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Xie X, Li C, Ban X, Yang H, Li Z. D-allulose 3-epimerase for low-calorie D-allulose synthesis: microbial production, characterization, and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38973014 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2368517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
D-allulose, an epimer of D-fructose at C-3 position, is a low-calorie rare sugar with favorable physiochemical properties and special physiological functions, which displays promising perspectives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, D-allulose is extremely sparse in nature and is predominantly biosynthesized through the isomerization of D-fructose by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). In recent years, D-allulose 3-epimerase as the key biocatalyst for D-allulose production has received increasing interest. The current review begins by providing a summary of D-allulose regarding its characteristics and applications, as well as different synthesis pathways dominated by biotransformation. Then, the research advances of D-allulose 3-epimerase are systematically reviewed, focusing on heterologous expression and biochemical characterization, crystal structure and molecular modification, and application in D-allulose production. Concerning the constraint of low yield of DAEase for industrial application, this review addresses the various attempts made to promote the production of DAEase in different expression systems. Also, various strategies have been adopted to improve its thermotolerance and catalytic activity, which is mainly based on the structure-function relationship of DAEase. The application of DAEase in D-allulose biosynthesis from D-fructose or low-cost feedstocks through single- or multi-enzymatic cascade reaction has been discussed. Finally, the prospects for related research of D-allulose 3-epimerase are also proposed, facilitating the industrialization of DAEase and more efficient and economical bioproduction of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongshun Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Wang H, Feng T, Li N, Sun Q, Liu J. Simultaneous Enhancement of the Thermostability and Catalytic Activity of D-Allulose 3-Epimerase from Clostridium bolteae ATTC BAA-613 Based on the "Back to Consensus Mutations" Hypothesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38603782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
D-Allulose is a high value rare sugar with multiple physiological functions and commercial potential that can be enzymatically synthesized from D-fructose by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). Poor catalytic activity and thermostability of DAEase prevent the industrial production of D-allulose. In this work, rational design was applied to a previously identified DAEase from Clostridium bolteae ATCC BAA-613 based on the "back to consensus mutations" hypothesis, and the catalytic activity of the Cb-I265 V variant was enhanced 2.5-fold. Furthermore, the Cb-I265 V/E268D double-site variant displayed 2.0-fold higher specific catalytic activity and 1.4-fold higher thermostability than the wild-type enzyme. Molecular docking and kinetic simulation results indicated increased hydrogen bonds between the active pocket and substrate, possibly contributing to the improved thermal stability and catalytic activity of the double-site mutant. The findings outlined a feasible approach for the rational design of multiple preset functions of target enzymes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Huiyi Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Qinju Sun
- Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, 176 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Academy of Sugarcane and Sugar Industry, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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3
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Guan L, Zhu L, Wang K, Gao Y, Li J, Yan S, Zhang X, Ji N, Fan J, Zhou Y, Yao X, Li B. Biochemical characterization, structure-guided mutagenesis, and application of a recombinant D-allulose 3-epimerase from Christensenellaceae bacterium for the biocatalytic production of D-allulose. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1365814. [PMID: 38476966 PMCID: PMC10927987 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1365814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
D-Allulose has become a promising alternative sweetener due to its unique properties of low caloric content, moderate sweetness, and physiological effects. D-Allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) is a promising enzyme for D-Allulose production. However, the low catalytic efficiency limited its large-scale industrial applications. To obtain a more effective biocatalyst, a putative DAEase from Christensenellaceae bacterium (CbDAE) was identified and characterized. The recombinant CbDAE exhibited optimum activity at pH 7.5°C and 55°C, retaining more than 60% relative activity from 40°C to 70°C, and the catalytic activity could be significantly increased by Co2+ supplementation. These enzymatic properties of purified CbDAE were compared with other DAEases. CbDAE was also found to possess desirable thermal stability at 55°C with a half-life of 12.4 h. CbDAE performed the highest relative activity towards D-allulose and strong affinity for D-fructose but relatively low catalytic efficiency towards D-fructose. Based on the structure-guided design, the best double-mutation variant G36N/W112E was obtained which reached up to 4.21-fold enhancement of catalytic activity compared with wild-type (WT) CbDAE. The catalytic production of G36N/W112E with 500 g/L D-fructose was at a medium to a higher level among the DAEases in 3.5 h, reducing 40% catalytic reaction time compared to the WT CbDAE. In addition, the G36N/W112E variant was also applied in honey and apple juice for D-allulose conversion. Our research offers an extra biocatalyst for D-allulose production, and the comprehensive report of this enzyme makes it potentially interesting for industrial applications and will aid the development of industrial biocatalysts for D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jialei Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Song Yan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xindi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Nina Ji
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Soybean Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xinmiao Yao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Institute of Food Processing, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
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Nirwantono R, Laksmi FA, Nuryana I, Firdausa S, Herawan D, Giyandini R, Hidayat AA. Exploring an l-arabinose isomerase from cryophile bacteria Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus B7 for d-tagatose production. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127781. [PMID: 37923040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel l-arabinose isomerase (L-AI) from Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus (Ap L-AI) was successfully cloned and characterized. The enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of d-galactose into a rare sugar d-tagatose. The recombinant Ap L-AI had an approximate molecular weight of about 258 kDa, suggesting it was an aggregate of five 58 kDa monomers and became the first record as a homo-pentamer L-AI. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and Km for d-galactose were 0.32 mM-1 min-1 and 51.43 mM, respectively, while for l-arabinose, were 0.64 mM-1 min-1 and 23.41 mM, respectively. It had the highest activity at pH 7.0-7.5 and 60 °C in the presence of 0.250 mM Mn2+. Ap L-AI was discovered to be an outstanding thermostable enzyme that only lost its half-life value at 60 °C for >1000 min. These findings suggest that l-arabinose isomerase from Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus is a promising candidate for d-tagatose mass-production due to its industrially competitive temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Nirwantono
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Chemistry Bld, 68 Cooper Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, Bina Nusantara University, Anggrek Jl. Kebon Jeruk Raya No. 27, Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta 11530, Indonesia
| | - Fina Amreta Laksmi
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Isa Nuryana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Salsabila Firdausa
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - David Herawan
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Ranistia Giyandini
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Alam Ahmad Hidayat
- Mathematics Department, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University, Anggrek Jl. Kebon Jeruk Raya No. 27, Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta 11530, Indonesia
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Qi H, Wang T, Li H, Li C, Guan L, Liu W, Wang J, Lu F, Mao S, Qin HM. Sequence- and Structure-Based Mining of Thermostable D-Allulose 3-Epimerase and Computer-Guided Protein Engineering To Improve Enzyme Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18431-18442. [PMID: 37970673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
D-Allulose, a functional sweetener, can be synthesized from fructose using D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). Nevertheless, a majority of the reported DAEases have inadequate stability under harsh industrial reaction conditions, which greatly limits their practical applications. In this study, big data mining combined with a computer-guided free energy calculation strategy was employed to discover a novel DAEase with excellent thermostability. Consensus sequence analysis of flexible regions and comparison of binding energies after substrate docking were performed using phylogeny-guided big data analyses. TtDAE from Thermogutta terrifontis was the most thermostable among 358 candidate enzymes, with a half-life of 32 h at 70 °C. Subsequently, structure-guided virtual screening and a customized strategy based on a combinatorial active-site saturation test/iterative saturation mutagenesis were utilized to engineer TtDAE. Finally, the catalytic activity of the M4 variant (P105A/L14C/T63G/I65A) was increased by 5.12-fold. Steered molecular dynamics simulations indicated that M4 had an enlarged substrate-binding pocket, which enhanced the fit between the enzyme and the substrate. The approach presented here, combining DAEases mining with further rational modification, provides guidance for obtaining promising catalysts for industrial-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lijun Guan
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuhong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
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Tan JH, Chen A, Bi J, Lim YH, Wong FT, Ow DSW. The Engineering, Expression, and Immobilization of Epimerases for D-allulose Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12703. [PMID: 37628886 PMCID: PMC10454905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rare sugar D-allulose is a potential replacement for sucrose with a wide range of health benefits. Conventional production involves the employment of the Izumoring strategy, which utilises D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) or D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) to convert D-fructose into D-allulose. Additionally, the process can also utilise D-tagatose 3-epimerase (DTEase). However, the process is not efficient due to the poor thermotolerance of the enzymes and low conversion rates between the sugars. This review describes three newly identified DAEases that possess desirable properties for the industrial-scale manufacturing of D-allulose. Other methods used to enhance process efficiency include the engineering of DAEases for improved thermotolerance or acid resistance, the utilization of Bacillus subtilis for the biosynthesis of D-allulose, and the immobilization of DAEases to enhance its activity, half-life, and stability. All these research advancements improve the yield of D-allulose, hence closing the gap between the small-scale production and industrial-scale manufacturing of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao Tan
- Microbial Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore;
| | - Anqi Chen
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
| | - Jiawu Bi
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwee Lim
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Fong Tian Wong
- Chemical Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138665, Singapore; (A.C.); (F.T.W.)
- Molecular Engineering Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Microbial Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138668, Singapore;
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Wulansari S, Heng S, Ketbot P, Baramee S, Waeonukul R, Pason P, Ratanakhanokchai K, Uke A, Kosugi A, Tachaapaikoon C. A Novel D-Psicose 3-Epimerase from Halophilic, Anaerobic Iocasia fonsfrigidae and Its Application in Coconut Water. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076394. [PMID: 37047367 PMCID: PMC10094494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
D-Psicose is a rare, low-calorie sugar that is found in limited quantities in national products. Recently, D-psicose has gained considerable attention due to its potential applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a novel D-psicose 3-epimerase (a group of ketose 3-epimerase) from an extremely halophilic, anaerobic bacterium, Iocasia fonsfrigidae strain SP3-1 (IfDPEase), was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and characterized. Unlike other ketose 3-epimerase members, IfDPEase shows reversible epimerization only for D-fructose and D-psicose at the C-3 position but not for D-tagatose, most likely because the Gly218 and Cys6 at the substrate-binding subsites of IfDPEase, which are involved in interactions at the O-1 and O-6 positions of D-fructose, respectively, differ from those of other 3-epimerases. Under optimum conditions (5 µM IfDPEase, 1 mM Mn2+, 50 °C, and pH 7.5), 36.1% of D-psicose was obtained from 10 mg/mL D-fructose. The IfDPEase is highly active against D-fructose under NaCl concentrations of up to 500 mM, possibly due to the excessive negative charges of acidic amino acid residues (aspartic and glutamic acids), which are localized on the surface of the halophilic enzyme. These negative charges may protect the enzyme from Na+ ions from the environment and result in the lowest pI value compared to those of other 3-epimerase members. Moreover, without adjusting any ingredients, IfDPEase could improve coconut water quality by converting D-fructose into D-psicose with a yield of 26.8%. Therefore, IfDPEase is an attractive alternative to enhancing the quality of fructose-containing foods.
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Kumar S, Arumugam SM, Sharma S, Mahala S, Devi B, Elumalai S. Insights into the kinetics and mechanism of spermine (base)-catalyzed D-fructose interconversion to low-calorie D-allulose. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang W, Wei M, Sun X, Lu F, Guan L, Mao S, Qin HM. Fine-Tuning of Carbon Flux and Artificial Promoters in Bacillus subtilis Enables High-Level Biosynthesis of d-Allulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13935-13944. [PMID: 36278912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is an attractive rare sugar that can be used as a low-calorie sweetener with significant health benefits. To meet the increasing market demands, it is necessary to develop an efficient and extensive microbial fermentation platform for the synthesis of d-allulose. Here, we applied a comprehensive systematic engineering strategy in Bacillus subtilis WB600 by introducing d-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase), combined with the deactivation of fruA, levDEFG, and gmuE, to balance the metabolic network for the efficient production of d-allulose. This resulting strain initially produced 3.24 g/L of d-allulose with a yield of 0.93 g of d-allulose/g d-fructose. We further screened and obtained a suitable dual promoter combination and performed fine-tuning of its spacer region. After 64 h of fed-batch fermentation, the optimized engineered B. subtilis produced d-allulose at titers of 74.2 g/L with a yield of 0.93 g/g and a conversion rate of 27.6%. This d-allulose production strain is a promising platform for the industrial production of rare sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Meijing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Guan
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shuhong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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10
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Xie X, Tian Y, Ban X, Li C, Yang H, Li Z. Crystal structure of a novel homodimeric D-allulose 3-epimerase from a Clostridia bacterium. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:1180-1191. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322007707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Allulose, a low-calorie rare sugar with various physiological functions, is mainly produced through the isomerization of D-fructose by ketose 3-epimerases (KEases), which exhibit various substrate specificities. A novel KEase from a Clostridia bacterium (CDAE) was identified to be a D-allulose 3-epimerase and was further characterized as thermostable and metal-dependent. In order to explore its structure–function relationship, the crystal structure of CDAE was determined using X-ray diffraction at 2.10 Å resolution, revealing a homodimeric D-allulose 3-epimerase structure with extensive interactions formed at the dimeric interface that contribute to structure stability. Structural analysis identified the structural features of CDAE, which displays a common (β/α)8-TIM barrel and an ordered Mn2+-binding architecture at the active center, which may explain the positive effects of Mn2+ on the activity and stability of CDAE. Furthermore, comparison of CDAE and other KEase structures revealed several structural differences, highlighting the remarkable differences in enzyme–substrate binding at the O4, O5 and O6 sites of the bound substrate, which are mainly induced by distinct hydrophobic pockets in the active center. The shape and hydrophobicity of this pocket appear to produce the differences in specificity and affinity for substrates among KEase family enzymes. Exploration of the crystal structure of CDAE provides a better understanding of its structure–function relationship, which might provide a basis for molecular modification of CDAE and further provides a reference for other KEases.
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11
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Immobilization of D-allulose 3-epimerase into magnetic metal-organic framework nanoparticles for efficient biocatalysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:144. [PMID: 35748959 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
D-allulose is a rare low-calorie sugar that has many fundamental biological functions. D-allulose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT-DAEase) catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose to D-allulose. The enzyme has attracted considerable attention because of its mild catalytic properties. However, the bioconversion efficiency and reusability of AT-DAEase limit its industrial application. Magnetic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have uniform pore sizes and large surface areas and can facilitate mass transport and enhance the capacity for enzyme immobilization. Here, we successfully encapsulated cobalt-type AT-DAEase into the cobalt-based magnetic MOF ZIF-67@Fe3O4 using a self-assembly strategy. We confirmed the immobilization of enzyme AT-DAEase and characterized the enzymatic properties of the MOF-immobilized AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4. The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles had higher catalytic activity (65.1 U mg-1) and bioconversion ratio (38.1%) than the free AT-DAEase. The optimal conditions for maximum enzyme activity of the AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were 55 °C and pH 8.0, which were significantly higher than those of the free AT-DAEase (50 °C and pH 7.5). The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles displayed significantly improved thermal stability and excellent recycling performance, with 80% retention of enzyme activity at a temperature range of 45-70 °C and > 45% of its initial activity after eight cycles of enzyme use. The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles have great potential for large-scale industrial preparation of D-allulose by immobilizing cobalt-type AT-DAEase into magnetic MOF ZIF-67@Fe3O4.
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Laksmi FA, Nirwantono R, Nuryana I, Agustriana E. Expression and characterization of thermostable D-allulose 3-epimerase from Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus (Ap DAEase) with potential catalytic activity for bioconversion of D-allulose from d-fructose. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:426-438. [PMID: 35750099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) from Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus (Ap DAEase) was first characterized in this study. The enzyme catalyzes the epimerization of d-fructose into a functional rare sugar, D-allulose. Ap DAEase was the first record of DAEase identified as a homotrimer with the molecular weight of its subunit at approximately 34 kDa. It had an optimum activity at pH 8.5 and 70 °C in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+. Ap DAEase was found to be an excellent thermostable enzyme. The half-life value at 70 °C was 128.4 min. The kcat and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme toward d-fructose were 2920.00 s-1 and 3.953 mM-1 s-1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, Ap DAEase possesses the highest kcat among the previously reported DAEases. The conversion ratio of 500 and 100 mg L-1d-fructose to D-allulose was approximately 27 % in 15 and 90 min, respectively. These research findings suggest that Ap DAEase is a promising candidate for the industrial production of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fina Amreta Laksmi
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor Regency 16911, Indonesia.
| | - Rudi Nirwantono
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor Regency 16911, Indonesia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Chemistry Bld, 68 Cooper Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Isa Nuryana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor Regency 16911, Indonesia
| | - Eva Agustriana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor Regency 16911, Indonesia.
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Li X, Wu J, Tang W. General Strategy for the Synthesis of Rare Sugars via Ru(II)-Catalyzed and Boron-Mediated Selective Epimerization of 1,2- trans-Diols to 1,2- cis-Diols. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3727-3736. [PMID: 35168319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human glycans are primarily composed of nine common sugar building blocks. On the other hand, several hundred monosaccharides have been discovered in bacteria and most of them are not readily available. The ability to access these rare sugars and the corresponding glycoconjugates can facilitate the studies of various fundamentally important biological processes in bacteria, including interactions between microbiota and the human host. Many rare sugars also exist in a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical reagents with significant biological activities. Although several methods have been developed for the synthesis of rare monosaccharides, most of them involve lengthy steps. Herein, we report an efficient and general strategy that can provide access to rare sugars from commercially available common monosaccharides via a one-step Ru(II)-catalyzed and boron-mediated selective epimerization of 1,2-trans-diols to 1,2-cis-diols. The formation of boronate esters drives the equilibrium toward 1,2-cis-diol products, which can be immediately used for further selective functionalization and glycosylation. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated by the efficient construction of glycoside skeletons in natural products or bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jicheng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Chen J, Chen D, Chen Q, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. Computer-Aided Targeted Mutagenesis of Thermoclostridium caenicola d-Allulose 3-Epimerase for Improved Thermostability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1943-1951. [PMID: 35107285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) is a key enzyme in d-allulose bioproduction. DAEase from Thermoclostridium caenicola suffers from poor thermostability, hampering its large-scale applications in industry. In this study, mutants A70P, G107P, F155Y, and D162T with increased melting point temperature (Tm) were obtained by targeted mutagenesis based on the calculation of the free energy of folding. The optimal single-point mutant G107P showed 11.08 h, 5, and 5.70 °C increases in the values of half-life (t1/2) at 60 °C, the optimum temperature (Topt), and Tm, respectively. Beneficial mutations were combined by ordered recombination mutagenesis, and the combinational mutant Var3 (G107P/F155Y/D162T/A70P) was generated with ΔTopt of 10 °C and ΔTm of 12.25 °C. Its t1/2 value at 65 °C was more than 140 times higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations and homology modeling analysis indicated that the enhanced overall rigidity, increased hydrogen bonds between subunits, and redistributed surface electrostatic charges might be responsible for the improved thermostability of the mutant Var3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Arumugam SM, Singh D, Mahala S, Devi B, Kumar S, Jakhu S, Elumalai S. MgO/CaO Nanocomposite Facilitates Economical Production of d-Fructose and d-Allulose Using Glucose and Its Response Prediction Using a DNN Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil M. Arumugam
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Dalwinder Singh
- Computational Biology Division, DBT-National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sangeeta Mahala
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Bhawana Devi
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sunaina Jakhu
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Sasikumar Elumalai
- Chemical Engineering Division, DBT-Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
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Zhang W, Chen D, Chen J, Xu W, Chen Q, Wu H, Guang C, Mu W. D-allulose, a versatile rare sugar: recent biotechnological advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5661-5679. [PMID: 34965808 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2023091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
D-Allulose is the C-3 epimer of D-fructose, and widely regarded as a promising substitute for sucrose. It's an excellent low-calorie sweetener, with 70% sweetness of sucrose, 0.4 kcal/g dietary energy, and special physiological functions. It has been approved as GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and is allowed to be excluded from total and added sugar counts on the food labels. Therefore, D-allulose gradually attracts more public attention. Owing to scarcity in nature, the bioproduction of D-allulose by using ketose 3-epimerase (KEase) has become the research hotspot. Herein, we give a summary of the physicochemical properties, physiological function, applications, and the chemical and biochemical synthesis methods of D-allulose. In addition, the recent progress in the D-allulose bioproduction using KEases, and the possible solutions for existing challenges in the D-allulose industrial production are comprehensively discussed, focusing on the molecular modification, immobilization, food-grade expression, utilizing low-cost biomass as feedstock, overcoming thermodynamic limitation, as well as the downstream separation and purification. Finally, Prospects for further development are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Chen D, Chen J, Liu X, Guang C, Zhang W, Mu W. Biochemical identification of a hyperthermostable l-ribulose 3-epimerase from Labedella endophytica and its application for d-allulose bioconversion. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:214-222. [PMID: 34428486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, low sugar and low energy have become an important trend in the food industries. Therefore, the bioconversion of the functional low-calorie rare sugars attracts more and more attention. l-Ribulose 3-epimerase (LREase) belongs to the ketose 3-epimerase (KEase) family, which could not only efficiently catalyze the reversible C-3 epimerization between l-ribulose and l-xylulose but also between d-fructose and d-allulose. In this paper, a hyperthermostable LREase from Labedella endophytica was identified and characterized. It exhibited maximum catalytic activity at pH 6.0 and 80 °C with 1 mM Ni2+. In the presence of Co2+, the t1/2 values at 60, 65, and 70 °C were 37.7, 9.0, and 4.6 h, respectively, and Tm value was 80.9 °C. From 500 g/L d-fructose, it could produce 154.2 g/L d-allulose with a conversion rate of 30.8% in 10 h. In view of its strong thermostability and high catalytic efficiency, L. endophytica LREase might be a good potential alternative for d-allulose industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China.
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Xia Y, Cheng Q, Mu W, Hu X, Sun Z, Qiu Y, Liu X, Wang Z. Research Advances of d-allulose: An Overview of Physiological Functions, Enzymatic Biotransformation Technologies, and Production Processes. Foods 2021; 10:2186. [PMID: 34574296 PMCID: PMC8467252 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
d-allulose has a significant application value as a sugar substitute, not only as a food ingredient and dietary supplement, but also with various physiological functions, such as improving insulin resistance, anti-obesity, and regulating glucolipid metabolism. Over the decades, the physiological functions of d-allulose and the corresponding mechanisms have been studied deeply, and this product has been applied to various foods to enhance food quality and prolong shelf life. In recent years, biotransformation technologies for the production of d-allulose using enzymatic approaches have gained more attention. However, there are few comprehensive reviews on this topic. This review focuses on the recent research advances of d-allulose, including (1) the physiological functions of d-allulose; (2) the major enzyme families used for the biotransformation of d-allulose and their microbial origins; (3) phylogenetic and structural characterization of d-allulose 3-epimerases, and the directed evolution methods for the enzymes; (4) heterologous expression of d-allulose ketose 3-epimerases and biotransformation techniques for d-allulose; and (5) production processes for biotransformation of d-allulose based on the characterized enzymes. Furthermore, the future trends on biosynthesis and applications of d-allulose in food and health industries are discussed and evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiuyu Hu
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing 100833, China;
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Yangyu Qiu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Ximing Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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