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Wang Y, Chang L, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W, Chen H. Characterization of Three Types of Elongases from Different Fungi and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:129. [PMID: 38392800 PMCID: PMC10890106 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid elongases play crucial roles in synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Identifying more efficient elongases is essential for enhancing oleaginous microorganisms to produce high yields of target products. We characterized three elongases that were identified with distinct specificities: McELO from Mucor circinelloides, PrELO from Phytophthora ramorum, and PsELO from Phytophthora sojae. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that McELO preferentially elongates C16 to C18 fatty acids, PrELO targets Δ6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and PsELO uses long chain saturated fatty acids as substrates. McELO and PrELO exhibited more homology, potentially enabling fatty acid composition remodeling and enhanced LC-PUFAs production in oleaginous microorganisms. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acids across elongase types identified residues essential for activity, supported by molecular docking. Alanine substitution of conserved polar residues led to enzyme inactivation, underscoring their importance in the condensation reaction. Our findings offer promising elongase candidates for polyunsaturated fatty acid production, contributing to the bioindustry's sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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2
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Park K, Hahn JS. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica for sustainable ricinoleic acid production: A pathway to free fatty acid synthesis. Metab Eng 2024; 81:197-209. [PMID: 38072356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (C18:1-OH, RA) is a valuable hydroxy fatty acid with versatile applications. The current industrial source of RA relies on the hydrolysis of castor bean oil. However, the coexistence of the toxic compound ricin and the unstable supply of this plant have led to an exploration of promising alternatives: generating RA in heterologous plants or microorganisms. In this study, we engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce RA in the form of free fatty acids (FFA). First, we overexpressed fungal Δ12 oleate hydroxylase gene (CpFAH12) from Claviceps purpurea while deleting genes related to fatty acid degradation (MEF1 and PEX10) and oleic acid desaturation (FAD2). Since Δ12 oleate hydroxylase converts oleic acid (C18:1) located at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine (PC), we next focused on increasing the PC pool containing oleic acid. This objective was achieved thorough implementing metabolic engineering strategies designed to enhance the biosynthesis of PC and C18 fatty acids. To increase the PC pool, we redirected the flux towards phospholipid biosynthesis by deleting phosphatidic acid phosphatase genes (PAH1 and APP1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (DGA1), involved in the production of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, respectively. Furthermore, the PC biosynthesis via the CDP-DAG pathway was enhanced through the overexpression of CDS1, PSD1, CHO2, and OPI3 genes. Subsequently, to increase the oleic acid content within PC, we overexpressed the heterologous fatty acid elongase gene (MaC16E) involved in the conversion of C16 to C18 fatty acids. As RA production titer escalated, the produced RA was mainly found in the FFA form, leading to cell growth inhibition. The growth inhibition was mitigated by inducing RA secretion via Triton X-100 treatment, a process that simultaneously amplified RA production by redirecting flux towards RA synthesis. The final engineered strain JHYL-R146 produced 2.061 g/L of free RA in a medium treated with 5% Triton X-100, constituting 74% of the total FFAs produced. Generating free RA offers the added benefit of bypassing the hydrolysis stage required when employing castor bean oil as an RA source. This achievement represents the highest level of RA synthesis from glucose reported thus far, underscoring the potential of Y. lipolytica as a host for sustainable RA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Hahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Wu CC, Honda K, Kazuhito F. Current advances in alteration of fatty acid profile in Rhodotorula toruloides: a mini-review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:234. [PMID: 37358633 PMCID: PMC10293357 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipids are considered promising and environmentally friendly substitutes for fossil fuels and plant-derived oils. They alleviate the depletion of limited petroleum storage and the decrement of arable lands resulting from the greenhouse effect. Microbial lipids derived from oleaginous yeasts provide fatty acid profiles similar to plant-derived oils, which are considered as sustainable and alternative feedstocks for use in the biofuel, cosmetics, and food industries. Rhodotorula toruloides is an intriguing oleaginous yeast strain that can accumulate more than 70% of its dry biomass as lipid content. It can utilize a wide range of substrates, including low-cost sugars and industrial waste. It is also robust against various industrial inhibitors. However, precise control of the fatty acid profile of the lipids produced by R. toruloides is essential for broadening its biotechnological applications. This mini-review describes recent progress in identifying fatty synthesis pathways and consolidated strategies used for specific fatty acid-rich lipid production via metabolic engineering, strain domestication. In addition, this mini-review summarized the effects of culture conditions on fatty acid profiles in R. toruloides. The perspectives and constraints of harnessing R. toruloides for tailored lipid production are also discussed in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chan Wu
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fujiyama Kazuhito
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Theodosiou E. Engineering Strategies for Efficient Bioconversion of Glycerol to Value-Added Products by Yarrowia lipolytica. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica has been a valuable biotechnological workhorse for the production of commercially important biochemicals for over 70 years. The knowledge gained so far on the native biosynthetic pathways, as well as the availability of numerous systems and synthetic biology tools, enabled not only the regulation and the redesign of the existing metabolic pathways, but also the introduction of novel synthetic ones; further consolidating the position of the yeast in industrial biotechnology. However, for the development of competitive and sustainable biotechnological production processes, bioengineering should be reinforced by bioprocess optimization strategies. Although there are many published reviews on the bioconversion of various carbon sources to value-added products by Yarrowia lipolytica, fewer works have focused on reviewing up-to-date strain, medium, and process engineering strategies with an aim to emphasize the significance of integrated engineering approaches. The ultimate goal of this work is to summarize the necessary knowledge and inspire novel routes to manipulate at a systems level the yeast biosynthetic machineries by combining strain and bioprocess engineering. Due to the increasing surplus of biodiesel-derived waste glycerol and the favored glycerol-utilization metabolic pathways of Y. lipolytica over other carbon sources, the present review focuses on pure and crude glycerol-based biomanufacturing.
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Cao L, Li J, Yang Z, Hu X, Wang P. A review of synthetic biology tools in Yarrowia lipolytica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:129. [PMID: 36944859 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a non-conventional oleaginous yeast with great potential for industrial production. Y. lipolytica has a high propensity for flux through tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Therefore, this host is currently being developed as a workhorse, and is rapidly emerging in biotechnology fields, especially for industrial chemical production, whole-cell bioconversion, and the treatment and recycling of industrial waste. In recent studies, Y. lipolytica has been rewritten and introduced with non-native metabolites of certain compounds of interest owing to the advancement in synthetic biology tools. In this review, we collate recent progress to present a detailed and insightful summary of the major developments in synthetic biology tools and techniques for Y. lipolytica, including promoters, terminators, selection markers, autonomously replicating sequences, DNA assembly techniques, genome editing techniques, and subcellular organelle engineering. This comprehensive overview would be a useful resource for future genetic engineering studies to improve the yield of desired metabolic products in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Cao
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Enzymes and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Enzymes and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Enzymes and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Enzymes and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Enzymes and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Northeast Forestry University, No. 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150000, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Sun T, Yu Y, Wang L, Qi Y, Xu T, Wang Z, Lin L, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Combination of a Push-Pull-Block Strategy with a Heterologous Xylose Assimilation Pathway toward Lipid Overproduction from Lignocellulose in Yarrowia lipolytica. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:761-767. [PMID: 36789673 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The production of biodiesel using microbial lipids derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass is considered a promising strategy to reduce environmental pressure and promote the green energy transition. The hydrolysates of lignocellulosic biomass are rich in glucose and xylose, which makes it crucial to efficiently utilize both sugars. Here, we combined metabolic engineering and adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) to construct an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain that can efficiently produce lipids from glucose and xylose. First, the "Push-Pull-Block" strategy was adopted to increase lipid content to 73.42% of the dry cell weight (DCW). Then, a heterologous xylose-utilization pathway was integrated into the engineered strain, which was subjected to ALE. The final evolved strain could accumulate 53.64% DCW of lipids from xylose, and the lipid titer reached 16.25 g/L. This work sheds light on the potential of microbial lipid overproduction from lignocellulose using engineered Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lexin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
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7
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Hambalko J, Gajdoš P, Nicaud JM, Ledesma-Amaro R, Tupec M, Pichová I, Čertík M. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid Derivatives by Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica Containing MsexD2 and MsexD3 Desaturase Genes from Manduca sexta. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010114. [PMID: 36675935 PMCID: PMC9862095 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most interesting groups of fatty acid derivates is the group of conjugated fatty acids from which the most researched include: conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA), which are associated with countless health benefits. Sex pheromone mixtures of some insect species, including tobacco horn-worm (Manduca sexta), are typical for the production of uncommon C16 long conjugated fatty acids with two and three conjugated double bonds, as opposed to C18 long CLA and CLNA. In this study, M. sexta desaturases MsexD2 and MsexD3 were expressed in multiple strains of Y. lipolytica with different genotypes. Experiments with the supplementation of fatty acid methyl esters into the medium resulted in the production of novel fatty acids. Using GCxGC-MS, 20 new fatty acids with two or three double bonds were identified. Fatty acids with conjugated or isolated double bonds, or a combination of both, were produced in trace amounts. The results of this study prove that Y. lipolytica is capable of synthesizing C16-conjugated fatty acids. Further genetic optimization of the Y. lipolytica genome and optimization of the fermentation process could lead to increased production of novel fatty acid derivatives with biotechnologically interesting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hambalko
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Gajdoš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michal Tupec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Čertík
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Wang K, Shi TQ, Lin L, Wei P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica to Produce Tailored Chain-Length Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2564-2577. [DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kindom
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Wang K, Shi TQ, Lin L, Wei P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ, Huang H. Advances in synthetic biology tools paving the way for the biomanufacturing of unusual fatty acids using the Yarrowia lipolytica chassis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang K, Shi TQ, Wang J, Wei P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Engineering the Lipid and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica for Sustainable Production of High Oleic Oils. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1542-1554. [PMID: 35311250 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oleic acid is widely applied in the chemical, material, nutritional, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the current production of oleic acid via high oleic plant oils is limited by the long growth cycle and climatic constraints. Moreover, the global demand for high oleic plant oils, especially the palm oil, has emerged as the driver of tropical deforestation causing tropical rainforest destruction, climate change, and biodiversity loss. In the present study, an alternative and sustainable strategy for high oleic oil production was established by reprogramming the metabolism of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using a two-layer "push-pull-block" strategy. Specifically, the fatty acid synthesis pathway was first engineered to increase oleic acid proportion by altering the fatty acid profiles. Then, the content of storage oils containing oleic acid was boosted by engineering the synthesis and degradation pathways of triacylglycerides. The strain resulting from this two-layer engineering strategy produced the highest titer of high oleic microbial oil reaching 56 g/L with 84% oleic acid in fed-batch fermentation, representing a remarkable improvement of a 110-fold oil titer and 2.24-fold oleic acid proportion compared with the starting strain. This alternative and sustainable method for high oleic oil production shows the potential of substitute planting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People’s Republic of China
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Brar KK, Raheja Y, Chadha BS, Magdouli S, Brar SK, Yang YH, Bhatia SK, Koubaa A. A paradigm shift towards production of sustainable bioenergy and advanced products from Cannabis/hemp biomass in Canada. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:1-22. [PMID: 35342682 PMCID: PMC8934023 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global cannabis (Cannabis sativa) market was 17.7 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach up to 40.6 billion by 2024. Canada is the 2nd nation to legalize cannabis with a massive sale of $246.9 million in the year 2021. Waste cannabis biomass is managed using disposal strategies (i.e., incineration, aerobic/anaerobic digestion, composting, and shredding) that are not good enough for long-term environmental sustainability. On the other hand, greenhouse gas emissions and the rising demand for petroleum-based fuels pose a severe threat to the environment and the circular economy. Cannabis biomass can be used as a feedstock to produce various biofuels and biochemicals. Various research groups have reported production of ethanol 9.2-20.2 g/L, hydrogen 13.5 mmol/L, lipids 53.3%, biogas 12%, and biochar 34.6% from cannabis biomass. This review summarizes its legal and market status (production and consumption), the recent advancements in the lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) pre-treatment (deep eutectic solvents (DES), and ionic liquids (ILs) known as "green solvents") followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) for the efficient conversion efficiency of pre-treated biomass. Recent advances in the bioconversion of hemp into oleochemicals, their challenges, and future perspectives are outlined. A comprehensive insight is provided on the trends and developments of metabolic engineering strategies to improve product yield. The thermochemical processing of disposed-off hemp lignin into bio-oil, bio-char, synthesis gas, and phenol is also discussed. Despite some progress, barricades still need to be met to commercialize advanced biofuels and compete with traditional fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique Des Residue Industriels (CTRI), 433 Boulevard du college, Rouyn-Noranda, J9X0E1 Canada
| | - Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 India
| | | | - Sara Magdouli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique Des Residue Industriels (CTRI), 433 Boulevard du college, Rouyn-Noranda, J9X0E1 Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Koubaa
- Institut de Recherche Sur Les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Université, Rouyn-Noranda, 445 Boulevard de l’ Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X5E4 Canada
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Fazili ABA, Shah AM, Zan X, Naz T, Nosheen S, Nazir Y, Ullah S, Zhang H, Song Y. Mucor circinelloides: a model organism for oleaginous fungi and its potential applications in bioactive lipid production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:29. [PMID: 35227264 PMCID: PMC8883733 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils have gained massive attention because of their significant role in industrial applications. Currently plants and animals are the chief sources of medically and nutritionally important fatty acids. However, the ever-increasing global demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) cannot be met by the existing sources. Therefore microbes, especially fungi, represent an important alternative source of microbial oils being investigated. Mucor circinelloides—an oleaginous filamentous fungus, came to the forefront because of its high efficiency in synthesizing and accumulating lipids, like γ-linolenic acid (GLA) in high quantity. Recently, mycelium of M. circinelloides has acquired substantial attraction towards it as it has been suggested as a convenient raw material source for the generation of biodiesel via lipid transformation. Although M. circinelloides accumulates lipids naturally, metabolic engineering is found to be important for substantial increase in their yields. Both modifications of existing pathways and re-formation of biosynthetic pathways in M. circinelloides have shown the potential to improve lipid levels. In this review, recent advances in various important metabolic aspects of M. circinelloides have been discussed. Furthermore, the potential applications of M. circinelloides in the fields of antioxidants, nutraceuticals, bioremediation, ethanol production, and carotenoids like beta carotene and astaxanthin having significant nutritional value are also deliberated.
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13
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Banerjee D, Jindra MA, Linot AJ, Pfleger BF, Maranas CD. EnZymClass: Substrate specificity prediction tool of plant acyl-ACP thioesterases based on ensemble learning. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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14
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Accelerating strain phenotyping with desorption electrospray ionization-imaging mass spectrometry and untargeted analysis of intact microbial colonies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109633118. [PMID: 34857637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109633118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading and writing DNA were once the rate-limiting step in synthetic biology workflows. This has been replaced by the search for the optimal target sequences to produce systems with desired properties. Directed evolution and screening mutant libraries are proven technologies for isolating strains with enhanced performance whenever specialized assays are available for rapidly detecting a phenotype of interest. Armed with technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, these experiments are capable of generating libraries of up to 1010 genetic variants. At a rate of 102 samples per day, standard analytical methods for assessing metabolic phenotypes represent a major bottleneck to modern synthetic biology workflows. To address this issue, we have developed a desorption electrospray ionization-imaging mass spectrometry screening assay that directly samples microorganisms. This technology increases the throughput of metabolic measurements by reducing sample preparation and analyzing organisms in a multiplexed fashion. To further accelerate synthetic biology workflows, we utilized untargeted acquisitions and unsupervised analytics to assess multiple targets for future engineering strategies within a single acquisition. We demonstrate the utility of the developed method using Escherichia coli strains engineered to overproduce free fatty acids. We determined discrete metabolic phenotypes associated with each strain, which include the primary fatty acid product, secondary products, and additional metabolites outside the engineered product pathway. Furthermore, we measured changes in amino acid levels and membrane lipid composition, which affect cell viability. In sum, we present an analytical method to accelerate synthetic biology workflows through rapid, untargeted, and multiplexed metabolomic analyses.
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15
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Lu R, Cao L, Wang K, Ledesma-Amaro R, Ji XJ. Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica to produce advanced biofuels: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125877. [PMID: 34523574 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy security and global climate change have necessitated the development of renewable energy with net-zero emissions. As alternatives to traditional fuels used in heavy-duty vehicles, advanced biofuels derived from fatty acids and terpenes have similar properties to current petroleum-based fuels, which makes them compatible with existing storage and transportation infrastructures. The fast development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has shown that microorganisms can be engineered to convert renewable feedstocks into these advanced biofuels. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is rapidly emerging as a valuable chassis for the sustainable production of advanced biofuels derived from fatty acids and terpenes. Here, we provide a summary of the strategies developed in recent years for engineering Y. lipolytica to synthesize advanced biofuels. Finally, efficient biotechnological strategies for the production of these advanced biofuels and perspectives for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Paiva P, Medina FE, Viegas M, Ferreira P, Neves RPP, Sousa JPM, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Animal Fatty Acid Synthase: A Chemical Nanofactory. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9502-9553. [PMID: 34156235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are crucial molecules for most living beings, very well spread and conserved across species. These molecules play a role in energy storage, cell membrane architecture, and cell signaling, the latter through their derivative metabolites. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is a complex chemical process that can be achieved either by a metabolic pathway built by a sequence of individual enzymes, such as in most bacteria, or by a single, large multi-enzyme, which incorporates all the chemical capabilities of the metabolic pathway, such as in animals and fungi, and in some bacteria. Here we focus on the multi-enzymes, specifically in the animal fatty acid synthase (FAS). We start by providing a historical overview of this vast field of research. We follow by describing the extraordinary architecture of animal FAS, a homodimeric multi-enzyme with seven different active sites per dimer, including a carrier protein that carries the intermediates from one active site to the next. We then delve into this multi-enzyme's detailed chemistry and critically discuss the current knowledge on the chemical mechanism of each of the steps necessary to synthesize a single fatty acid molecule with atomic detail. In line with this, we discuss the potential and achieved FAS applications in biotechnology, as biosynthetic machines, and compare them with their homologous polyketide synthases, which are also finding wide applications in the same field. Finally, we discuss some open questions on the architecture of FAS, such as their peculiar substrate-shuttling arm, and describe possible reasons for the emergence of large megasynthases during evolution, questions that have fascinated biochemists from long ago but are still far from answered and understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fabiola E Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 7100 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Matilde Viegas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P P Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P M Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Park BG, Kim J, Kim EJ, Kim Y, Kim J, Kim JY, Kim BG. Application of Random Mutagenesis and Synthetic FadR Promoter for de novo Production of ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acid in Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624838. [PMID: 33692989 PMCID: PMC7937803 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means to develop oleaginous biorefinery, Yarrowia lipolytica was utilized to produce ω-hydroxy palmitic acid from glucose using evolutionary metabolic engineering and synthetic FadR promoters for cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression. First, a base strain was constructed to produce free fatty acids (FFAs) from glucose using metabolic engineering strategies. Subsequently, through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced random mutagenesis and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) screening, improved FFA overproducers were screened. Additionally, synthetic promoters containing bacterial FadR binding sequences for CYP expression were designed to respond to the surge of the concentration of FFAs to activate the ω-hydroxylating pathway, resulting in increased transcriptional activity by 14 times from the third day of culture compared to the first day. Then, endogenous alk5 was screened and expressed using the synthetic FadR promoter in the developed strain for the production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid. By implementing the synthetic FadR promoter, cell growth and production phases could be efficiently decoupled. Finally, in batch fermentation, we demonstrated de novo production of 160 mg/L of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid using FmeN3-TR1-alk5 in nitrogen-limited media. This study presents an excellent example of the production of ω-hydroxy fatty acids using synthetic promoters with bacterial transcriptional regulator (i.e., FadR) binding sequences in oleaginous yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Gi Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junyeob Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yechan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Chandrasekhar K, Naresh Kumar A, Kumar G, Kim DH, Song YC, Kim SH. Electro-fermentation for biofuels and biochemicals production: Current status and future directions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124598. [PMID: 33401164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electro-fermentation is an emerging bioporcess that could regulate the metabolism of electrochemically active microorganisms. The provision of electrodes for the fermentation process that functions as an electron acceptor and supports the formation and transportation of electrons and protons, consequently producing bioelectricity and value-added chemicals. The traditional method of fermentation has several limitations in usability and economic feasibility. Subsequently, a series of metabolic processes occurring in conventional fermentation processes are most often redox misaligned. In this regard, electro-fermentation emerged as a hybrid technology which can regulate a series of metabolic processes occurring in a bioreactor by regulating the redox instabilities and boosting the overall metabolic process towards high biomass yield and enhanced product formation. The present article deals with microorganisms-electrode interactions, various types of electro-fermentation systems, comparative evaluation of pure and mixed culture electro-fermentation application, and value-added fuels and chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Civil Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kim J, Hoang Nguyen Tran P, Lee SM. Current Challenges and Opportunities in Non-native Chemical Production by Engineered Yeasts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:594061. [PMID: 33381497 PMCID: PMC7767886 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.594061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are promising industrial hosts for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Apart from efficient bioethanol production, yeasts have recently demonstrated their potential for biodiesel production from renewable resources. The fuel-oriented product profiles of yeasts are now expanding to include non-native chemicals with the advances in synthetic biology. In this review, current challenges and opportunities in yeast engineering for sustainable production of non-native chemicals will be discussed, with a focus on the comparative evaluation of a bioethanol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and a biodiesel-producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain. Synthetic pathways diverging from the distinctive cellular metabolism of these yeasts guide future directions for product-specific engineering strategies for the sustainable production of non-native chemicals on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phuong Hoang Nguyen Tran
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Energy and Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Energy and Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.,Green School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Hepatic synthesis of triacylglycerols containing medium-chain fatty acids is dominated by diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and efficiently inhibited by etomoxir. Mol Metab 2020; 45:101150. [PMID: 33359403 PMCID: PMC7843514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) play an increasing role in human nutrition. In the liver, one fraction is used for synthesis of MCFA-containing triacylglycerol (MCFA-TG), and the rest is used for oxidative energy production or ketogenesis. We investigated which enzymes catalyse the synthesis of MCFA-TG and how inhibition of MCFA-TG synthesis or fatty acid (FA) oxidation influences the metabolic fate of the MCFAs. Methods FA metabolism was followed by time-resolved tracing of alkyne-labelled FAs in freshly isolated mouse hepatocytes. Quantitative data were obtained by mass spectrometry of several hundred labelled lipid species. Wild-type hepatocytes and cells from diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1−/− mice were treated with inhibitors against DGAT1, DGAT2, or FA β-oxidation. Results Inhibition or deletion of DGAT1 resulted in a reduction of MCFA-TG synthesis by 70%, while long-chain (LC)FA-TG synthesis was reduced by 20%. In contrast, DGAT2 inhibition increased MCFA-TG formation by 50%, while LCFA-TG synthesis was reduced by 5–25%. Inhibition of β-oxidation by the specific inhibitor teglicar strongly increased MCFA-TG synthesis. In contrast, the widely used β-oxidation inhibitor etomoxir blocked MCFA-TG synthesis, phenocopying DGAT1 inhibition. Conclusions DGAT1 is the major enzyme for hepatic MCFA-TG synthesis. Its loss can only partially be compensated by DGAT2. Specific inhibition of β-oxidation leads to a compensatory increase in MCFA-TG synthesis, whereas etomoxir blocks both β-oxidation and MCFA-TG synthesis, indicating a strong off-target effect on DGAT1.
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21
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Park YK, Nicaud JM. Metabolic Engineering for Unusual Lipid Production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1937. [PMID: 33291339 PMCID: PMC7762315 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using microorganisms as lipid-production factories holds promise as an alternative method for generating petroleum-based chemicals. The non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is an excellent microbial chassis; for example, it can accumulate high levels of lipids and use a broad range of substrates. Furthermore, it is a species for which an array of efficient genetic engineering tools is available. To date, extensive work has been done to metabolically engineer Y. lipolytica to produce usual and unusual lipids. Unusual lipids are scarce in nature but have several useful applications. As a result, they are increasingly becoming the targets of metabolic engineering. Unusual lipids have distinct structures; they can be generated by engineering endogenous lipid synthesis or by introducing heterologous enzymes to alter the functional groups of fatty acids. In this review, we describe current metabolic engineering strategies for improving lipid production and highlight recent researches on unusual lipid production in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Park
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
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22
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Cho IJ, Choi KR, Lee SY. Microbial production of fatty acids and derivative chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Gao Q, Yang JL, Zhao XR, Liu SC, Liu ZJ, Wei LJ, Hua Q. Yarrowia lipolytica as a Metabolic Engineering Platform for the Production of Very-Long-Chain Wax Esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10730-10740. [PMID: 32896122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is an attractive cell factory platform strain and can be used for sustainable production of high-value oleochemical products. Wax esters (WEs) have a good lubricating property and are usually used as a base for the production of advanced lubricants and emollient oils. In this study, we reported the metabolic engineering of Y. lipolytica to heterologously biosynthesize high-content very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and fatty alcohols and efficiently esterify them to obtain very-long-chain WEs. Co-expression of fatty acid elongases from different sources in Y. lipolytica could yield VLCFAs with carbon chain lengths up to 24. Combining with optimization of the central metabolic modules could further enhance the biosynthesis of VLCFAs. Furthermore, through the screening of heterologous fatty acyl reductases (FARs), we enabled high-level production of fatty alcohols. Genomic integration and heterologous expression of wax synthase (WS) and FAR in a VLCFA-producing Y. lipolytica strain yielded 95-650 mg/L WEs with carbon chain lengths from 32 to 44. Scaled-up fermentation in 5 L laboratory bioreactors significantly increased the production of WEs to 2.0 g/L, the highest content so far in yeasts. This study contributes to the further efficient biosynthesis of VLCFAs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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24
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Xue P, Si T, Mishra S, Zhang L, Choe K, Sweedler JV, Zhao H. A mass spectrometry-based high-throughput screening method for engineering fatty acid synthases with improved production of medium-chain fatty acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2131-2138. [PMID: 32219854 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories have been extensively engineered to produce free fatty acids (FFAs) as key components of crucial nutrients, soaps, industrial chemicals, and fuels. However, our ability to control the composition of microbially synthesized FFAs is still limited, particularly, for producing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). This is mainly due to the lack of high-throughput approaches for FFA analysis to engineer enzymes with desirable product specificity. Here we report a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for rapid profiling of MCFAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using membrane lipids as a proxy. In particular, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) MS was used to detect shorter acyl chain phosphatidylcholines from membrane lipids and a higher m/z peak ratio at 730 and 758 was used as an indication for improved MCFA production. This colony-based method can be performed at a rate of ~2 s per sample, representing a substantial improvement over gas chromatography-MS (typically >30 min per sample) as the gold standard method for FFA detection. To demonstrate the power of this method, we performed site-saturation mutagenesis of the yeast fatty acid synthase and identified nine missense mutations that resulted in improved MCFA production relative to the wild-type strain. Colony-based MALDI-ToF MS screening provides an effective approach for engineering microbial fatty acid compositions in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Tong Si
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shekhar Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Linzixuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kisurb Choe
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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25
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Optimization of Diverse Carbon Sources and Cultivation Conditions for Enhanced Growth and Lipid and Medium-Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) Production by Mucor circinelloides. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keywords: Mucor circinelloides; microbial lipids; medium-chain fatty acids; culture optimization
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Engineering of Fatty Acid Synthases (FASs) to Boost the Production of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) in Mucor circinelloides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030786. [PMID: 30759801 PMCID: PMC6387429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing energy demands and health-related concerns worldwide have motivated researchers to adopt diverse strategies to improve medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) biosynthesis for use in the functional food and aviation industries. The abundance of naturally produced MCFAs from botanical sources (i.e., coconut fruit/seeds and palm tree) has been observed to be insufficient compared with the various microorganisms used to cope with industrial demands. Mucor circinelloides is one of many promising microorganisms; it exhibits diverse biotechnological importance ranging from the production of functional lipids to applications in the manufacture of bio-fuel. Thus, research was conducted to acquire the desired elevated amounts of MCFAs (i.e., C8–C12) from metabolically engineered strains of M. circinelloides M65. To achieve this goal, four different acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE)-encoding genes exhibiting a substrate preference for medium-chain acyl-ACP molecules were expressed in M. circinelloides M65, resulting in the generation of C8–C12 fatty acids. Among all the engineered strains, M65-TE-03 and M65-TE-04 demonstrated the highest production of non-native C8–C10 and C12 fatty acids, respectively, in comparison to the control. These recombinant strains biosynthesized MCFAs de novo within the range from 28 to 46% (i.e., 1.14 to 2.77 g/L) of total cell lipids. Moreover, the reduction in chain length eventually resulted in a 1.5–1.75-fold increase in total lipid productivity in the engineered strains. The MCFAs were also found to be integrated into all lipid classes. This work illustrates how the integration of heterologous enzymes in M. circinelloides can offer a novel opportunity to edit the fatty acid synthases (FAS) complex, resulting in increased production of microbial MFCAs.
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