11 g L−1 galactaric acid were produced in the batch process. Conclusions The process of producing galactaric acid by bioconversion with T. reesei was demonstrated to be equally efficient using pectin as it was with d-galacturonic acid. The 24-well plate batch process will be useful screening new constructs, but cannot replace process optimisation in bioreactors. Scaling up to 250 L demonstrated good reproducibility with the smaller scale but there was a loss in yield at 250 L which indicated that total biomass extraction and more efficient DSP would both be needed for a large scale process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Paasikallio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anne Huuskonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilyn G Wiebe
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044, Espoo, Finland.
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30
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Jourdier E, Baudry L, Poggi-Parodi D, Vicq Y, Koszul R, Margeot A, Marbouty M, Bidard F. Proximity ligation scaffolding and comparison of two Trichoderma reesei strains genomes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:151. [PMID: 28616075 PMCID: PMC5469131 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of low complexity and repeated regions in genomes often results in difficulties to assemble sequencing data into full chromosomes. However, the availability of full genome scaffolds is essential to several investigations, regarding for instance the evolution of entire clades, the analysis of chromosome rearrangements, and is pivotal to sexual crossing studies. In non-conventional but industrially relevant model organisms, such as the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei, a complete genome assembly is seldom available. RESULTS The chromosome scaffolds of T. reesei QM6a and Rut-C30 strains have been generated using a contact genomic/proximity ligation genomic approach. The original reference assembly, encompassing dozens of scaffolds, was reorganized into two sets of seven chromosomes. Chromosomal contact data also allowed to characterize 10-40 kb, gene-free, AT-rich (76%) regions corresponding to the T. reesei centromeres. Large chromosomal rearrangements (LCR) in Rut-C30 were then characterized, in agreement with former studies, and the position of LCR breakpoints used to assess the likely chromosome structure of other T. reesei strains [QM9414, CBS999.97 (1-1, re), and QM9978]. In agreement with published results, we predict that the numerous chromosome rearrangements found in highly mutated industrial strains may limit the efficiency of sexual reproduction for their improvement. CONCLUSIONS The GRAAL program allowed us to generate the karyotype of the Rut-C30 strain, and from there to predict chromosome structure for most T. reesei strains for which sequence is available. This method that exploits proximity ligation sequencing approach is a fast, cheap, and straightforward way to characterize both chromosome structure and centromere sequences and is likely to represent a popular convenient alternative to expensive and work-intensive resequencing projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Jourdier
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Lyam Baudry
- Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, Department Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR 3525, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dante Poggi-Parodi
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Yoan Vicq
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Romain Koszul
- Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, Department Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR 3525, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Margeot
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Martial Marbouty
- Groupe Régulation Spatiale des Génomes, Department Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- UMR 3525, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Bidard
- IFP Energies nouvelles, 1 et 4 Avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
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31
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Fang W, Paananen A, Vitikainen M, Koskela S, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Joensuu JJ, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Linder MB, Laaksonen P. Elastic and pH-Responsive Hybrid Interfaces Created with Engineered Resilin and Nanocellulose. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1866-1873. [PMID: 28440631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how a genetically engineered resilin fusion protein modifies cellulose surfaces. We characterized the pH-responsive behavior of a resilin-like polypeptide (RLP) having terminal cellulose binding modules (CBM) and showed its binding to cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). Characterization of the resilin fusion protein at different pHs revealed substantial conformational changes of the protein, which were observed as swelling and contraction of the protein layer bound to the nanocellulose surface. In addition, we showed that employment of the modified resilin in cellulose hydrogel and nanopaper increased their modulus of stiffness through a cross-linking effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Arja Paananen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Marika Vitikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Salla Koskela
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Jussi J Joensuu
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Laaksonen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University , Espoo, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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