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Hu YF, Luo S, Wang SQ, Chen KX, Zhong WX, Li BY, Cao LY, Chen HH, Yin YS. Exploring functional genes' correlation with ( S)-equol concentration and new daidzein racemase identification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0000724. [PMID: 38501861 PMCID: PMC11022573 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00007-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
With its estrogenic activity, (S)-equol plays an important role in maintaining host health and preventing estrogen-related diseases. Exclusive production occurs through the transformation of soy isoflavones by intestinal bacteria, but the reasons for variations in (S)-equol production among different individuals and species remain unclear. Here, fecal samples from humans, pigs, chickens, mice, and rats were used as research objects. The concentrations of (S)-equol, along with the genetic homology and evolutionary relationships of (S)-equol production-related genes [daidzein reductase (DZNR), daidzein racemase (DDRC), dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR), tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR)], were analyzed. Additionally, in vitro functional verification of the newly identified DDRC gene was conducted. It was found that approximately 40% of human samples contained (S)-equol, whereas 100% of samples from other species contained (S)-equol. However, there were significant variations in (S)-equol content among the different species: rats > pigs > chickens > mice > humans. The distributions of the four genes displayed species-specific patterns. High detection rates across various species were exhibited by DHDR, THDR, and DDRC. In contrast, substantial variations in detection rates among different species and individuals were observed with respect to DZNR. It appears that various types of DZNR may be associated with different concentrations of (S)-equol, which potentially correspond to the regulatory role during (S)-equol synthesis. This enhances our understanding of individual variations in (S)-equol production and their connection with functional genes in vitro. Moreover, the newly identified DDRC exhibits higher potential for (S)-equol synthesis compared to the known DDRC, providing valuable resources for advancing in vitro (S)-equol production. IMPORTANCE (S)-equol ((S)-EQ) plays a crucial role in maintaining human health, along with its known capacity to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. However, factors affecting individual variations in (S)-EQ production and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. This study examines the association between functional genes and (S)-EQ production, highlighting a potential correlation between the DZNR gene and (S)-EQ content. Various types of DZNR may be linked to the regulation of (S)-EQ synthesis. Furthermore, the identification of a new DDRC gene offers promising prospects for enhancing in vitro (S)-EQ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bai-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lin-Yan Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hua-Hai Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ye-Shi Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China
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Peñalver M, Paradela A, Palacios-Cuéllar C, Pucciarelli MG, García-Del Portillo F. Experimental evidence of d-glutamate racemase activity in the uncultivated bacterium Candidatus Saccharimonas aalborgensis. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16621. [PMID: 38558504 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) encompasses widespread uncultivated bacteria with reduced genomes and limited metabolic capacities. Most CPR bacteria lack the minimal set of enzymes required for peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis, leaving it unclear how these bacteria produce this essential envelope component. In this study, we analysed the distribution of d-amino acid racemases that produce the universal PG components d-glutamate (d-Glu) or d-alanine (d-Ala). We also examined moonlighting enzymes that synthesize d-Glu or d-Ala. Unlike other phyla in the domain Bacteria, CPR bacteria do not exhibit these moonlighting activities and have, at most, one gene encoding either a Glu or Ala racemase. One of these 'orphan' racemases is a predicted Glu racemase (MurICPR) from the CPR bacterium Candidatus Saccharimonas aalborgenesis. The expression of MurICPR restores the growth of a Salmonella d-Glu auxotroph lacking its endogenous racemase and results in the substitution of l-Ala by serine as the first residue in a fraction of the PG stem peptides. In vitro, MurICPR exclusively racemizes Glu as a substrate. Therefore, Ca. Saccharimonas aalborgensis may couple Glu racemization to serine and d-Glu incorporation into the stem peptide. Our findings provide the first insights into the synthesis of PG by an uncultivated environmental bacterium and illustrate how to experimentally test enzymatic activities from CPR bacteria related to PG metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Peñalver
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Facility, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - César Palacios-Cuéllar
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Graciela Pucciarelli
- Laboratory of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Li C, Gao X, Li H, Wang T, Lu F, Qin H. Growth-Coupled Evolutionary Pressure Improving Epimerases for D-Allulose Biosynthesis Using a Biosensor-Assisted In Vivo Selection Platform. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2306478. [PMID: 38308132 PMCID: PMC11005681 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Fast screening strategies that enable high-throughput evaluation and identification of desired variants from diversified enzyme libraries are crucial to tailoring biocatalysts for the synthesis of D-allulose, which is currently limited by the poor catalytic performance of ketose 3-epimerases (KEases). Here, the study designs a minimally equipment-dependent, high-throughput, and growth-coupled in vivo screening platform founded on a redesigned D-allulose-dependent biosensor system. The genetic elements modulating regulator PsiR expression levels undergo systematic optimization to improve the growth-responsive dynamic range of the biosensor, which presents ≈30-fold facilitated growth optical density with a high signal-to-noise ratio (1.52 to 0.05) toward D-allulose concentrations from 0 to 100 mm. Structural analysis and evolutionary conservation analysis of Agrobacterium sp. SUL3 D-allulose 3-epimerase (ADAE) reveal a highly conserved catalytic active site and variable hydrophobic pocket, which together regulate substrate recognition. Structure-guided rational design and directed evolution are implemented using the growth-coupled in vivo screening platform to reprogram ADAE, in which a mutant M42 (P38N/V102A/Y201L/S207N/I251R) is identified with a 6.28-fold enhancement of catalytic activity and significantly improved thermostability with a 2.5-fold increase of the half-life at 60 °C. The research demonstrates that biosensor-assisted growth-coupled evolutionary pressure combined with structure-guided rational design provides a universal route for engineering KEases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
| | - Hui‐Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyNational Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyTianjin300457P. R. China
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Meloni M, Fanti S, Tedesco D, Gurrieri L, Trost P, Fermani S, Lemaire SD, Zaffagnini M, Henri J. Characterization of chloroplast ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase from the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 2024; 194:2263-2277. [PMID: 38134324 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fixation relies on Rubisco and 10 additional enzymes in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Epimerization of xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P) into ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) contributes to the regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, the substrate of Rubisco. Ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase (RPE, EC 5.1.3.1) catalyzes the formation of Ru5P, but it can also operate in the pentose-phosphate pathway by catalyzing the reverse reaction. Here, we describe the structural and biochemical properties of the recombinant RPE isoform 1 from Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) (CrRPE1). The enzyme is a homo-hexamer that contains a zinc ion in the active site and exposes a catalytic pocket on the top of an α8β8 triose isomerase-type barrel as observed in structurally solved RPE isoforms from both plant and non-plant sources. By optimizing and developing enzyme assays to monitor the reversible epimerization of Ru5P to Xu5P and vice versa, we determined the catalytic parameters that differ from those of other plant paralogs. Despite being identified as a putative target of multiple thiol-based redox modifications, CrRPE1 activity is not affected by both reductive and oxidative treatments, indicating that enzyme catalysis is insensitive to possible redox alterations of cysteine residues. We mapped phosphorylation sites on the crystal structure, and the specific location at the entrance of the catalytic cleft supports a phosphorylation-based regulatory mechanism. This work provides an accurate description of the structural features of CrRPE1 and an in-depth examination of its catalytic and regulatory properties highlighting the physiological relevance of this enzyme in the context of photosynthetic carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meloni
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fanti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council (ISOF-CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Libero Gurrieri
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Julien Henri
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7238, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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Kato H, Sakuta M, Tsunoda T, Nakashima Y, Morita H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Peptide Epimerase Responsible for d-Amino Acid Introduction in Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Biosynthesis. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:349-354. [PMID: 38095677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is a natural polymer of d- and/or l-glutamic acid (Glu) linked by isopeptide bonds. We recently showed that PGA synthetase, an enzyme complex composed of PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA, uses only l-Glu for polymerization, and d-Glu residues are introduced by peptide epimerization. However, it remains unclear which of the three enzymes is responsible for epimerization because in vitro functional characterization of the membrane-associated PgsBCA complex has never been successful. Here, we performed gene exchange experiments and showed that PgsA is responsible for the epimerization. Additionally, we identified a region in PgsA that modulates epimerization activity based on homology modeling from the recently solved structure of MslH, which showed 53% identity to PgsA. Our results suggested that d/l-ratios of the PGA product can be altered by introducing amino acid substitutions in this region, which will be useful for the production of PGA with controlled d/l-ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinata Kato
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Moeka Sakuta
- Graduate School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsunoda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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Xu H, Yin T, Wei B, Su M, Liang H. Turning waste into treasure: Biosynthesis of value-added 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and d-allulose from waste cane molasses through an in vitro synthetic biology platform. Bioresour Technol 2024; 391:129982. [PMID: 37926357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and economical conversion of agricultural waste into glycosides and rare sugars is challenging. Herein, an in vitro synthetic bienzyme system consisting of sucrose phosphorylase and d-allulose 3-epimerase was constructed to produce 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and d-allulose from cane molasses. Lactic acid in the cane molasses significantly induced sucrose phosphorylase to hydrolyze sucrose instead of glycosylation. Notably, lactic acid significantly inhibited the catalytic performance of d-allulose 3-epimerase only in the presence of Na+ and K+, with an inhibition rate of 75%. After removing lactic acid and metal ions, 116 g/L 2-O-α-glucosyl glycerol and 51 g/L d-allulose were synthesized from 500 mM sucrose in the treated cane molasses with a sucrose consumption rate of 97%. Our findings offer an economically efficient and environmentally friendly pathway for the industrial production of glycosides and rare sugars from food industry waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Taian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Mingming Su
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, PR China.
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Feng Y, Lyu X, Cong Y, Miao T, Fang B, Zhang C, Shen Q, Matthews M, Fisher AJ, Zhang JZH, Zhang L, Yang R. A precise swaying map for how promiscuous cellobiose-2-epimerase operate bi-reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127093. [PMID: 37758108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Promiscuous enzymes play a crucial role in organism survival and new reaction mining. However, comprehensive mapping of the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms hasn't been well studied due to the characteristic complexity. The cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CsCE) with complex epimerization and isomerization was chosen to comprehensively investigate the promiscuous mechanisms. Here, the catalytic frame of ring-opening, cis-enediol mediated catalysis and ring-closing was firstly determined. To map the full view of promiscuous CE, the structure of CsCE complex with the isomerized product glucopyranosyl-β1,4-fructose was determined. Combined with computational calculation, the promiscuity was proved a precise cooperation of the double subsites, loop rearrangement, and intermediate swaying. The flexible loop was like a gear, whose structural reshaping regulates the sway of the intermediates between the two subsites of H377-H188 and H377-H247, and thus regulates the catalytic directions. The different protonated states of cis-enediol intermediate catalyzed by H188 were the key point for the catalysis. The promiscuous enzyme tends to utilize all elements at hand to carry out the promiscuous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yalong Cong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tingwei Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bohuan Fang
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanxi Zhang
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Melissa Matthews
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Lujia Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Vogel U, Da Costa M, Alvarez Quispe C, Stragier R, Joosten HJ, Beerens K, Desmet T. The Conversion of UDP-Glc to UDP-Man: In Silico and Biochemical Exploration To Improve the Catalytic Efficiency of CDP-Tyvelose C2-Epimerases. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300549. [PMID: 37728070 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
A promiscuous CDP-tyvelose 2-epimerase (TyvE) from Thermodesulfatator atlanticus (TaTyvE) belonging to the nucleotide sugar active short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (NS-SDRs) was recently discovered. TaTyvE performs the slow conversion of NDP-glucose (NDP-Glc) to NDP-mannose (NDP-Man). Here, we present the sequence fingerprints that are indicative of the conversion of UDP-Glc to UDP-Man in TyvE-like enzymes based on the heptagonal box motifs. Our data-mining approach led to the identification of 11 additional TyvE-like enzymes for the conversion of UDP-Glc to UDP-Man. We characterized the top two wild-type candidates, which show a 15- and 20-fold improved catalytic efficiency, respectively, on UDP-Glc compared to TaTyvE. In addition, we present a quadruple variant of one of the identified enzymes with a 70-fold improved catalytic efficiency on UDP-Glc compared to TaTyvE. These findings could help the design of new nucleotide production pathways starting from a cheap sugar substrate like glucose or sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Vogel
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Da Costa
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Alvarez Quispe
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robin Stragier
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Henk-Jan Joosten
- Bio-Prodict BV, Nieuwe Marktstraat 54E, 6511 AA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Unit for Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Arizanovska D, Emodogo JA, Lally AP, Palavicino-Maggio CB, Liebl DJ, Folorunso OO. Cross species review of the physiological role of D-serine in translationally relevant behaviors. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1501-1517. [PMID: 37833512 PMCID: PMC10689556 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Bridging the gap between preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric disorders with their human manifestations is necessary to understand their underlying mechanisms, identify biomarkers, and develop novel therapeutics. Cognitive and social impairments underlie multiple neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders and are often comorbid with sleep disturbances, which can exacerbate poor outcomes. Importantly, many symptoms are conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates, although they may have subtle differences. Therefore, it is essential to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these behaviors across different species and their translatability to humans. Genome-wide association studies have indicated an association between glutamatergic gene variants and both the risk and frequency of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. For example, changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as glutamate receptor subtype N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction, have been shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, in neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, hyperactivation of NMDARs leads to synaptic damage. In addition to glutamate binding, NMDARs require the binding of a co-agonist D-serine or glycine to the GluN1 subunit to open. D-serine, which is racemized from L-serine by the neuronal enzyme serine racemase (SRR), and both SRR and D-serine are enriched in cortico-limbic brain regions. D-serine is critical for complex behaviors, such as cognition and social behavior, where dysregulation of its synthesis and release has been implicated in many pathological conditions. In this review, we explore the role of D-serine in behaviors that are translationally relevant to multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders in different models across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Arizanovska
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jada A Emodogo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Anna P Lally
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Caroline B Palavicino-Maggio
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neurobiological Mechanisms of Aggression Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Oluwarotimi O Folorunso
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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10
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Salvi M, Manini C, López JI, Fenoglio D, Molinari F. Deep learning approach for accurate prostate cancer identification and stratification using combined immunostaining of cytokeratin, p63, and racemase. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2023; 109:102288. [PMID: 37633031 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2023.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, affecting around 1.4 million individuals. Current PCa diagnosis relies on histological analysis of prostate biopsy samples, an activity that is both time-consuming and prone to observer bias. Previous studies have demonstrated that immunostaining of cytokeratin, p63, and racemase can significantly improve the sensitivity and the specificity of PCa detection compared to traditional H&E staining. METHODS This study introduces a novel approach that combines diagnosis-specific immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and deep learning techniques to provide reliable stratification of prostate glands. Our approach leverages a customized segmentation network, called K-PPM, that incorporates adaptive kernels and multiscale feature integration to enhance the functional information of IHC. To address the high class-imbalance problem in the dataset, we propose a weighted adaptive patch-extraction and specific-class kernel update. RESULTS Our system achieved noteworthy results, with a mean Dice Score Coefficient of 90.36% and a mean absolute error of 1.64 % in specific-class gland quantification on whole slides. These findings demonstrate the potential of our system as a valuable support tool for pathologists, reducing workload and decreasing diagnostic inter-observer variability. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents innovative approaches that have broad applicability to other digital pathology areas beyond PCa diagnosis. As a fully automated system, this model can serve as a framework for improving the histological and IHC diagnosis of other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Salvi
- Biolab, PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudia Manini
- Department of Pathology, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, 10154 Turin, Italy; Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Jose I López
- Biomarkers in Cancer Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Dario Fenoglio
- Biolab, PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Biolab, PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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11
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Woodman TJ, Lloyd MD. Analysis of enzyme reactions using NMR techniques: A case study with α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR). Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:159-209. [PMID: 37858529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; P504S) catalyzes the conversion of R-2-methylacyl-CoA esters into their corresponding S-2-methylacyl-CoA epimers enabling their degradation by β-oxidation. The enzyme also catalyzes the key epimerization reaction in the pharmacological activation pathway of ibuprofen and related drugs. AMACR protein levels and enzymatic activity are increased in prostate cancer, and the enzyme is a recognized drug target. Key to the development of novel treatments based on AMACR inhibition is the development of functional assays. Synthesis of substrates and purification of recombinant human AMACR are described. Incubation of R- or S-2-methylacyl-CoA esters with AMACR in vitro resulted in formation of epimers (at a near 1-1 ratio at equilibrium) via removal of their α-protons to form an enolate intermediate followed by reprotonation. Conversion can be conveniently followed by incubation in buffer containing 2H2O followed by 1H NMR analysis to monitor conversion of the α-methyl doublet to a single peak upon deuterium incorporation. Incubation of 2-methylacyl-CoA esters containing leaving groups results in an elimination reaction, which was also characterized by 1H NMR. The synthesis of substrates, including a double labeled substrate for mechanistic studies, and subsequent analysis is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Woodman
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew D Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom.
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12
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Bearne SL. Design and evaluation of substrate-product analog inhibitors for racemases and epimerases utilizing a 1,1-proton transfer mechanism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 690:397-444. [PMID: 37858537 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Racemases and epimerases catalyze the inversion of stereochemistry at asymmetric carbon atoms to generate stereoisomers that often play important roles in normal and pathological physiology. Consequently, there is interest in developing inhibitors of these enzymes for drug discovery. A strategy for the rational design of substrate-product analog (SPA) inhibitors of racemases and epimerases utilizing a direct 1,1-proton transfer mechanism is elaborated. This strategy assumes that two groups on the asymmetric carbon atom remain fixed at active-site binding determinants, while the hydrogen and third, motile group move during catalysis, with the latter potentially traveling between an R- and S-pocket at the active site. SPAs incorporate structural features of the substrate and product, often with geminal disubstitution on the asymmetric carbon atom to simultaneously present the motile group to both the R- and S-pockets. For racemases operating on substrates bearing three polar groups (glutamate, aspartate, and serine racemases) or with compact, hydrophobic binding pockets (proline racemase), substituent motion is limited and the design strategy furnishes inhibitors with poor or modest binding affinities. The approach is most successful when substrates have a large, motile hydrophobic group that binds at a plastic and/or capacious hydrophobic site. Potent inhibitors were developed for mandelate racemase, isoleucine epimerase, and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase using the SPA inhibitor design strategy, exhibiting binding affinities ranging from substrate-like to exceeding that of the substrate by 100-fold. This rational approach for designing inhibitors of racemases and epimerases having the appropriate active-site architectures is a useful strategy for furnishing compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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13
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Daas S, Abu Salah N, Anikster Y, Barel O, Damseh NS, Dumin E, Fattal-Valevski A, Falik-Zaccai TC, Habib C, Josefsberg S, Korman SH, Kneller K, Landau Y, Lerman-Sagie T, Mandel H, Manor Y, Moady Abdalla T, Rock R, Rostami N, Saada A, Saraf-Levy T, Shaul Lotan N, Spiegel R, Staretz-Chacham O, Tal G, Ulanovsky I, Vaisid T, Wilnai Y, Almashanu S. Addition of galactose-1-phosphate measurement enhances newborn screening for classical galactosemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:232-242. [PMID: 36515074 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Galactosemia is an inborn disorder of carbohydrate metabolism of which early detection can prevent severe illness. Although the assay for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) enzyme activity has been available since the 1960s, many issues prevented it from becoming universal. In order to develop the Israeli newborn screening pilot algorithm for galactosemia, flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry measurement of galactose-1-phosphate in archived dried blood spots from newborns with classical galactosemia, galactosemia variants, epimerase deficiency, and normal controls, was conducted. Out of 431 330 newborns screened during the pilot study (30 months), two with classical galactosemia and four with epimerase deficiency were identified and confirmed. Five false positives and no false negatives were recorded. Following this pilot study, the Israeli final and routine newborn screening algorithm, as recommended by the Advisory Committee to the National Newborn Screening Program, now consists of galactose-1-phosphate measurement integrated into the routine tandem mass spectrometry panel as the first-tier screening test, and GALT enzyme activity as the second-tier performed to identify only newborns suspected to be at risk for classical galactosemia. The GALT enzyme activity cut-off used in the final algorithm was lowered in order to avoid false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Daas
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nasser Abu Salah
- Department of Neonatology, Red Crescent Society Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- Genomics Unit, The Center for Cancer Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nadirah S Damseh
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Palestinian National Authority, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elena Dumin
- Metabolic Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aviva Fattal-Valevski
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Institute, Dana Children Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzipora C Falik-Zaccai
- Institute of Human Genetics, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariyya, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel
| | - Clair Habib
- Genetics Institute and Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stanley H Korman
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Wilf Children's Hospital, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katya Kneller
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yuval Landau
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Tally Lerman-Sagie
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Magen Center for Rare Diseases-Metabolic, Neurogenetic, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Manor
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital Sheba Medical Center Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Rachel Rock
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nira Rostami
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ann Saada
- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talya Saraf-Levy
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nava Shaul Lotan
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Spiegel
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Pediatrics B, Metabolic Service, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Institute for Rare Diseases Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Orna Staretz-Chacham
- Metabolic Clinic, Pediatric Division, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Institute for Rare Diseases, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Igor Ulanovsky
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Taly Vaisid
- Metabolic Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Wilnai
- Genetic Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Almashanu
- National Newborn Screening Program, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health Tel-HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Ramos de Dios SM, Hass JL, Graham DL, Kumar N, Antony AE, Morton MD, Berkowitz DB. Information-Rich, Dual-Function 13C/ 2H-Isotopic Crosstalk NMR Assay for Human Serine Racemase (hSR) Provides a PLP-Enzyme "Partitioning Fingerprint" and Reveals Disparate Chemotypes for hSR Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3158-3174. [PMID: 36696670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The first dual-function assay for human serine racemase (hSR), the only bona fide racemase in human biology, is reported. The hSR racemization function is essential for neuronal signaling, as the product, d-serine (d-Ser), is a potent N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) coagonist, important for learning and memory, with dysfunctional d-Ser-signaling being observed in some neuronal disorders. The second hSR function is β-elimination and gives pyruvate; this activity is elevated in colorectal cancer. This new NMR-based assay allows one to monitor both α-proton-exchange chemistry and β-elimination using only the native l-Ser substrate and hSR and is the most sensitive such assay. The assay judiciously employs segregated dual 13C-labeling and 13C/2H crosstalk, exploiting both the splitting and shielding effects of deuterium. The assay is deployed to screen a 1020-compound library and identifies an indolo-chroman-2,4-dione inhibitor family that displays allosteric site binding behavior (noncompetitive inhibition vs l-Ser substrate; competitive inhibition vs adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)). This assay also reveals important mechanistic information for hSR; namely, that H/D exchange is ∼13-fold faster than racemization, implying that K56 protonates the carbanionic intermediate on the si-face much faster than does S84 on the re-face. Moreover, the 13C NMR peak pattern seen is suggestive of internal return, pointing to K56 as the likely enamine-protonating residue for β-elimination. The 13C/2H-isotopic crosstalk assay has also been applied to the enzyme tryptophan synthase and reveals a dramatically different partition ratio in this active site (β-replacement: si-face protonation ∼6:1 vs β-elimination: si-face protonation ∼1:3.6 for hSR), highlighting the value of this approach for fingerprinting the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) enzyme mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany M Ramos de Dios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jared L Hass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Danielle L Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Nivesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Aina E Antony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Martha D Morton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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15
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Kim JD, Zhou T, Zhang A, Li S, Gupte AA, Hamilton DJ, Fang L. AIBP Regulates Metabolism of Ketone and Lipids but Not Mitochondrial Respiration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223643. [PMID: 36429071 PMCID: PMC9688289 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the APOA1 binding protein (AIBP)-a secreted protein-plays a profound role in lipid metabolism. Interestingly, AIBP also functions as an NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase to catalyze the interconversion of NAD(P)H hydrate [NAD(P)HX] epimers and is renamed as NAXE. Thus, we call it NAXE hereafter. We investigated its role in NAD(P)H-involved metabolism in murine cardiomyocytes, focusing on the metabolism of hexose, lipids, and amino acids as well as mitochondrial redox function. Unbiased metabolite profiling of cardiac tissue shows that NAXE knockout markedly upregulates the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3-HB) and increases or trends increasing lipid-associated metabolites cholesterol, α-linolenic acid and deoxycholic acid. Paralleling greater ketone levels, ChemRICH analysis of the NAXE-regulated metabolites shows reduced abundance of hexose despite similar glucose levels in control and NAXE-deficient blood. NAXE knockout reduces cardiac lactic acid but has no effect on the content of other NAD(P)H-regulated metabolites, including those associated with glucose metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, or Krebs cycle flux. Although NAXE is present in mitochondria, it has no apparent effect on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Instead, we detected more metabolites that can potentially improve cardiac function (3-HB, adenosine, and α-linolenic acid) in the Naxe-/- heart; these mice also perform better in aerobic exercise. Our data reveal a new role of NAXE in cardiac ketone and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-dae Kim
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Teng Zhou
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shumin Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anisha A. Gupte
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dale J. Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 407 E 61st St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medicine Affiliate, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 407 E 61st St., New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +713-363-9012; Fax: +713-363-9782
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Bonde C, Gawad J, Bonde S. Insights into development of Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) inhibitors as antitubercular agents: A state of the art review. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:404-420. [PMID: 36460369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent for the world threatening infectious disease known as tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is also referred as Koch's bacillus as it was first defined by Robert Koch in 1821. In the entire history of M. tuberculosis infection, several different targets were identified and explored with a hope of effective therapeutic treatment against tuberculosis. Drug-resistant tuberculosis is the major obstacle for researchers and letting them fail continuously to discover new drug candidates. Among the numerous antitubercular targets, Decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1) is novel target identified in the year 2009. The present article portrays insights of DprE1 enzyme in all the aspects i.e., identification, structural elucidation to designing strategies and synthesis of potential drug candidates to combat resistant strains. Along with the synthesis and biological activity of novel compounds, structure-activity relationship (SAR) data is given to help medicinal chemists and researchers working in this area for the development of new inhibitors to fight against M. tuberculosis. DprE1 is new ray of hope for antitubercular treatment. No single drug candidate (DprE1 inhibitor) has passed clinical trial yet and hence it nullifies the risk of development of resistance or mutations at specific residues. Researchers working in this area have to design and come up with new potent candidates with less dose, no toxicity to combat this deadly infection. This review emphasized on year wise systematic development and progress of DprE1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakant Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India
| | - Jineetkumar Gawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India.
| | - Smita Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, MS, 425 405, India
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Thomas T, Wedden S, Afzal N, Mikel J, D’Arrigo C. Use of Prospective Multiplex Immunohistochemistry to Redefine Tissue Pathways of Diagnostic Core Biopsy of Prostate. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:585-591. [PMID: 36083158 PMCID: PMC9531989 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of prostatic cancer in the United Kingdom has increased over 40% in the past 30 years. The majority of these cancers are diagnosed by core biopsy, posing a considerable strain on a service that struggles to recruit sufficient histopathologists. The current methodology for tissue diagnosis has a significant false-negative rate, small false-positive rate, and a proportion of indeterminate diagnoses. Therefore, this area presents an opportunity both to improve diagnostic quality and to reduce the burden on resources. We investigated streamlining tissue pathways by increasing the utilization of readily available resources to reduce the burden on scarce resources and improve the accuracy of diagnosis. This involved applying prospective multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) using 4 different markers (CK5, p63, racemase, and Ki-67) and 2 chromogens. We conducted a prospective study using over 8000 cores and 3 consultant histopathologists. The pathologists assessed each core using either conventional stains (hematoxylin and eosin) only or multiplex IHC only. The results of this assessment were later compared with the overall assessment made for the final histologic diagnosis. Results show that IHC alone has a positive predictive value of 98.97% and a negative predictive value of 99.91%, while hematoxylin and eosin alone has a positive predictive value of 94.21% and negative predictive value of 99.07%, demonstrating improved diagnostic accuracy. When assessed against the use of on-demand IHC, prospective IHC improves turn-around-times, reduces indeterminate diagnoses, improves pathologist's accuracy and efficiency and, in overall terms, is cost-effective. In addition, it is possible to structure these tests within the routine of a diagnostic service with little impact on the overall capacity of the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Wedden
- CADQAS CIC, Poundbury Cancer Institute, Poundbury
| | - Naveed Afzal
- Dorset County Hospital Foundation Trust, Dorchester, Dorset, UK
| | - John Mikel
- Dorset County Hospital Foundation Trust, Dorchester, Dorset, UK
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18
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Kiyokawa T, Hoang L, Pesci A, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Oliva E, Park KJ, Soslow RA, Stolnicu S. Claudin-18 as a Promising Surrogate Marker for Endocervical Gastric-type Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:628-636. [PMID: 34864774 PMCID: PMC9018468 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIK1083 and trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) are known to be expressed in gastric-type carcinoma (GAS), but they do not reliably mark all GASs, and focal expression can be missed in biopsy specimens. We aimed to investigate whether claudin-18 and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) could be surrogate markers to separate GAS from other types of endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA) and to compare their usefulness with that of HIK1083 and TFF2. Claudin-18 and AMACR immunohistochemistry was performed, and the results were compared with that of TFF2 and HIK1083, using whole sections of 75 ECAs (22 GASs and 53 non-GASs) and 179 ECAs with tissue microarrays (TMAs). TMAs were built to simulate the assessment of immunohistochemical stains in small biopsies. Any membranous (claudin-18) or cytoplasmic/membranous (AMACR, TFF2, HIK1083) staining of >5% of tumor cells was considered positive. Of 75 ECAs with whole sections, claudin-18 was significantly more frequently expressed in GASs (21/22) compared with non-GASs (8/53) (P<0.01). In ECAs with TMAs, claudin-18 expression was significantly frequent in GASs (15/23, 65.2%) than in non-GASs (3/152, 2.0%; all usual-type) (P<0.01). All claudin-18-positive GASs showed intense staining except 1 case. Claudin-18 shared the same degree of sensitivity and specificity with HIK1083 and TFF2. Three clear cell carcinomas were positive for claudin-18, but none showed intense staining. AMACR was expressed in a subset of ECAs and showed no impact in distinguishing between GAS and other ECAs. Our results suggest that claudin-18 is a promising surrogate marker to separate GAS from other types of ECA, including clear cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kiyokawa
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lien Hoang
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Pesci
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, Italy
| | | | - Esther Oliva
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kay J. Park
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert A. Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Simona Stolnicu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
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19
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Zhao J, Guo Y, Li Q, Chen J, Niu D, Liu J. Reconstruction of a Cofactor Self-Sufficient Whole-Cell Biocatalyst System for Efficient Biosynthesis of Allitol from d-Glucose. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:3775-3784. [PMID: 35298165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combined catalysis of glucose isomerase (GI), d-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase), ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) provides a convenient route for the biosynthesis of allitol from d-glucose; however, the low catalytic efficiency restricts its industrial applications. Here, the supplementation of 0.32 g/L NAD+ significantly promoted the cell catalytic activity by 1.18-fold, suggesting that the insufficient intracellular NAD(H) content was a limiting factor in allitol production. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) with 18.13-fold higher activity than FDH was used for reconstructing a cofactor self-sufficient system, which was combined with the overexpression of the rate-limiting genes involved in NAD+ salvage metabolic flow to expand the available intracellular NAD(H) pool. Then, the multienzyme self-assembly system with SpyTag and SpyCatcher effectively channeled intermediates, leading to an 81.1% increase in allitol titer to 15.03 g/L from 25 g/L d-glucose. This study provided a facilitated strategy for large-scale and efficient biosynthesis of allitol from a low-cost substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Qiufeng Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jing Chen
- South Subtropical Agricultural Scientific Research Institute of Guangxi, Longzhou, Guangxi 532415, China
| | - Debao Niu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jidong Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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20
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Chen J, Chen D, Chen Q, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. Computer-Aided Targeted Mutagenesis of Thermoclostridium caenicola d-Allulose 3-Epimerase for Improved Thermostability. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1943-1951. [PMID: 35107285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase) is a key enzyme in d-allulose bioproduction. DAEase from Thermoclostridium caenicola suffers from poor thermostability, hampering its large-scale applications in industry. In this study, mutants A70P, G107P, F155Y, and D162T with increased melting point temperature (Tm) were obtained by targeted mutagenesis based on the calculation of the free energy of folding. The optimal single-point mutant G107P showed 11.08 h, 5, and 5.70 °C increases in the values of half-life (t1/2) at 60 °C, the optimum temperature (Topt), and Tm, respectively. Beneficial mutations were combined by ordered recombination mutagenesis, and the combinational mutant Var3 (G107P/F155Y/D162T/A70P) was generated with ΔTopt of 10 °C and ΔTm of 12.25 °C. Its t1/2 value at 65 °C was more than 140 times higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations and homology modeling analysis indicated that the enhanced overall rigidity, increased hydrogen bonds between subunits, and redistributed surface electrostatic charges might be responsible for the improved thermostability of the mutant Var3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Shandong Haizhibao Ocean Technology Co., Ltd, Weihai, Shandong 264333, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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21
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Abstract
D-Allulose is the C-3 epimer of D-fructose, and widely regarded as a promising substitute for sucrose. It's an excellent low-calorie sweetener, with 70% sweetness of sucrose, 0.4 kcal/g dietary energy, and special physiological functions. It has been approved as GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and is allowed to be excluded from total and added sugar counts on the food labels. Therefore, D-allulose gradually attracts more public attention. Owing to scarcity in nature, the bioproduction of D-allulose by using ketose 3-epimerase (KEase) has become the research hotspot. Herein, we give a summary of the physicochemical properties, physiological function, applications, and the chemical and biochemical synthesis methods of D-allulose. In addition, the recent progress in the D-allulose bioproduction using KEases, and the possible solutions for existing challenges in the D-allulose industrial production are comprehensively discussed, focusing on the molecular modification, immobilization, food-grade expression, utilizing low-cost biomass as feedstock, overcoming thermodynamic limitation, as well as the downstream separation and purification. Finally, Prospects for further development are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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22
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Wei Y, Zhang X, Hu M, Shao Y, Pan S, Fujita M, Rao Z. [Construction and immobilization of recombinant Bacillus subtilis with D-allulose 3-epimerase]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2021; 37:4303-4313. [PMID: 34984876 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
D-allulose-3-epimerase (DPEase) is the key enzyme for isomerization of D-fructose to D-allulose. In order to improve its thermal stability, short amphiphilic peptides (SAP) were fused to the N-terminal of DPEase. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the heterologously expressed DPEase folded correctly in Bacillus subtilis, and the protein size was 33 kDa. After incubation at 40 °C for 48 h, the residual enzyme activity of SAP1-DSDPEase was 58%. To make the recombinant B. subtilis strain reusable, cells were immobilized with a composite carrier of sodium alginate (SA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The results showed that 2% SA, 2% CaCl2, 0.03% glutaraldehyde solution and a ratio of TiO2 to SA of 1:4 were optimal for immobilization. Under these conditions, up to 82% of the activity of immobilized cells could be retained. Compared with free cells, the optimal reaction temperature of immobilized cells remained unchanged at 80 °C but the thermal stability improved. After 10 consecutive cycles, the mechanical strength remained unchanged, while 58% of the enzyme activity could be retained, with a conversion rate of 28.8% achieved. This study demonstrated a simple approach for using SAPs to improve the thermal stability of recombinant enzymes. Moreover, addition of TiO2 into SA during immobilization was demonstrated to increase the mechanical strength and reduce cell leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengkai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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23
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Guo Q, Zheng LJ, Luo X, Gao XQ, Liu CY, Deng L, Fan LH, Zheng HD. Engineering Escherichia coli for d-Allulose Production from d-Fructose by Fermentation. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:13578-13585. [PMID: 34736320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is considered an ideal alternative to sucrose and has shown tremendous application potential in many fields. Recently, most efforts on production of d-allulose have focused on in vitro enzyme-catalyzed epimerization of cheap hexoses. Here, we proposed an approach to efficiently produce d-allulose through fermentation using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli JM109 (DE3), in which a SecY (ΔP) channel and a d-allulose 3-epimerase (DPEase) were co-expressed, ensuring that d-fructose could be transported in its nonphosphorylated form and then converted into d-allulose by cells. Further deletion of fruA, manXYZ, mak, galE, and fruK and the use of Ni2+ in a medium limited the carbon flux flowing into the byproduct-generating pathways and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, achieving a ≈ 0.95 g/g yield of d-allulose on d-fructose using E. coli (DPEase, SecY [ΔP], ΔFruA, ΔManXYZ, ΔMak, ΔGalE, ΔFruK) and 8 μM Ni2+. In fed-batch fermentation, the titer of d-allulose reached ≈23.3 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Jie Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Quan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hai Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Dong Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Advanced Manufacturing Technology for Fine Chemicals, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, People's Republic of China
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24
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Li C, Zhang W, Wei C, Gao X, Mao S, Lu F, Qin HM. Continuous Spectrophotometric Assay for High-Throughput Screening of Predominant d-Allulose 3-Epimerases. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:11637-11645. [PMID: 34569239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is an attractive noncaloric sugar substitute with numerous health benefits, which can be biosynthesized by d-allulose 3-epimerases (DAEases). However, enzyme instability under harsh industrial reaction conditions hampered its practical applications. Here, we developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay (CSA) for the efficient analysis of d-allulose in a mixture. Furthermore, a high-throughput screening strategy for DAEases was developed using CSA by coupling DAEase with a NADH-dependent ribitol dehydrogenase, enabling high-throughput screening of DAEase variants with desired properties. The variant M15S/P40N/S209N exhibited a half-life of 22 h at 60 °C and an 8.7 °C increase of the T5060 value, with a 1.2-fold increase of activity. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the improvement of thermostability and activity was due to some new hydrogen bonds between chains at the dimer interface and between the residue and the substrate d-fructose. This work offers a robust tool and theoretical basis for the improvement of DAEases, which will benefit the enzymatic biosynthesis of d-allulose and promote its industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Cancan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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25
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Torres Jimenez N, Miller RF, McLoon LK. Effects of D-serine treatment on outer retinal function. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108732. [PMID: 34419444 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) in the outer retina is unclear despite expression of the NMDAR-complex and its subunits in the outer retina. The flash-electroretinogram (fERG) offers a non-invasive measurement of the retinal field potentials of the outer retina that can serve to clarify NMDAR contribution to early retinal processing. The role of the NMDAR in retinal function was assessed using a genetic mouse model for NMDAR hypofunction (SR-/-), where the absence of the enzyme serine racemase (SR) results in an 85% reduction of retinal D-serine. NMDAR hypo- and hyperfunction in the retina results in alterations in the components of the fERG. The fERG was examined after application of exogenous D-serine to the eye in order to determine whether pre- and post-topical delivery of D-serine would alter the fERG in SR-/- mice and their littermate WT controls. Amplitude and implicit time of the low-frequency components, the a- and b-wave, were conducted. Reduced NMDAR function resulted in a statistically significantly delayed a-wave and reduced b-wave in SR-/- animals. The effect of NMDAR deprivation was more prominent in male SR-/- mice. A hyperfunction of the NMDAR, through exogenous topical delivery of 5 mM D-serine, in WT mice caused a significantly delayed a-wave implicit time and reduced b-wave amplitude. These changes were not observed in female WT mice. There were temporal delays in the a-wave and amplitude and a decrease in the b-wave amplitude and implicit time in both hypo- and NMDAR hyperfunctional male mice. These results suggest that NMDAR and D-serine are involved in the retinal field potentials of the outer retina that interact based on the animal's sex. This implicates the involvement of gonadal hormones and D-serine in retinal functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Torres Jimenez
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert F Miller
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda K McLoon
- Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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26
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Chen C, Zhao X, Wang X, Wang B, Li H, Feng J, Wu A. Mutagenesis of UDP-xylose epimerase and xylan arabinosyl-transferase decreases arabinose content and improves saccharification of rice straw. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:863-865. [PMID: 33471384 PMCID: PMC8131053 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Wang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiaxun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering TechnologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant GermplasmCollege of Forestry and Landscape ArchitecturesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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27
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Wang J, Sun J, Qi H, Wang L, Wang J, Li C. High production of d-psicose from d-fructose by immobilized whole recombinant Bacillus subtilis cells expressing d-psicose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:364-375. [PMID: 33533517 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
d-Psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) can catalyze the isomerization of d-fructose to be rare sugar d-psicose, which has wide application prospects in the food and medical fields. In this study, the DPEase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens was constructed into plasmid pMA5, and was successfully expressed in the host Bacillus subtilis WB600 (B. subtilis). After optimization of the fermentation conditions, whole recombinant B. subtilis WB600/pMA5-At-DEPase(O) cells produced d-psicose from d-fructose with a conversion rate of 29.01 ± 0.19%, which could be used for the efficient synthesis of d-psicose. To further improve the whole recombinant B. subtilis application, B. subtilis cells were immobilized onto a gel bead biocatalyst by Ca-alginate. After optimization of the biotransformation conditions, the conversion rate of the immobilized biocatalyst reached 20.74 ± 0.39%, which was lower than the free cells. However, the results showed that the immobilized biocatalyst had higher thermal/pH stability and storability, and the gel beads could be recycled for at least six batches. The results showed that the amount of d-psicose generated reached 32.83 ± 2.56 g/L with the immobilized biocatalyst after six times biotransformation, whereas the free cells produced only approximately 10.44 ± 0.07 g/L. The results showed that immobilized recombinant B. subtilis cells are promising to use for the efficient synthesis of d-psicose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqing Qi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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28
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Sebaa R, Johnson J, Pileggi C, Norgren M, Xuan J, Sai Y, Tong Q, Krystkowiak I, Bondy-Chorney E, Davey NE, Krogan N, Downey M, Harper ME. SIRT3 controls brown fat thermogenesis by deacetylation regulation of pathways upstream of UCP1. Mol Metab 2019; 25:35-49. [PMID: 31060926 PMCID: PMC6601363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important for thermoregulation in many mammals. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the critical regulator of thermogenesis in BAT. Here we aimed to investigate the deacetylation control of BAT and to investigate a possible functional connection between UCP1 and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), the master mitochondrial lysine deacetylase. METHODS We carried out physiological, molecular, and proteomic analyses of BAT from wild-type and Sirt3KO mice when BAT is activated. Mice were either cold exposed for 2 days or were injected with the β3-adrenergic agonist, CL316,243 (1 mg/kg; i.p.). Mutagenesis studies were conducted in a cellular model to assess the impact of acetylation lysine sites on UCP1 function. Cardiac punctures were collected for proteomic analysis of blood acylcarnitines. Isolated mitochondria were used for functional analysis of OXPHOS proteins. RESULTS Our findings showed that SIRT3 absence in mice resulted in impaired BAT lipid use, whole body thermoregulation, and respiration in BAT mitochondria, without affecting UCP1 expression. Acetylome profiling of BAT mitochondria revealed that SIRT3 regulates acetylation status of many BAT mitochondrial proteins including UCP1 and crucial upstream proteins. Mutagenesis work in cells suggested that UCP1 activity was independent of direct SIRT3-regulated lysine acetylation. However, SIRT3 impacted BAT mitochondrial proteins activities of acylcarnitine metabolism and specific electron transport chain complexes, CI and CII. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight that SIRT3 likely controls BAT thermogenesis indirectly by targeting pathways upstream of UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Sebaa
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Shaqra, Duwadimi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeff Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chantal Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michaela Norgren
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jian Xuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yuka Sai
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qiang Tong
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Izabella Krystkowiak
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emma Bondy-Chorney
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Norman E Davey
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downey
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Departments of Medicine, Section on Endocrinology (M.G.S.-T.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.G.S.-T., M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- From the Departments of Medicine, Section on Endocrinology (M.G.S.-T.) and Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.G.S.-T., M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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Wu L, Xu C, Li S, Liang J, Xu H, Xu Z. Efficient production of lactulose from whey powder by cellobiose 2-epimerase in an enzymatic membrane reactor. Bioresour Technol 2017; 233:305-312. [PMID: 28285222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene encoding cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CsCE) was successfully expressed in Bacillus subtilis WB800. After the fermentation medium optimization, the activity of recombinant strain was 4.5-fold higher than the original medium in a 7.5L fermentor. The optimal catalytic pH and temperature of crude CsCE were 7.0 and 80°C, respectively. An enzymatic synthesis of lactulose was developed using cheese-whey lactose as its substrate. The maximum conversion rate of whey powder obtained was 58.5% using 7.5 U/mL CsCE. The enzymatic membrane reactor system exhibited a great operational stability, confirmed with the higher lactose conversion (42.4%) after 10 batches. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of lactulose synthesis in food grade strain, which improve the food safety, and we not only realize the biological production of lactulose, but also make good use of industrial waste, which have positive impact on environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Cen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Mao R, Meng S, Gu Q, Araujo-Gutierrez R, Kumar S, Yan Q, Almazan F, Youker KA, Fu Y, Pownall HJ, Cooke JP, Miller YI, Fang L. AIBP Limits Angiogenesis Through γ-Secretase-Mediated Upregulation of Notch Signaling. Circ Res 2017; 120:1727-1739. [PMID: 28325782 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Angiogenesis improves perfusion to the ischemic tissue after acute vascular obstruction. Angiogenesis in pathophysiological settings reactivates signaling pathways involved in developmental angiogenesis. We showed previously that AIBP (apolipoprotein A-I [apoA-I]-binding protein)-regulated cholesterol efflux in endothelial cells controls zebra fish embryonic angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE This study is to determine whether loss of AIBP affects angiogenesis in mice during development and under pathological conditions and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In this article, we report the generation of AIBP knockout (Apoa1bp-/-) mice, which are characterized of accelerated postnatal retinal angiogenesis. Mechanistically, AIBP triggered relocalization of γ-secretase from lipid rafts to nonlipid rafts where it cleaved Notch. Consistently, AIBP treatment enhanced DLL4 (delta-like ligand 4)-stimulated Notch activation in human retinal endothelial cells. Increasing high-density lipoprotein levels in Apoa1bp-/- mice by crossing them with apoA-I transgenic mice rescued Notch activation and corrected dysregulated retinal angiogenesis. Notably, the retinal vessels in Apoa1bp-/- mice manifested normal pericyte coverage and vascular integrity. Similarly, in the subcutaneous Matrigel plug assay, which mimics ischemic/inflammatory neovascularization, angiogenesis was dramatically upregulated in Apoa1bp-/- mice and associated with a profound inhibition of Notch activation and reduced expression of downstream targets. Furthermore, loss of AIBP increased vascular density and facilitated the recovery of blood vessel perfusion function in a murine hindlimb ischemia model. In addition, AIBP expression was significantly increased in human patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal a novel mechanistic connection between AIBP-mediated cholesterol metabolism and Notch signaling, implicating AIBP as a possible druggable target to modulate angiogenesis under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfang Mao
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Shu Meng
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Qilin Gu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Raquel Araujo-Gutierrez
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Qing Yan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Felicidad Almazan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Keith A Youker
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Yingbin Fu
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Henry J Pownall
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - John P Cooke
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Yury I Miller
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.)
| | - Longhou Fang
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences (R.M., S.M., Q.G., R.A.-G., Q.Y., J.P.C., L.F.), Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology (R.A.-G., K.A.Y.), Department of Bioenergetics (H.J.P.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX; Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.K., Y.F.); and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (F.A., Y.I.M.).
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Xi CG, Fan Y, Yang XY, Liu LB, Wang JH, Hu S, Li YY, He Q. [Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of metanephric adenoma: a report of sixteen cases]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2016; 48:598-602. [PMID: 29263496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of metanephric adenoma (MA). METHODS The clinicopathological data of 16 cases with MA diagnosed and treated in Peking University First Hospital from 2004 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed, and the clinical characteristics, pathologic parameters, differential diagnosis, treatment options and prognosis of MA were analyzed with literature review. RESULTS The patients included 10 females and 6 males. The age of patients ranged from 14 to 83 years (mean=33.7 years). The partial nephrectomy was carried out for most patients. All cases were located in renal codex with 3 growing into the renal sinus. Histologically, the tumor was composed of tubules, papillary or glomeruloid structures and psammoma bodies were focally seen. Immunohistochemical study showed that all the cases expressed vimentin, and 94% cases expressed CD57, 63% WT1, 75% AE1/AE3, 19% cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and 13%α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), and negative expressions for MA included CD10, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CD56. Follow-up information from 1 to 125 months was available in all the patients; and none of the patients showed any evidence of recurrence and metastasis. CONCLUSION The benign tumor characteristics of MA are not obvious for preoperative imaging diagnosis, and the diagnosis of MA should be based on the unique pathological features. Positive immunostain of CD57 is a useful indicator for MA diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The partial nephrectomy surgical treatment can achieve good clinical cure with good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Xi
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Y Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - X Y Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - L B Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - J H Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - S Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Y Y Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Q He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
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Puhl MD, Mintzopoulos D, Jensen JE, Gillis TE, Konopaske GT, Kaufman MJ, Coyle JT. In vivo magnetic resonance studies reveal neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities in the serine racemase knockout mouse model of schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:269-74. [PMID: 25461193 PMCID: PMC4408217 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased availability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) co-agonist D-serine is thought to promote NMDAR hypofunction and contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including neuroanatomical abnormalities, such as cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement, and neurochemical abnormalities, such as aberrant glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling. It is thought that these abnormalities directly relate to the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments that are hallmarks of the disorder. Because of the genetic complexity of schizophrenia, animal models of the disorder are extremely valuable for the study of genetically predisposing factors. Our laboratory developed a transgenic mouse model lacking serine racemase (SR), the synthetic enzyme of d-serine, polymorphisms of which are associated with schizophrenia. Null mutants (SR-/-) exhibit NMDAR hypofunction and cognitive impairments. We used 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton spectroscopy (MRS) to compare in vivo brain structure and neurochemistry in wildtype (WT) and SR-/- mice. METHODS Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane for MRI and MRS scans. RESULTS Compared to WT controls, SR-/- mice exhibited 23% larger ventricular volumes (p<0.05). Additionally, in a medial frontal cortex voxel (15 μl), SR-/- mice exhibited significantly higher glutamate/water (12%, t=1.83, p<0.05) and GABA/water (72%, t=4.10, p<0.001) ratios. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate in vivo neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities in the SR-/- mouse comparable to those previously reported in humans with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Puhl
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Dionyssios Mintzopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; McLean Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - J Eric Jensen
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; McLean Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Timothy E Gillis
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; McLean Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Glenn T Konopaske
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; McLean Imaging Center, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Iczkowski KA. Paneth cell-like change in benign prostate can account for P504S (AMACR) reactivity. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:3454-3455. [PMID: 25031776 PMCID: PMC4097236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine metaplasia of benign and cancerous prostate was described in 1992. Here, we note that P504S (AMACR), the cytoplasmic marker for prostate cancer used alone or in concert with basal cell markers, can be strongly reactive in benign prostatic acini with Paneth cell-like change.
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Shen Q, Sun LH, Wang JH, Liu LB, He Q, Jin J. [Pathological and immunohistochemical analyses of 32 cases of nephrogenic adenoma]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2013; 45:522-526. [PMID: 23939154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe clinical and pathological features of nephrogenic adenoma (NA), and to find some useful immunohistochemical markers for its diagnosis. METHODS The clinical features of 32 NA patients were obtained. Each case underwent microscopic observation and immumohistochemical staining. The primary antibodies were α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR, P504S), cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), paired-box 2 (PAX2), paired-box 8 (PAX8), vimentin, membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME, CD10), prostate specific antigen (PSA), high molecular weight cytokeratin (34βE12), P63 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). RESULTS NA mainly involved old men, and the bladder was the commonest location. The macroscopic features were prevalently small polypoid or papillary lesions, ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm (mean=4). The typical histological features included tubular, tubulocystic, polypoid and/or papillary. Immunohistochemistry for NA was positive for AMACR, AE1/AE3, PAX2, PAX8, CK7, vimentin and CD10. The negative immunostain for NA included P63, PSA and CEA. CONCLUSION NA is a rare and easily misdiagnosed lesion. Careful histological examination is essential to accurately identify this lesion. A panel composed of AMACR (P504S), PAX8/PAX2, CK7, P63, PSA and CEA appears to be sensitive and specific in differentiating NA from its mimics of urothelial and prostatic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital; Institute of Urology, Peking University; National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
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Shumilin IA, Cymborowski M, Chertihin O, Jha KN, Herr JC, Lesley SA, Joachimiak A, Minor W. Identification of unknown protein function using metabolite cocktail screening. Structure 2012; 20:1715-25. [PMID: 22940582 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of unknown function comprise a significant fraction of sequenced genomes. Defining the roles of these proteins is vital to understanding cellular processes. Here, we describe a method to determine a protein function based on the identification of its natural ligand(s) by the crystallographic screening of the binding of a metabolite library, followed by a focused search in the metabolic space. The method was applied to two protein families with unknown function, PF01256 and YjeF_N. The PF01256 proteins, represented by YxkO from Bacillus subtilis and the C-terminal domain of Tm0922 from Thermotoga maritima, were shown to catalyze ADP/ATP-dependent NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratation, a previously described orphan activity. The YjeF_N proteins, represented by mouse apolipoprotein A-I binding protein and the N-terminal domain of Tm0922, were found to interact with an adenosine diphosphoribose-related substrate and likely serve as ADP-ribosyltransferases. Crystallographic screening of metabolites serves as an efficient tool in functional analyses of uncharacterized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Shumilin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Jha KN, Shumilin IA, Digilio LC, Chertihin O, Zheng H, Schmitz G, Visconti PE, Flickinger CJ, Minor W, Herr JC. Biochemical and structural characterization of apolipoprotein A-I binding protein, a novel phosphoprotein with a potential role in sperm capacitation. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2108-20. [PMID: 18202122 PMCID: PMC2329272 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract rendering them fertilization-competent constitute the phenomenon of capacitation. Cholesterol efflux from the sperm surface and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation play major regulatory roles in capacitation, but the link between these two phenomena is unknown. We report that apolipoprotein A-I binding protein (AI-BP) is phosphorylated downstream to PKA activation, localizes to both sperm head and tail domains, and is released from the sperm into the media during in vitro capacitation. AI-BP interacts with apolipoprotein A-I, the component of high-density lipoprotein involved in cholesterol transport. The crystal structure demonstrates that the subunit of the AI-BP homodimer has a Rossmann-like fold. The protein surface has a large two compartment cavity lined with conserved residues. This cavity is likely to constitute an active site, suggesting that AI-BP functions as an enzyme. The presence of AI-BP in sperm, its phosphorylation by PKA, and its release during capacitation suggest that AI-BP plays an important role in capacitation possibly providing a link between protein phosphorylation and cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kula N Jha
- Center for Research in Contraceptive and Reproductive Health, Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Yoshimura T. [Structure and function of amino acid racemases]. Seikagaku 2008; 80:324-330. [PMID: 18516911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Caccamese S, Bianca S, Santo D. Racemization at C-2 of naringin in sour oranges with increasing maturity determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:3816-22. [PMID: 17417869 DOI: 10.1021/jf063355w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Naringin is the major flavanone-7-O-glycoside of sour orange, and it is mainly responsible for the bitter taste of the fruit. The relative content of (2S)- and (2R)-naringin in the albedo of sour oranges during maturation in the entire season was determined by normal phase HPLC using Chiralcel OD-H as chiral stationary phase and n-hexane/ethanol doped with 0.5% of TFA as mobile phase. HPLC traces were complicated by the presence of (2S)-neohesperidin, and a software-guided analysis was developed to assess the relative amount of the C-2 diastereomers of naringin. A sigmoid curve was obtained showing variation from 94% of (2S)-naringin in very immature fruits to 69.7% in mature fruit samples. Spontaneous epimerization of (2S)-naringin in the ethanolic solutions of the albedo was noted after prolonged keeping for less acid samples. The separation of the C-2 diastereomers of other flavanoid-7-O-glycosides present in Citrus (neoeriocitrin, neohesperidin, and eriocitrin) was also obtained by chiral HPLC and afforded the identification, including stereochemistry, of the eluting peaks in the HPLC traces of the albedo extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Caccamese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Rudolph C, Sigruener A, Hartmann A, Orso E, Bals-Pratsch M, Gronwald W, Seifert B, Kalbitzer HR, Verdorfer I, Luetjens CM, Ortmann O, Bornstein SR, Schmitz G. ApoA-I-binding protein (AI-BP) and its homologues hYjeF_N2 and hYjeF_N3 comprise the YjeF_N domain protein family in humans with a role in spermiogenesis and oogenesis. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39:322-35. [PMID: 17533573 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-977699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The screening for additional human YjeF_N domain containing proteins beside the apolipoprotein A-I interacting protein (AI-BP), identified two other genes designated hYjeF_N2-15q23 (formerly human homologue of yeast edc3) and hYjeF_N3-19p13.11 comprising the human YjeF_N family. AI-BP is ubiquitously expressed, with a predominance of these tissues where the homologues were found to be restricted including brain, mammary gland, testes and ovaries. Immunohistochemistry of human testes and ovaries showed an expression of hYjeF_N3-19p13.11 only in Leydig cells and theca cells, respectively, indicating a role in steroid hormone metabolism. Interestingly, the protein was also strongly expressed in Leydig cell tumors and in thecofibromas. The identification of hYjeF_N2-15q23 in theca cells and granulosa cells in ovaries, in human spermatids of meiotic division part II and the apical membrane of Sertoli cells in testes suggest similar functions in oogenesis and sperm maturation which is strengthened by the identification of the spermatogenesis regulator HMGA1 as a conserved transcription factor. However, in contrast to AI-BP, both homologous proteins are unable to bind apoA-I. These results relate the human YjeF_N domain containing protein family to cholesterol processing and steroid hormone metabolism in spermiogenesis and oogenesis, and AI-BP may link this function to the HDL pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Fibroma/pathology
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leydig Cell Tumor/pathology
- Lipoproteins, HDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, HDL/physiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oogenesis/genetics
- Oogenesis/physiology
- Ovary/cytology
- Pregnancy Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA/biosynthesis
- RNA/genetics
- Racemases and Epimerases
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spermatogenesis/genetics
- Spermatogenesis/physiology
- Testicular Neoplasms/pathology
- Testis/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rudolph
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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Weixler D, Hartmann W. [Intravenous S-+-ketamine for treatment of visceral pain in the final phase]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2006; 156:318-23. [PMID: 16830255 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-006-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a hypnotic pharmacon with high analgesic potency. Ketamine is an agent blocking NMDA-receptors and involves opioid receptors, the voltage-gated sodium-channel, cholinergic receptors and the monoaminergic descending inhibitory pathways. Besides its influence in chronification of pain, NMDA-R is crucial in induction and maintainance of visceral pain, attentional perceptual processes and emotional valuation of pain. The analgesic potency of S-+-Ketamine doubles racemic Ketamine's analgesic potency. Thus the incidence of CNS-side effects ought to be reduced to 50% in equianalgesic dosages. Evidence supports the assumption that continuous infusion of S-+-Ketamine 2.5-5 mg/hour is effective in treating visceral pain of high intensity. In the presence of chronic pain states the effect ought to be more marked. There is evidence that the probability of psychotomimetic side effects does not exceed 10%. The rate of side effects can further be minimized through careful titration and prophylaxis (or treatment) with Diazepam 1 mg i.v.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Weixler
- Palliative Support Team, Waldviertelklinikum Horn, Osterreich.
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Molinié V, Hervé JM, Lugagne PM, Lebret T, Botto H. Diagnostic utility of a p63/alpha-methyl coenzyme A racemase (p504s) cocktail in ambiguous lesions of the prostate upon needle biopsy. BJU Int 2006; 97:1109-15. [PMID: 16643500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential utility of a new combined immunostaining technique for diagnosing prostate cancer from histological analysis of needle biopsy specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue was immunostained with a combination of antibodies against a basal cell marker (p63), and an enzyme commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer (p504s), on 63 small prostate cancer foci (<1 mm) and 109 cases of ambiguous lesions observed in needle biopsies. RESULTS After p63/p504s immunostaining, 93% of the ambiguous lesions (102/109) were classified. The final diagnoses retained were: 92 prostate cancers, seven atypical small acinar proliferations suspected of being malignant but undiagnosed, 21 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, five atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and 36 atrophic benign mimickers of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Combining p504s as a positive marker for prostate cancer and p63 as a negative marker might improve diagnostic performance, sensitivity and specificity, and lead to fewer false-negative results. This simple immunostaining procedure should reduce the percentage of residual ambiguous lesions and the need for additional biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Molinié
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
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Fantegrossi WE, Kiessel CL, De la Garza R, Woods JH. Serotonin synthesis inhibition reveals distinct mechanisms of action for MDMA and its enantiomers in the mouse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 181:529-36. [PMID: 15983787 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug challenges in "intact" and p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA)-treated animals can be used to distinguish agents that act as direct serotonin (5-HT) agonists from agents that function as 5-HT releasers. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of p-CPA treatment on the capacity of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its stereoisomers to induce the head twitch response, hyperthermia, and locomotor stimulation in mice. METHODS Pretreatments with either 100 mg/kg p-CPA or equivolume saline were administered for three consecutive days. The following day, mice were either euthanized (to quantify 5-HT tone), tested with various doses of racemic MDMA or one of its enantiomers in the head twitch assay, or challenged with 32 mg/kg racemic MDMA or one of its enantiomers, while temperature and locomotor activity were monitored via radiotelemetry. RESULTS p-CPA reduced cortical 5-HT turnover by >70% without altering dopamine turnover. Racemic MDMA did not induce a significant head twitch response in intact or p-CPA-treated mice. S(+)-MDMA and R(-)-MDMA elicited similar head twitch curves in intact mice; p-CPA treatment attenuated this response when induced by S(+)-MDMA but not when elicited by R(-)-MDMA. Neither the hyperthermic nor locomotor-stimulant effects of racemic MDMA were altered by p-CPA treatment. The hyperthermic effects, but not the locomotor-stimulant effects, of S(+)-MDMA were attenuated in mice treated with p-CPA. R(-)-MDMA did not alter core temperature or induce significant locomotor stimulation in intact or p-CPA-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS The effects of S(+)-MDMA on core temperature and head twitch behavior are consistent with a mechanism involving 5-HT release, whereas the effects of R(-)-MDMA on head twitch behavior are consistent with a direct agonist mechanism of action. The actions of the racemate on core temperature and locomotor activity likely involve a combination of 5-HT release and direct agonism at 5-HT receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Fantegrossi
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Glaser PEA, Thomas TC, Joyce BM, Castellanos FX, Gerhardt GA. Differential effects of amphetamine isomers on dopamine release in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens core. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 178:250-8. [PMID: 15719230 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include some single isomer compounds [dextroamphetamine (D: -amphetamine, dexedrine) and dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)] and some racemic compounds [methylphenidate and mixed-salts amphetamine (Adderall)]. Adderall, which contains approximately 25% L: -amphetamine, has been successfully marketed as a first-line medication for ADHD. Although different clinical effects have been observed for D: -amphetamine, Adderall, and benzedrine; potential psychopharmacological differences on the level of neurotransmission between D: -amphetamine and L: -amphetamine have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential differences in the isomers, we used the technique of high-speed chronoamperometry with Nafion-coated single carbon-fiber microelectrodes to measure amphetamine-induced release of dopamine (DA) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens core of anesthetized male Fischer 344 rats. Amphetamine solutions were locally applied by pressure ejection using micropipettes. RESULTS The presence of L: -amphetamine in the D: ,L: -amphetamine solutions did not cause increased release of DA but did change DA release kinetics. The D: ,L: -amphetamine-evoked signals exhibited significantly faster rise times and shorter signal decay times. This difference was also observed in the nucleus accumbens core. When L: -amphetamine was locally applied, DA release was not significantly different in amplitude, and it exhibited the same rapid kinetics of D: ,L: -amphetamine. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that amphetamine isomers have different effects on release of DA from nerve endings. It is possible that L: -amphetamine may have unique actions on the DA transporter, which is required for the effects of amphetamine on DA release from nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E A Glaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, 306 Davis Mills Bldg, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Abstract
Small atrophic prostate cancers on needle biopsy are rare and difficult to distinguish from benign atrophy on needle biopsy. We report on a study of 23 needle biopsy specimens with small foci of atrophic prostate cancer from the consult service of one of the authors. In 19 cancer cases the atrophic component was pure; in 4 cases it was dominant with a minor (<5%) nonatrophic cancer component. These atrophic cancers and 16 cases of florid benign atrophy on needle biopsy were examined by immunohistochemistry for alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR). All cases of cancer and atrophy were verified immunohistochemically with antibodies to basal cells (34betaE12 and p63). AMACR staining were scored as 1+ (5% to 25% of glands expressing AMACR), 2+ (26% to 50% of glands expressing AMACR), or 3+ (>50% of glands expressing AMACR). Positive staining was defined as staining above that of surrounding benign glands. AMACR was expressed in 69.6% of atrophic prostate cancers (3+, 11 cases; 2+, 3 cases; 1+, 2 cases); 30.4% (7 cases) of atrophic prostate cancer exhibited no AMACR expression. In the 4 cases with a few glands of ordinary (nonatrophic) prostate cancer, the nonatrophic cancer demonstrated more intense and a greater extent of AMACR staining. Fourteen cases (87.5%) of benign atrophy showed no AMACR expression. In 2 cases (12.5%) of benign atrophy, background immunostaining made it difficult to assess AMACR expression. We conclude that AMACR immunostaining alone is not sufficiently discriminatory in the differential diagnosis of atrophic prostate cancer versus benign atrophy. Atrophic prostate cancers are not as frequently or as strongly positive as ordinary prostate cancer. Using a panel of immunostains including AMACR, 34betaE12 and p63 (positive AMACR immunostaining along with negative basal cell markers) is recommended in the differentiation of atrophic prostate cancer and benign atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam A Farinola
- Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkinds Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rogers CG, Yan G, Zha S, Gonzalgo ML, Isaacs WB, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Pavlovich CP. Prostate cancer detection on urinalysis for alpha methylacyl coenzyme a racemase protein. J Urol 2004; 172:1501-3. [PMID: 15371879 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000137659.53129.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the feasibility of a novel urinary test for prostate cancer based on the presence of alpha methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) protein in voided urine specimens obtained after prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clean catch voided urine specimens were prospectively collected from 26 consecutive men immediately after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy for suspected malignancy. The presence of AMACR was evaluated in a blinded manner by Western blot analysis and correlated with biopsy results and patient clinical information. RESULTS AMACR was detected in the urine in 18 of 26 patients (69%). AMACR was detected in all 12 patients with biopsy confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate (100% sensitivity, 95% CI 75 to 100), in 5 of 12 with no evidence of cancer on biopsy (58% specificity, 95% CI 29 to 78) and in 1 of 2 (50%, 95% CI 3 to 80) with atypia on biopsy. Overall AMACR detection was associated with cancer status by prostate biopsy in 21 of 26 patients (86%). CONCLUSIONS We report the feasibility of a novel, noninvasive, nonprostate specific antigen based molecular approach to detect prostate cancer in voided urine. To our knowledge this is the first report of AMACR protein detection in the urine of patients with prostate cancer. A screening test based on urinary AMACR may develop into a useful adjunct to serum prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination for identifying men at increased risk for harboring prostate cancer despite negative biopsy. Such a test has potential application for stratifying patients into low and high risk groups for surveillance vs repeat biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Rogers
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Abstract
The N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor requires two distinct agonists to operate. Glycine is assumed to be the endogenous ligand for the NMDA receptor glycine site, but this notion has been challenged by the discovery of high levels of endogenous d-serine in the mammalian forebrain. I have outlined an evolutionary framework for the appearance of a glycine site in animals and the metabolic events leading to high levels of D-serine in brain. Sequence alignments of the glycine-binding regions, along with the scant experimental data available, suggest that the properties of invertebrate NMDA receptor glycine sites are probably different from those in vertebrates. The synthesis of D-serine in brain is due to a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (B(6))-requiring serine racemase in glia. Although it remains unknown when serine racemase first evolved, data concerning the evolution of B(6) enzymes, along with the known occurrences of serine racemases in animals, point to D-serine synthesis arising around the divergence time of arthropods. D-Serine catabolism occurs via the ancient peroxisomal enzyme d-amino acid oxidase (DAO), whose ontogenetic expression in the hindbrain of mammals is delayed until the postnatal period and absent from the forebrain. The phylogeny of D-serine metabolism has relevance to our understanding of brain ontogeny, schizophrenia and neurotransmitter dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Desmosomal proteins are well established markers of epithelial differentiation. Down-regulation of desmosomal proteins has been suggested to be a sign of reduced adhesiveness in metastasizing cells. METHODS We examined actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin for the expression of desmosomal proteins using isoform-specific antibodies on paraffin-embedded sections. Evaluation was performed qualitatively in comparison to the epidermis and semiquantitatively using an area-intensity-score. RESULTS We found no qualitative correlation of desmoplakin or plakoglobin expression with risk of metastasis. Plakophilin 1, desmoglein 1, and the desmocollins 1-3 were found to be heterogeneously expressed in all neoplasms without significant correlation to aggressive tumor behavior. Plakophilin 2 was not expressed in any of the neoplasms examined. As most striking finding, desmoglein 2 was up-regulated qualitatively in half of all neoplasms examined and showed a significant higher proportion of positive cells in high-risk SCC than in low-risk SCC. CONCLUSIONS Desmosomal proteins are highly regulated in cutaneous SCC. Only desmoglein 2 expression correlates with risk of metastasis. Desmosomes may still be functional in metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar Kurzen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Veras ML, Bezerra MZB, Braz-Filho R, Pessoa ODL, Montenegro RC, do O Pessoa C, de Moraes MO, Costa-Lutufo LV. Cytotoxic epimeric withaphysalins from leaves of Acnistus arborescens. Planta Med 2004; 70:551-555. [PMID: 15241891 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-827156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Acnistus arborescens (Solanaceae) resulted in the isolation of two new epimeric withaphysalins (17S,20R,22R)-5beta,6beta: 18,20-diepoxy-4beta,18-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-24-enolide (2, 18R and 18S), together with the known withaphysalin F (1, 18R and 18S). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR data and comparison with literature data. Compounds 1 and 2 dis-played potent cytotoxic activities against several cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 0.20 to 1.46 microg/mL for 1 and 0.89 to 8.08 microg/mL for 2. The strong cytotoxicity presented by 1 suggests that in this series of compounds, the 2,3-unsaturated ketone moiety is an important pharmacophoric unit. The cytotoxic activity seemed to be related to DNA synthesis inhibition, as revealed by the reduction of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation after 24 hours of incubation on leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leopoldina Veras
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidiade Federal do Ceará, Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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50
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Yoshimura T. [Function and metabolism of D-amino acids in eukaryotes]. Seikagaku 2004; 76:378-81. [PMID: 15162966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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